bash for remount when adb remount fails because permission or read-only.

toggle_mount.sh

#!/system_ext/bin/bash

pwd=$(dirname $0)
cd ${pwd} 2> /dev/null

# toggle_mount.sh: Toggles specified Device Mapper device(s) between read-only (ro) and read-write (rw) on Pixel 7a (LineageOS)
# Usage: 
#   Single device: toggle_mount <device> <ro|rw> (e.g., toggle_mount system_a rw)
#   All system/product/vendor: toggle_mount --all rw
# Features: Compares dmctl table before/after; avoids lsblk; converts multiple devices to rw
# Disclaimer: Feel free to use it at your own discretion and responsibility.

# Move to a safe directory
cd /storage/self/primary || { echo "Error: Cannot access /storage/self/primary"; exit 1; }

# Function to toggle mount mode for a single device
toggle_mount() {
    local device="$1"
    local mode="$2"

    # Validate inputs
    [[ -z "$device" ]] && { echo "Error: Device name required"; return 1; }
    [[ "$mode" != "ro" && "$mode" != "rw" ]] && { echo "Error: Mode must be 'ro' or 'rw'"; return 1; }
    echo "Processing $device (mode: $mode)"

    # Get initial table and access info
    table_before=$(dmctl table "$device" | tr '\n' ' ')
    [[ -z "$table_before" ]] && { echo "Error: No table for $device"; return 1; }
    echo "  Check: Table: $table_before"

    # Check for multiple targets
    if [[ $(echo "$table_before" | grep -c "linear") -gt 1 ]]; then
        echo "  Error: Multiple targets detected for $device"
        echo "  Table: $table_before"
        return 1
    fi

    # Parse table
    pattern="^.* for ${device}: ([0-9]+)-([0-9]+): (linear), ([0-9]+:[0-9]+) ([0-9]+)"
    if echo "$table_before" | grep -qE "${pattern}"; then
        table_info=$(echo "$table_before" | sed -E "s/${pattern}/\1 \2 \3 \4 \5/")
        read start end target maj_min offset <<< "$table_info"
        sectors=$((end - start))

        # Verify sector count
        if [[ $sectors -le 0 ]]; then
            echo "  Error: Invalid sector count ($sectors) for $device"
            return 1
        fi

        # Use maj:min directly
        block_device="$maj_min"

        # Build dmctl replace command
        cmd="dmctl replace $device"
        [[ "$mode" == "ro" ]] && cmd="$cmd -ro"
        cmd="$cmd $target $start $sectors $block_device $offset"
        echo "  Running: $cmd"

        # Get mount path
        mount_path=$(dmctl getpath "$device")
        [[ -z "$mount_path" ]] && { echo "Error: No mount path for $device"; return 1; }

        # Show mount status
        mount | grep -e "$mount_path " | sed -e "s/$/ -> $cmd/"

        # Replace table
        $cmd || { echo "  Error: Failed to replace table for $device"; return 1; }

        # Remount
        mount -o "$mode,remount" "$mount_path" || { echo "Error: Failed to remount $mount_path"; return 1; }

        # Get table and access info after
        table_after=$(dmctl table "$device" | tr '\n' ' ')
        # echo "  After: Table: $table_after"

        # Compare table and access
        if [[ "$table_before" == "$table_after" ]]; then
            echo "  Success: $device is now $mode"
        else
            echo "  Warning: Table changed unexpectedly"
            echo "  Before: $table_before"
            echo "  After: $table_after"
            return 1
        fi
    else
        echo "Error: Invalid table format for $device: $table_before"
        return 1
    fi
}

# Function to convert all system/product/vendor devices to rw
convert_all_to_rw() {
    echo "Converting all system, product, vendor devices to read-write"
    local devices
    devices=$(dmctl list devices | grep -E 'system|product|vendor' | awk '{print $1}' | grep -v "<empty>")
    
    if [[ -z "$devices" ]]; then
        echo "Error: No system, product, or vendor devices found"
        return 1
    fi

    local success_count=0
    local fail_count=0
    for device in $devices; do
        echo -n ">>>"
        toggle_mount "$device" "rw"
        if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
            ((success_count++))
        else
            ((fail_count++))
        fi
    done

    echo "Summary: $success_count devices succeeded, $fail_count devices failed"
    [[ $fail_count -eq 0 ]]
}

# Check arguments
if [[ $# -eq 1 && "$1" == "--all" ]]; then
    convert_all_to_rw
elif [[ $# -eq 2 ]]; then
    toggle_mount "$1" "$2"
else
    echo "Usage:"
    echo "  Single device: $0 <device> <ro|rw> (e.g., $0 system_a rw)"
    echo "  All devices: $0 --all"
    exit 1
fi

https://android.stackexchange.com/a/260267/588577
The error "/dev/block/dm-0 is read-only" when attempting to remount /system as read-write (RW) on Android O (e.g., with mount -o rw,remount /system) occurs because the partition is managed by Device Mapper (dmctl) and locked as read-only due to dm-verity and A/B partitioning. This is common on devices like the Pixel 7a running LineageOS.

Cause

Android uses Device Mapper to create virtual block devices (e.g., /dev/block/dm-0 for /system).

dm-verity enforces read-only mounts to ensure system integrity.

Commands like adb remount or mount -o rw,remount fail because the Device Mapper table is set to read-only.

Solution

Use dmctl replace to Enable Read-Write
The dmctl tool can modify the Device Mapper table to allow RW access. Below are steps to remount /system (or other partitions like product, vendor) as RW.

Prerequisites

• Root access: Device must be rooted (adb root must work).
• Device: Tested on Pixel 7a with LineageOS; may work on other Android O+ devices.

Caution: Modifying system partitions is risky. Use at your own risk. Changes revert on reboot.

Steps for a Single Partition

Enter a root shell:

adb root
adb shell

Check the Device Mapper table for the partition (e.g., system_a for /):

dmctl table system_a

Example output:

Targets in the device-mapper table for system_a:
0-2410336: linear, 259:14 2048

This shows the start sector (0), size (2410336), target type (linear), block device (259:14), and offset (2048).

Run dmctl replace to redefine the partition without the read-only flag:

dmctl replace system_a linear 0 2410336 259:14 2048

Remount the partition as RW:

mount -o rw,remount /

Verify the mount is RW:

mount | grep "/ "

Expected output includes rw:

/dev/block/dm-0 on / type ext4 (rw,seclabel,noatime)

Automating for Multiple Partitions

To remount all system-related partitions (system, product, vendor, etc.), use this Bash script:

#!/system_ext/bin/bash
# toggle_mount.sh: Remounts Device Mapper partitions as read-write
# Usage: bash toggle_mount.sh --all

....
convert_all_to_rw() {
    echo "Converting system, product, vendor devices to read-write"
    devices=$(dmctl list devices | grep -E 'system|product|vendor' | awk '{print $1}')
    [[ -z "$devices" ]] && { echo "Error: No devices found"; exit 1; }
....    
for device in $devices; do
    echo "Processing $device"
    table=$(dmctl table "$device" | tr '\n' ' ')
    if echo "$table" | grep -qE "([0-9]+)-([0-9]+): (linear), ([0-9]+:[0-9]+) ([0-9]+)"; then
        table_info=$(echo "$table" | sed -E "s/.*: ([0-9]+)-([0-9]+): (linear), ([0-9]+:[0-9]+) ([0-9]+)/\1 \2 \3 \4 \5/")
        read start end target maj_min offset <<< "$table_info"
        sectors=$((end - start))
        cmd="dmctl replace $device $target $start $sectors $maj_min $offset"
        echo "Running: $cmd"
        $cmd && mount -o rw,remount "$(dmctl getpath "$device")" && echo "Success: $device is now rw"
    else
        echo "Error: Invalid table for $device"
    fi
done

}
....
    [[ "$1" == "--all" ]] && convert_all_to_rw || echo "Usage: $0 --all"

Usage

Push the script to the device:

adb push toggle_mount.sh /data/local/tmp/

Run it:

adb shell
cd /data/local/tmp
chmod +x toggle_mount.sh
bash toggle_mount.sh --all

This processes all system, product, and vendor partitions, making them RW.

Notes

• Reboot resets changes: Partitions revert to read-only after a reboot.
• Error handling: If dmctl replace fails, verify the table format or root privileges.