multihop RAG example

gistfile1.txt

Results:
 [0](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 818): The World Energy Outlook 2023 provides insight analysis and strategic insights into every aspect of the global energy system. Against a package of geometrical tensors and flexible energy markets, this work report explores how structural shifts in economies and in energy. Use of shifts the way that the world meets rise demand for energy.

[1](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 702): The _World Energy Outlook-2023_ (_WEO-2023_) explores three main scenarios in the analysis in the chapters. These scenarios are not predictions - the IEA does not have a single view on the future of the energy system. The scenarios are:

[2](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 47): The topics included in this chapter represent key themes of the _World Energy Outlook 2023_. Further information and background on the IEA Net Zero Roadmap is in _Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 "C Goal in Reach_ published in September 2023. In addition, a range of supply and demand issues for the oil and gas industry and their relation to the _Outlook_ are the focus of a forthcoming special report in November 2023.

[3](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 219): The emergence of the new clean energy economy is starting to change the face of the energy system. Our analysis in the _World Energy Outlook-2022_ highlighted that the policy and market trends reflected in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), were already strong enough to deliver a peak in global fossil fuel demand by the end of the 2020s. Updated projections in this _World Energy Outlook-2023_ underscore this conclusion and bring in new points of reference to support it.

[4](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 191): Changes in starting conditions since the _World Energy Outlook-2022_ (_WEO-2022_) have had a material impact on the outlook for energy (Figure 1.33). As discussed in section 1.1, this 2023 _Outlook_ is the first time that a scenario based on existing policy settings sees a peak in demand for each of the fossil fuels before 2030. Some of the key changes in this _Outlook_ since the _WEO-2022_ are:

[5](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 715): The policy actions assumed to be taken by governments are key variables in this _World Energy Outlook (WEO)_. An overview of the policies and measures that are considered in the various scenarios is included in Tables B.6 to B.11. The tables do not include all policies and measures, but rather highlight the policies most prominent in shaping global energy demand today, while being derived from an exhaustive examination of announcements and plans in countries around the world.

[6](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 233): Even as clean energy transitions gather pace, IEA analysis has highlighted four key areas that require urgent attention if the world is to see orderly but rapid change. These are recurring themes in this _Outlook_.

[7](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 208): * There is a new context for this _World Energy Outlook_. A more complex and fragmented geopolitical landscape has energy as one of its dividing lines. Partly as a result, new energy and industrial policy settings are emerging as countries compete for footholds in the new clean energy economy, amid concerns about energy security and resilience. Greenhouse gas emissions remain at record levels and the accumulation of emissions is heightening physical climate risks. And this is all taking place in a difficult macroeconomic context, with the recent crisis pushing up the cost of living and ending a period of low interest rates.
* Some of the tensions in energy markets have receded in 2023 after a period of extended and extreme turbulence since 2020. However, numerous risks remain and the current relative calm may not last. Continued fighting in Ukraine, more than a year after Russia's invasion, is now accompanied by the risk of protracted conflict in the Middle East. Periods of extreme weather are becoming a major hazard for energy security.
* based on stronger national policies and international financial support
- is essential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, including energy access, and global climate and energy security objectives.
* fully updated
- that provide a framework for exploring the implications of various policy choices, investment and technology trends. The **Stated Policies Scenario** is based on current policy settings and also considers the implications of industrial policies that support clean energy supply chains as well as measures related to energy and climate. The **Announced Pledges Scenario** gives governments the benefit of the doubt and explores what the full and timely implementation of national energy and climate goals, including net zero emissions targets, would mean for the energy sector. The **Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario** maps out a transition pathway that would limit global warming to 1.5 "C.
* The global economy is assumed to increase at an average of 2.6% per year to 2050 in the three scenarios, while the global population expands from 8 billion today to 9.7 billion in 2050. Energy, carbon and mineral prices find different equilibrium levels across the scenarios, but the potential for volatility remains high.

[8](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 11): This study was prepared by the World Energy Outlook (WEO) team in the Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks (STO) in co-operation with other directorates and offices of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The study was designed and directed by **Laura Cozzi**, Director, Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks, and **Tim Gould**, Chief Energy Economist.

[9](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 696): Subject to the IEA Notice for CC-licenced Content, this Annex A to the _World Energy Outlook 2023_ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.

[10](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 4): Following a data-driven process that considered lack of access to water and sanitation, along with opportunities to make significant progress in meeting these challenges, USAID designated **22 high-priority countries** under the 2022-2027 Global Water Strategy. These 22 partner countries are the primary focus of the U.S. government's investments to build a more water-secure world.

[11](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 2): Water security is a national security priority. To achieve a water-secure future means employing the full suite of U.S. government tools at hand--foreign assistance, diplomatic engagement, and scientific capabilities. In early 2023, the U.S. government announced a once-in-a-generation commitment to global water security at the 2023 UN Water Conference, which included a $700 million investment by USAID in its 22 High-Priority Countries over the next three years. Meanwhile, in 2022, the White House launched its Action Plan on Global Water Security, which was soon followed by the Department of State and USAID's joint release of the updated U.S. government Global Water Strategy (2022-2027) to guide water-related interventions across the federal government and world over the next five years.

[12](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 0): Climate change, geopolitical conflicts, and an uncertain global economic outlook pose significant challenges to achieving global water security, demanding we accelerate progress toward a water-secure future for all. This past year, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) responded to these challenges by working with its partners across the U.S. government and around the world to lay the foundation for a water-secure future that supports and strengthens global health, prosperity, stability, and resilience.

[13](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 1): USAID's efforts to increase access to safe and sustainable drinking water and sanitation services necessitated a focus on climate resilience, inclusivity and gender equality, locally-led development, and private-sector engagement. Together, these focus areas underpin continued progress toward UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 to achieve universal access to clean water and sanitation in the critical years ahead.

[14](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 3): Our goal: The US government works with its partners around the world to improve health, proseptivity, stability, and resilience through sustainable and equitable water resources management and access to safe drinking water and sanitation services and hygiene practices.

[15](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 24): To ensure an evidence-based approach to water security planning, USAID supported hydrologic studies to provide information on watersheds, forest cover, and water resource conditions. Realizing the threats to watersheds and the critical link between water provisioning and water resource management, local governments used the studies to integrate forest protection and reforestation programs into their respective water security plans and allocate resources for their implementation.

[16](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 6): USAID's G2G assistance is redefining the development relationship between USAID and partner governments. In Senegal, USAID and the Government of Senegal co-designed and funded a water and sanitation project to extend piping to benefit 150,000 people.

[17](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 10): Strong donor coordination that draws on decades of shared knowledge, mutual expertise, and pooled funding improves the delivery, impact, and sustainability of water and sanitation funding. Working in concert with the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BtZ) and the German International Development Agency (GIZ), USAID supports the Government of the DRC to undertake critical water and sanitation sector reforms that will improve sustainable service delivery. Through this collaboration, USAID supports institutions at both the national and the provincial levels. At the national level, this support has helped the government to strengthen the country's water and sanitation institutional framework. At the provincial level, USAID and BtZ support the operationalization of Provincial Water Authorities and strengthen their capacity to mobilize investment in water infrastructure from domestic, multilateral, public, and private sources, enforce standards, and fulfill their role as project owner.

[18](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 29): _By engaging Control Asian (faulty and today's university students, USAID is helping to lay an educational foundation for improved water management and climate change resilience. Photo credit: (USID)WAVE_

[19](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 26): To help raise awareness of the urgent need for transnational cooperation to manage limited water resources, in December 2022 USAID's Regional Water and Vulnerable Environment (WAVE) activity brought together 30 young water specialists from five Central Asian countries to the Syr Darya River basin, home of the Aral Sea. Once the fourth-largest lake in the world, the sea has shrunk to a fraction of its size in part due to diversions of river water for agricultural use. Where better for future decision-makers to see firsthand the consequences of sectoral competition for resources and understand the potential benefits of joint action to address the region's water and climate challenges?

[20](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 4): Following a data-driven process that considered lack of access to water and sanitation, along with opportunities to make significant progress in meeting these challenges, USAID designated **22 high-priority countries** under the 2022-2027 Global Water Strategy. These 22 partner countries are the primary focus of the U.S. government's investments to build a more water-secure world.

[21](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 2): Water security is a national security priority. To achieve a water-secure future means employing the full suite of U.S. government tools at hand--foreign assistance, diplomatic engagement, and scientific capabilities. In early 2023, the U.S. government announced a once-in-a-generation commitment to global water security at the 2023 UN Water Conference, which included a $700 million investment by USAID in its 22 High-Priority Countries over the next three years. Meanwhile, in 2022, the White House launched its Action Plan on Global Water Security, which was soon followed by the Department of State and USAID's joint release of the updated U.S. government Global Water Strategy (2022-2027) to guide water-related interventions across the federal government and world over the next five years.

[22](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 0): Climate change, geopolitical conflicts, and an uncertain global economic outlook pose significant challenges to achieving global water security, demanding we accelerate progress toward a water-secure future for all. This past year, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) responded to these challenges by working with its partners across the U.S. government and around the world to lay the foundation for a water-secure future that supports and strengthens global health, prosperity, stability, and resilience.

[23](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 1): USAID's efforts to increase access to safe and sustainable drinking water and sanitation services necessitated a focus on climate resilience, inclusivity and gender equality, locally-led development, and private-sector engagement. Together, these focus areas underpin continued progress toward UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 to achieve universal access to clean water and sanitation in the critical years ahead.

[24](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 3): Our goal: The US government works with its partners around the world to improve health, proseptivity, stability, and resilience through sustainable and equitable water resources management and access to safe drinking water and sanitation services and hygiene practices.

[25](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 24): To ensure an evidence-based approach to water security planning, USAID supported hydrologic studies to provide information on watersheds, forest cover, and water resource conditions. Realizing the threats to watersheds and the critical link between water provisioning and water resource management, local governments used the studies to integrate forest protection and reforestation programs into their respective water security plans and allocate resources for their implementation.

[26](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 6): USAID's G2G assistance is redefining the development relationship between USAID and partner governments. In Senegal, USAID and the Government of Senegal co-designed and funded a water and sanitation project to extend piping to benefit 150,000 people.

[27](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 10): Strong donor coordination that draws on decades of shared knowledge, mutual expertise, and pooled funding improves the delivery, impact, and sustainability of water and sanitation funding. Working in concert with the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BtZ) and the German International Development Agency (GIZ), USAID supports the Government of the DRC to undertake critical water and sanitation sector reforms that will improve sustainable service delivery. Through this collaboration, USAID supports institutions at both the national and the provincial levels. At the national level, this support has helped the government to strengthen the country's water and sanitation institutional framework. At the provincial level, USAID and BtZ support the operationalization of Provincial Water Authorities and strengthen their capacity to mobilize investment in water infrastructure from domestic, multilateral, public, and private sources, enforce standards, and fulfill their role as project owner.

[28](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 29): _By engaging Control Asian (faulty and today's university students, USAID is helping to lay an educational foundation for improved water management and climate change resilience. Photo credit: (USID)WAVE_

[29](gws_2023_usaid_annual_report.mmd ¶ 26): To help raise awareness of the urgent need for transnational cooperation to manage limited water resources, in December 2022 USAID's Regional Water and Vulnerable Environment (WAVE) activity brought together 30 young water specialists from five Central Asian countries to the Syr Darya River basin, home of the Aral Sea. Once the fourth-largest lake in the world, the sea has shrunk to a fraction of its size in part due to diversions of river water for agricultural use. Where better for future decision-makers to see firsthand the consequences of sectoral competition for resources and understand the potential benefits of joint action to address the region's water and climate challenges?

[30](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 818): The World Energy Outlook 2023 provides insight analysis and strategic insights into every aspect of the global energy system. Against a package of geometrical tensors and flexible energy markets, this work report explores how structural shifts in economies and in energy. Use of shifts the way that the world meets rise demand for energy.

[31](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 702): The _World Energy Outlook-2023_ (_WEO-2023_) explores three main scenarios in the analysis in the chapters. These scenarios are not predictions - the IEA does not have a single view on the future of the energy system. The scenarios are:

[32](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 47): The topics included in this chapter represent key themes of the _World Energy Outlook 2023_. Further information and background on the IEA Net Zero Roadmap is in _Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1.5 "C Goal in Reach_ published in September 2023. In addition, a range of supply and demand issues for the oil and gas industry and their relation to the _Outlook_ are the focus of a forthcoming special report in November 2023.

[33](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 219): The emergence of the new clean energy economy is starting to change the face of the energy system. Our analysis in the _World Energy Outlook-2022_ highlighted that the policy and market trends reflected in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), were already strong enough to deliver a peak in global fossil fuel demand by the end of the 2020s. Updated projections in this _World Energy Outlook-2023_ underscore this conclusion and bring in new points of reference to support it.

[34](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 191): Changes in starting conditions since the _World Energy Outlook-2022_ (_WEO-2022_) have had a material impact on the outlook for energy (Figure 1.33). As discussed in section 1.1, this 2023 _Outlook_ is the first time that a scenario based on existing policy settings sees a peak in demand for each of the fossil fuels before 2030. Some of the key changes in this _Outlook_ since the _WEO-2022_ are:

[35](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 715): The policy actions assumed to be taken by governments are key variables in this _World Energy Outlook (WEO)_. An overview of the policies and measures that are considered in the various scenarios is included in Tables B.6 to B.11. The tables do not include all policies and measures, but rather highlight the policies most prominent in shaping global energy demand today, while being derived from an exhaustive examination of announcements and plans in countries around the world.

[36](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 233): Even as clean energy transitions gather pace, IEA analysis has highlighted four key areas that require urgent attention if the world is to see orderly but rapid change. These are recurring themes in this _Outlook_.

[37](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 208): * There is a new context for this _World Energy Outlook_. A more complex and fragmented geopolitical landscape has energy as one of its dividing lines. Partly as a result, new energy and industrial policy settings are emerging as countries compete for footholds in the new clean energy economy, amid concerns about energy security and resilience. Greenhouse gas emissions remain at record levels and the accumulation of emissions is heightening physical climate risks. And this is all taking place in a difficult macroeconomic context, with the recent crisis pushing up the cost of living and ending a period of low interest rates.
* Some of the tensions in energy markets have receded in 2023 after a period of extended and extreme turbulence since 2020. However, numerous risks remain and the current relative calm may not last. Continued fighting in Ukraine, more than a year after Russia's invasion, is now accompanied by the risk of protracted conflict in the Middle East. Periods of extreme weather are becoming a major hazard for energy security.
* based on stronger national policies and international financial support
- is essential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals, including energy access, and global climate and energy security objectives.
* fully updated
- that provide a framework for exploring the implications of various policy choices, investment and technology trends. The **Stated Policies Scenario** is based on current policy settings and also considers the implications of industrial policies that support clean energy supply chains as well as measures related to energy and climate. The **Announced Pledges Scenario** gives governments the benefit of the doubt and explores what the full and timely implementation of national energy and climate goals, including net zero emissions targets, would mean for the energy sector. The **Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario** maps out a transition pathway that would limit global warming to 1.5 "C.
* The global economy is assumed to increase at an average of 2.6% per year to 2050 in the three scenarios, while the global population expands from 8 billion today to 9.7 billion in 2050. Energy, carbon and mineral prices find different equilibrium levels across the scenarios, but the potential for volatility remains high.

[38](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 11): This study was prepared by the World Energy Outlook (WEO) team in the Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks (STO) in co-operation with other directorates and offices of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The study was designed and directed by **Laura Cozzi**, Director, Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks, and **Tim Gould**, Chief Energy Economist.

[39](WorldEnergyOutlook2023.mmd ¶ 696): Subject to the IEA Notice for CC-licenced Content, this Annex A to the _World Energy Outlook 2023_ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.

Answer: The "USAID 2023 Global Water Strategy" is part of a broader initiative by the U.S. government to enhance global water security. Key details about the strategy include:

1. **High-Priority Countries**: The strategy designates **22 high-priority countries** as the primary focus of U.S. government investments aimed at building a more water-secure world [10][20].

2. **Commitment and Investment**: In early 2023, at the UN Water Conference, the U.S. government announced a significant commitment to global water security, which includes a $700 million investment by USAID over the next three years in these high-priority countries [11][21].

3. **2022-2027 Global Water Strategy**: This strategy was jointly released by the Department of State and USAID, following the White House's Action Plan on Global Water Security. It guides water-related interventions of the federal government over the next five years [21].

4. **Challenges and Focus Areas**: The strategy addresses the challenges posed by climate change, geopolitical conflicts, and an uncertain global economic outlook. USAID highlights the importance of climate resilience, inclusivity, gender equality, locally-led development, and private-sector engagement to increase access to safe and sustainable drinking water and sanitation services [12][23].

5. **Water Security as National Security**: Water security is seen as a national security priority, leveraging foreign assistance, diplomatic engagement, and scientific capabilities to achieve a water-secure future [21].

The strategy aims to support global health, prosperity, stability, and resilience, thereby laying a foundation for a water-secure future for all [12].