Convert an image to a black and white image and use ordered dithering

ordered_dither.m

/*
 *	ordered_dither.m
 *
 *	Description: Convert an image to a black and white image and use ordered dithering
 * 	Author: Chad Armstrong ([email protected])
 *	Date: 4-5 September 2023
 *	To compile: gcc -w -framework Foundation -framework AppKit -framework QuartzCore ordered_dither.m -o ordered_dither
 *	To run: ./ordered_dither path/to/image.png [dither level]
 *
 */

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <AppKit/AppKit.h> // Used for images
#import <QuartzCore/CIFilter.h> // Used for CIFilter

// Prototypes
CGFloat ditherValue(int ditherLevel, int col, int row);

// Bayer Dithering Matricies

int dm2x2[2][2] = {
	{  0,   3, },
	{  2,   1  }
}; 

int dm2x2_alt_1[2][2] = {
	{  0,   2, },
	{  3,   1  }
}; 

int dm2x2_alt_2[2][2] = {
	{  3,   1, },
	{  0,   2  }
}; 

const int dither_matrix_2x2[2][2] = {
	{ 0,  255 },
	{ 170, 85 }
};

float bayer_pattern_2x2[2][2] = {
	{ 0.2, 0.8 },
	{ 0.6, 0.4 }
};

float varied_bayer_pattern_2x2[2][2] = {
	{ 0.3, 0.45 },
	{ 0.55, 0.7 }
};

int dm4x4[4][4] = {
	{  0,  12,   3,  15, },
	{  8,   4,  11,   7, },
	{  2,  14,   1,  13, },
	{ 10,   6,   9,   5  }
}; 

int magic_square[4][4] = {
	{ 0,   6,  9, 15 },
	{ 11, 13,  2,  4 },
	{  7,  1, 14,  8 },
	{ 12, 10,  5,  3 }
};

int dm8x8[8][8] = {
	{  0,  48,  12,  60,   3,  51,  15,  63, },
	{ 32,  16,  44,  28,  35,  19,  47,  31, },
	{  8,  56,   4,  52,  11,  59,   7,  55, },
	{ 40,  24,  36,  20,  43,  27,  39,  23, },
	{  2,  50,  14,  62,   1,  49,  13,  61, },
	{ 34,  18,  46,  30,  33,  17,  45,  29, },
	{ 10,  58,   6,  54,   9,  57,   5,  53, },
	{ 42,  26,  38,  22,  41,  25,  37,  21  }
}; 

int dm16x16[16][16] = {
	{  0, 192,  48, 240,  12, 204,  60, 252,   3, 195,  51, 243,  15, 207,  63, 255 },
	{ 128,  64, 176, 112, 140,  76, 188, 124, 131,  67, 179, 115, 143,  79, 191, 127 },
	{ 32, 224,  16, 208,  44, 236,  28, 220,  35, 227,  19, 211,  47, 239,  31, 223 },
	{ 160,  96, 144,  80, 172, 108, 156,  92, 163,  99, 147,  83, 175, 111, 159,  95 },
	{  8, 200,  56, 248,   4, 196,  52, 244,  11, 203,  59, 251,   7, 199,  55, 247 },
	{ 136,  72, 184, 120, 132,  68, 180, 116, 139,  75, 187, 123, 135,  71, 183, 119 },
	{ 40, 232,  24, 216,  36, 228,  20, 212,  43, 235,  27, 219,  39, 231,  23, 215 },
	{ 168, 104, 152,  88, 164, 100, 148,  84, 171, 107, 155,  91, 167, 103, 151,  87 },
	{  2, 194,  50, 242,  14, 206,  62, 254,   1, 193,  49, 241,  13, 205,  61, 253 },
	{ 130,  66, 178, 114, 142,  78, 190, 126, 129,  65, 177, 113, 141,  77, 189, 125 },
	{ 34, 226,  18, 210,  46, 238,  30, 222,  33, 225,  17, 209,  45, 237,  29, 221 },
	{ 162,  98, 146,  82, 174, 110, 158,  94, 161,  97, 145,  81, 173, 109, 157,  93 },
	{ 10, 202,  58, 250,   6, 198,  54, 246,   9, 201,  57, 249,   5, 197,  53, 245 },
	{ 138,  74, 186, 122, 134,  70, 182, 118, 137,  73, 185, 121, 133,  69, 181, 117 },
	{ 42, 234,  26, 218,  38, 230,  22, 214,  41, 233,  25, 217,  37, 229,  21, 213 },
	{ 170, 106, 154,  90, 166, 102, 150,  86, 169, 105, 153,  89, 165, 101, 149, 85 }
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//	Ordered dither matrices
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Reference: https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/5259216/Dither-Ordered-and-Floyd-Steinberg-Monochrome-Colo

const	int BAYER_PATTERN_2X2[2][2]		=	{	//	2x2 Bayer Dithering Matrix. Color levels: 5
												{	 51, 206	},
												{	153, 102	}
											};

const	int BAYER_PATTERN_3X3[3][3]		=	{	//	3x3 Bayer Dithering Matrix. Color levels: 10
												{	 181, 231, 131	},
												{	  50,  25, 100	},
												{	 156,  75, 206	}
											};

const	int BAYER_PATTERN_4X4[4][4]		=	{	//	4x4 Bayer Dithering Matrix. Color levels: 17
												{	 15, 195,  60, 240	},
												{	135,  75, 180, 120	},
												{	 45, 225,  30, 210	},
												{	165, 105, 150,  90	}

											};


// Unlike with the previous three patterns, the first number starts at 0, which causes a 
// problem with large patches of black and it creates specks of white in the slot_machine image
// Also with this particular pattern, the largest number is in the bottom left instead of the
// top right.
const	int BAYER_PATTERN_8X8[8][8]		=	{	//	8x8 Bayer Dithering Matrix. Color levels: 65
												{	  0, 128,  32, 160,   8, 136,  40, 168	},
												{	192,  64, 224,  96, 200,  72, 232, 104	},
												{	 48, 176,  16, 144,  56, 184,  24, 152	},
												{	240, 112, 208,  80, 248, 120, 216,  88	},
												{	 12, 140,  44, 172,   4, 132,  36, 164	},
												{	204,  76, 236, 108, 196,  68, 228, 100	},
												{	 60, 188,  28, 156,  52, 180,  20, 148	},
												{	252, 124, 220,  92, 244, 116, 212,  84	}
											};

const	int	BAYER_PATTERN_16X16[16][16]	=	{	//	16x16 Bayer Dithering Matrix.  Color levels: 256
												{	  0, 191,  48, 239,  12, 203,  60, 251,   3, 194,  51, 242,  15, 206,  63, 254	}, 
												{	127,  64, 175, 112, 139,  76, 187, 124, 130,  67, 178, 115, 142,  79, 190, 127	},
												{	 32, 223,  16, 207,  44, 235,  28, 219,  35, 226,  19, 210,  47, 238,  31, 222	},
												{	159,  96, 143,  80, 171, 108, 155,  92, 162,  99, 146,  83, 174, 111, 158,  95	},
												{	  8, 199,  56, 247,   4, 195,  52, 243,  11, 202,  59, 250,   7, 198,  55, 246	},
												{	135,  72, 183, 120, 131,  68, 179, 116, 138,  75, 186, 123, 134,  71, 182, 119	},
												{	 40, 231,  24, 215,  36, 227,  20, 211,  43, 234,  27, 218,  39, 230,  23, 214	},
												{	167, 104, 151,  88, 163, 100, 147,  84, 170, 107, 154,  91, 166, 103, 150,  87	},
												{	  2, 193,  50, 241,  14, 205,  62, 253,   1, 192,  49, 240,  13, 204,  61, 252	},
												{	129,  66, 177, 114, 141,  78, 189, 126, 128,  65, 176, 113, 140,  77, 188, 125	},
												{	 34, 225,  18, 209,  46, 237,  30, 221,  33, 224,  17, 208,  45, 236,  29, 220	},
												{	161,  98, 145,  82, 173, 110, 157,  94, 160,  97, 144,  81, 172, 109, 156,  93	},
												{	 10, 201,  58, 249,   6, 197,  54, 245,   9, 200,  57, 248,   5, 196,  53, 244	},
												{	137,  74, 185, 122, 133,  70, 181, 118, 136,  73, 184, 121, 132,  69, 180, 117	},
												{	 42, 233,  26, 217,  38, 229,  22, 213,  41, 232,  25, 216,  37, 228,  21, 212	},
												{	169, 106, 153,  90, 165, 102, 149,  86, 168, 105, 152,  89, 164, 101, 148,  85	}
											};

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 
{
	NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
	
	// Specify the path to the image
	if (argc < 2) {
		printf("usage: %s path/to/image [dither_level]\n", argv[0]);
		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	
	// Get the specified image path
	NSString *imagePath = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:argv[1]];
	int ditherLevel = 16;

	if (argc == 3) {
		ditherLevel = atoi(argv[2]);
	}
	
	// Import into an NSData object or NSImage
	NSImage *originalImage = [[NSImage alloc] initWithContentsOfFile: imagePath];
	
	if (originalImage == NULL)
	{
		NSLog(@"The image failed to load");
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}
	
	NSSize originalImageSize = [originalImage size];
	double aspectRatio = 1.0;
	CGFloat newImageHeight = originalImageSize.height;
	CGFloat newImageWidth = originalImageSize.width;
	NSBitmapImageRep *bitmap = [[originalImage representations] objectAtIndex: 0];
	int col    = 0;
	int row    = 0;
	int modVal = ditherLevel;

	// Cycle through each pixel and find the nearest color and replace it in the standard EGA palette
	for (int y = 0; y < (int)originalImageSize.height; y++)
	{
		row = y % modVal; // y & 15 == y % 16

		for (int x = 0; x < (int)originalImageSize.width; x++)
		{
			col = x % modVal; // x & 15 == x % 16

			NSColor *originalPixelColor = [bitmap colorAtX:x y:y];
			CGFloat red   = [originalPixelColor redComponent];
			CGFloat green = [originalPixelColor greenComponent];
			CGFloat blue  = [originalPixelColor blueComponent];

			// Divide by 255.0 to normalize the value
			CGFloat bayerDitherValue =  ditherValue(ditherLevel, col, row);
			CGFloat avgPixelColor = (red + green + blue)/3.0;
			CGFloat newColor = 0.0;

			// For some of the matrices (8x8 and 16x16), if the avgPixelColor is full black or white might be 
			// incorrectly calculated.
			if (avgPixelColor == 0.0 || avgPixelColor == 1.0) {
				newColor = avgPixelColor;
			} else {
				newColor = avgPixelColor < bayerDitherValue ? 0 : 1.0;
			}

			NSColor *newPixelColor = [NSColor colorWithCalibratedRed: newColor green: newColor blue: newColor alpha: 1.0];
			[bitmap setColor: newPixelColor atX: x y: y];
		}
	}

	// Convert bitmap back into an NSImage
	NSImage *oneBitDitheredImage = [[NSImage alloc] initWithSize:[bitmap size]];
	[oneBitDitheredImage addRepresentation: bitmap];

	// Save NSBitmapImageRep to an image and save to disk
	NSString *fileName = [imagePath stringByDeletingPathExtension];
	NSString *oneBitDitheredImagePath = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@_dithered_%dx%d.png", fileName, modVal, modVal];
	NSBitmapImageRep *imgRep = [[oneBitDitheredImage representations] objectAtIndex: 0];
	NSData *data = [imgRep representationUsingType: NSPNGFileType properties: nil];
	[data writeToFile: oneBitDitheredImagePath atomically: NO];

	[pool release];
	return 0;
}

CGFloat ditherValue(int ditherLevel, int col, int row) {

	if (ditherValue == 2) {
		// Other 2x2 matrix patterns to try
		// return dm2x2[col][row] / 3.0;
		// return bayer_pattern_2x2[col][row];
		// return varied_bayer_pattern_2x2[col][row];
		return BAYER_PATTERN_2X2[col][row] / 255.0;
	} else if (ditherValue == 3) {
		return BAYER_PATTERN_3X3[col][row] / 255.0;
	} else if (ditherValue == 4) {
		return magic_square[col][row] / 255.0;
		// return BAYER_PATTERN_4X4[col][row] / 255.0;
	} else if (ditherValue == 8) {
		return BAYER_PATTERN_8X8[col][row] / 255.0;
	} else {
		return BAYER_PATTERN_16X16[col][row] / 255.0;
	}
}

Example ordered dither on the peppers.tiff image: