shell cheatsheet

docker.md

docker

kill all running containers

docker kill $(docker ps -q)

delete all stopped containers (including data-only containers)

docker rm $(docker ps -a -q)

delete all 'untagged/dangling' () images

docker rmi $(docker images -q -f dangling=true)

delete ALL images

docker rmi $(docker images -q)

git.md

git

git flow

create a feature branch

git checkout -b myfeature develop

finishing a feature branch

git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff myfeature
git branch -d myfeature
git push origin develop

creating a release branch

git checkout -b release-1.2 develop
git commit -a -m "Bumped version number to 1.2"

finishing a release branch

git checkout master
git merge --no-ff release-1.2
git tag -a 1.2

git checkout develop
git merge --no-ff release-1.2

git branch -d release-1.2

---

remove all deleted files

git rm $(git ls-files --deleted)

add changes to the last commit

git commit --amend

add partial

git add --partial
# git add -p
git gui

grep in git history

git grep <regexp> $(git rev-list --all)
# or
git rev-list --all | xargs git grep expression

force overwrite pull

git fetch --all
git reset --hard origin/master

delete a tag

git tag -d <tagname>
git push origin :refs/tags/<tagname>

delete a branch

git push origin --delete <branchName>

show merge status of a branch

git branch --merged
git branch --no-merged

show logs of today in a compact view

git log --since="yesterday" --pretty="oneline"

stash (useful too, when working on the wrong branch)

git stash
git stash apply

show staged diffs

git diff --cached

show diffs between two commits

git diff <commit-id>..<commit-id>
git diff <tag-name || branch-name> <file>

export

git archive <branch-name> --format=zip --output=<file>

push local branch

git push -u origin feature_branch_name

show commits in a time interval

git log --after="2015-11-13 00:00" --before="2015-11-16 23:59"

sed.md

---

HANDY ONE-LINERS FOR SED (Unix stream editor) Apr. 26, 2004 compiled by Eric Pement - pemente[at]northpark[dot]edu version 5.4 Latest version of this file is usually at: http://sed.sourceforge.net/sed1line.txt http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sed1line.txt This file is also available in Portuguese at: http://www.lrv.ufsc.br/wmaker/sed_ptBR.html

FILE SPACING:

double space a file

sed G

double space a file which already has blank lines in it. Output file

should contain no more than one blank line between lines of text.

sed '/^$/d;G'

triple space a file

sed 'G;G'

undo double-spacing (assumes even-numbered lines are always blank)

sed 'n;d'

insert a blank line above every line which matches "regex"

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;}'

insert a blank line below every line which matches "regex"

sed '/regex/G'

insert a blank line above and below every line which matches "regex"

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;G;}'

NUMBERING:

number each line of a file (simple left alignment). Using a tab (see

note on '\t' at end of file) instead of space will preserve margins.

sed = filename | sed 'N;s/\n/\t/'

number each line of a file (number on left, right-aligned)

sed = filename | sed 'N; s/^/ /; s/ *(.{6,})\n/\1 /'

number each line of file, but only print numbers if line is not blank

sed '/./=' filename | sed '/./N; s/\n/ /'

count lines (emulates "wc -l")

sed -n '$='

TEXT CONVERSION AND SUBSTITUTION:

IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format

sed 's/.$//' # assumes that all lines end with CR/LF sed 's/^M$//' # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V then Ctrl-M sed 's/\x0D$//' # gsed 3.02.80, but top script is easier

IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format

sed "s/$/echo -e \\\r/" # command line under ksh sed 's/$'"/echo \\\r/" # command line under bash sed "s/$/echo \\\r/" # command line under zsh sed 's/$/\r/' # gsed 3.02.80

IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format

sed "s/$//" # method 1 sed -n p # method 2

IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format

Can only be done with UnxUtils sed, version 4.0.7 or higher.

Cannot be done with other DOS versions of sed. Use "tr" instead.

sed "s/\r//" infile >outfile # UnxUtils sed v4.0.7 or higher tr -d \r outfile # GNU tr version 1.22 or higher

delete leading whitespace (spaces, tabs) from front of each line

aligns all text flush left

sed 's/^[ \t]*//' # see note on '\t' at end of file

delete trailing whitespace (spaces, tabs) from end of each line

sed 's/[ \t]*$//' # see note on '\t' at end of file

delete BOTH leading and trailing whitespace from each line

sed 's/^[ \t]//;s/[ \t]$//'

insert 5 blank spaces at beginning of each line (make page offset)

sed 's/^/ /'

align all text flush right on a 79-column width

sed -e :a -e 's/^.{1,78}$/ &/;ta' # set at 78 plus 1 space

center all text in the middle of 79-column width. In method 1,

spaces at the beginning of the line are significant, and trailing

spaces are appended at the end of the line. In method 2, spaces at

the beginning of the line are discarded in centering the line, and

no trailing spaces appear at the end of lines.

sed -e :a -e 's/^.{1,77}$/ & /;ta' # method 1 sed -e :a -e 's/^.{1,77}$/ &/;ta' -e 's/( *)\1/\1/' # method 2

substitute (find and replace) "foo" with "bar" on each line

sed 's/foo/bar/' # replaces only 1st instance in a line sed 's/foo/bar/4' # replaces only 4th instance in a line sed 's/foo/bar/g' # replaces ALL instances in a line sed 's/(.*)foo(.foo)/\1bar\2/' # replace the next-to-last case sed 's/(.)foo/\1bar/' # replace only the last case

substitute "foo" with "bar" ONLY for lines which contain "baz"

sed '/baz/s/foo/bar/g'

substitute "foo" with "bar" EXCEPT for lines which contain "baz"

sed '/baz/!s/foo/bar/g'

change "scarlet" or "ruby" or "puce" to "red"

sed 's/scarlet/red/g;s/ruby/red/g;s/puce/red/g' # most seds gsed 's/scarlet|ruby|puce/red/g' # GNU sed only

reverse order of lines (emulates "tac")

bug/feature in HHsed v1.5 causes blank lines to be deleted

sed '1!G;h;$!d' # method 1 sed -n '1!G;h;$p' # method 2

reverse each character on the line (emulates "rev")

sed '/\n/!G;s/(.)(.*\n)/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//'

join pairs of lines side-by-side (like "paste")

sed '$!N;s/\n/ /'

if a line ends with a backslash, append the next line to it

sed -e :a -e '/\$/N; s/\\n//; ta'

if a line begins with an equal sign, append it to the previous line

and replace the "=" with a single space

sed -e :a -e '$!N;s/\n=/ /;ta' -e 'P;D'

add commas to numeric strings, changing "1234567" to "1,234,567"

gsed ':a;s/\B[0-9]{3}>/,&/;ta' # GNU sed sed -e :a -e 's/(.*[0-9])([0-9]{3})/\1,\2/;ta' # other seds

add commas to numbers with decimal points and minus signs (GNU sed)

gsed ':a;s/(^|[^0-9.])([0-9]+)([0-9]{3})/\1\2,\3/g;ta'

add a blank line every 5 lines (after lines 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.)

gsed '0~5G' # GNU sed only sed 'n;n;n;n;G;' # other seds

SELECTIVE PRINTING OF CERTAIN LINES:

print first 10 lines of file (emulates behavior of "head")

sed 10q

print first line of file (emulates "head -1")

sed q

print the last 10 lines of a file (emulates "tail")

sed -e :a -e '$q;N;11,$D;ba'

print the last 2 lines of a file (emulates "tail -2")

sed '$!N;$!D'

print the last line of a file (emulates "tail -1")

sed '$!d' # method 1 sed -n '$p' # method 2

print only lines which match regular expression (emulates "grep")

sed -n '/regexp/p' # method 1 sed '/regexp/!d' # method 2

print only lines which do NOT match regexp (emulates "grep -v")

sed -n '/regexp/!p' # method 1, corresponds to above sed '/regexp/d' # method 2, simpler syntax

print the line immediately before a regexp, but not the line

containing the regexp

sed -n '/regexp/{g;1!p;};h'

print the line immediately after a regexp, but not the line

containing the regexp

sed -n '/regexp/{n;p;}'

print 1 line of context before and after regexp, with line number

indicating where the regexp occurred (similar to "grep -A1 -B1")

sed -n -e '/regexp/{=;x;1!p;g;$!N;p;D;}' -e h

grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order)

sed '/AAA/!d; /BBB/!d; /CCC/!d'

grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in that order)

sed '/AAA.*BBB.*CCC/!d'

grep for AAA or BBB or CCC (emulates "egrep")

sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d # most seds gsed '/AAA|BBB|CCC/!d' # GNU sed only

print paragraph if it contains AAA (blank lines separate paragraphs)

HHsed v1.5 must insert a 'G;' after 'x;' in the next 3 scripts below

sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;'

print paragraph if it contains AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order)

sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;/BBB/!d;/CCC/!d'

print paragraph if it contains AAA or BBB or CCC

sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d gsed '/./{H;$!d;};x;/AAA|BBB|CCC/b;d' # GNU sed only

print only lines of 65 characters or longer

sed -n '/^.{65}/p'

print only lines of less than 65 characters

sed -n '/^.{65}/!p' # method 1, corresponds to above sed '/^.{65}/d' # method 2, simpler syntax

print section of file from regular expression to end of file

sed -n '/regexp/,$p'

print section of file based on line numbers (lines 8-12, inclusive)

sed -n '8,12p' # method 1 sed '8,12!d' # method 2

print line number 52

sed -n '52p' # method 1 sed '52!d' # method 2 sed '52q;d' # method 3, efficient on large files

beginning at line 3, print every 7th line

gsed -n '3~7p' # GNU sed only sed -n '3,${p;n;n;n;n;n;n;}' # other seds

print section of file between two regular expressions (inclusive)

sed -n '/Iowa/,/Montana/p' # case sensitive

SELECTIVE DELETION OF CERTAIN LINES:

print all of file EXCEPT section between 2 regular expressions

sed '/Iowa/,/Montana/d'

delete duplicate, consecutive lines from a file (emulates "uniq").

First line in a set of duplicate lines is kept, rest are deleted.

sed '$!N; /^(.*)\n\1$/!P; D'

delete duplicate, nonconsecutive lines from a file. Beware not to

overflow the buffer size of the hold space, or else use GNU sed.

sed -n 'G; s/\n/&&/; /^([ -~]\n).\n\1/d; s/\n//; h; P'

delete all lines except duplicate lines (emulates "uniq -d").

sed '$!N; s/^(.*)\n\1$/\1/; t; D'

delete the first 10 lines of a file

sed '1,10d'

delete the last line of a file

sed '$d'

delete the last 2 lines of a file

sed 'N;$!P;$!D;$d'

delete the last 10 lines of a file

sed -e :a -e '$d;N;2,10ba' -e 'P;D' # method 1 sed -n -e :a -e '1,10!{P;N;D;};N;ba' # method 2

delete every 8th line

gsed '0~8d' # GNU sed only sed 'n;n;n;n;n;n;n;d;' # other seds

delete ALL blank lines from a file (same as "grep '.' ")

sed '/^$/d' # method 1 sed '/./!d' # method 2

delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first; also

deletes all blank lines from top and end of file (emulates "cat -s")

sed '/./,/^$/!d' # method 1, allows 0 blanks at top, 1 at EOF sed '/^$/N;/\n$/D' # method 2, allows 1 blank at top, 0 at EOF

delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first 2:

sed '/^$/N;/\n$/N;//D'

delete all leading blank lines at top of file

sed '/./,$!d'

delete all trailing blank lines at end of file

sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/{$d;N;ba' -e '}' # works on all seds sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/N;/\n$/ba' # ditto, except for gsed 3.02*

delete the last line of each paragraph

sed -n '/^$/{p;h;};/./{x;/./p;}'

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS:

remove nroff overstrikes (char, backspace) from man pages. The 'echo'

command may need an -e switch if you use Unix System V or bash shell.

sed "s/.echo \\\b//g" # double quotes required for Unix environment sed 's/.^H//g' # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V and then Ctrl-H sed 's/.\x08//g' # hex expression for sed v1.5

get Usenet/e-mail message header

sed '/^$/q' # deletes everything after first blank line

get Usenet/e-mail message body

sed '1,/^$/d' # deletes everything up to first blank line

get Subject header, but remove initial "Subject: " portion

sed '/^Subject: */!d; s///;q'

get return address header

sed '/^Reply-To:/q; /^From:/h; /./d;g;q'

parse out the address proper. Pulls out the e-mail address by itself

from the 1-line return address header (see preceding script)

sed 's/ (.)//; s/>.//; s/.[:<] *//'

add a leading angle bracket and space to each line (quote a message)

sed 's/^/> /'

delete leading angle bracket & space from each line (unquote a message)

sed 's/^> //'

remove most HTML tags (accommodates multiple-line tags)

sed -e :a -e 's/<[^>]*>//g;/</N;//ba'

extract multi-part uuencoded binaries, removing extraneous header

info, so that only the uuencoded portion remains. Files passed to

sed must be passed in the proper order. Version 1 can be entered

from the command line; version 2 can be made into an executable

Unix shell script. (Modified from a script by Rahul Dhesi.)

sed '/^end/,/^begin/d' file1 file2 ... fileX | uudecode # vers. 1 sed '/^end/,/^begin/d' "$@" | uudecode # vers. 2

zip up each .TXT file individually, deleting the source file and

setting the name of each .ZIP file to the basename of the .TXT file

(under DOS: the "dir /b" switch returns bare filenames in all caps).

echo @echo off >zipup.bat dir /b .txt | sed "s/^(.).TXT/pkzip -mo \1 \1.TXT/" >>zipup.bat

TYPICAL USE: Sed takes one or more editing commands and applies all of them, in sequence, to each line of input. After all the commands have been applied to the first input line, that line is output and a second input line is taken for processing, and the cycle repeats. The preceding examples assume that input comes from the standard input device (i.e, the console, normally this will be piped input). One or more filenames can be appended to the command line if the input does not come from stdin. Output is sent to stdout (the screen). Thus:

cat filename | sed '10q' # uses piped input sed '10q' filename # same effect, avoids a useless "cat" sed '10q' filename > newfile # redirects output to disk

For additional syntax instructions, including the way to apply editing commands from a disk file instead of the command line, consult "sed & awk, 2nd Edition," by Dale Dougherty and Arnold Robbins (O'Reilly, 1997; http://www.ora.com), "UNIX Text Processing," by Dale Dougherty and Tim O'Reilly (Hayden Books, 1987) or the tutorials by Mike Arst distributed in U-SEDIT2.ZIP (many sites). To fully exploit the power of sed, one must understand "regular expressions." For this, see "Mastering Regular Expressions" by Jeffrey Friedl (O'Reilly, 1997). The manual ("man") pages on Unix systems may be helpful (try "man sed", "man regexp", or the subsection on regular expressions in "man ed"), but man pages are notoriously difficult. They are not written to teach sed use or regexps to first-time users, but as a reference text for those already acquainted with these tools.

QUOTING SYNTAX: The preceding examples use single quotes ('...') instead of double quotes ("...") to enclose editing commands, since sed is typically used on a Unix platform. Single quotes prevent the Unix shell from intrepreting the dollar sign ($) and backquotes (...), which are expanded by the shell if they are enclosed in double quotes. Users of the "csh" shell and derivatives will also need to quote the exclamation mark (!) with the backslash (i.e., !) to properly run the examples listed above, even within single quotes. Versions of sed written for DOS invariably require double quotes ("...") instead of single quotes to enclose editing commands.

USE OF '\t' IN SED SCRIPTS: For clarity in documentation, we have used the expression '\t' to indicate a tab character (0x09) in the scripts. However, most versions of sed do not recognize the '\t' abbreviation, so when typing these scripts from the command line, you should press the TAB key instead. '\t' is supported as a regular expression metacharacter in awk, perl, and HHsed, sedmod, and GNU sed v3.02.80.

VERSIONS OF SED: Versions of sed do differ, and some slight syntax variation is to be expected. In particular, most do not support the use of labels (:name) or branch instructions (b,t) within editing commands, except at the end of those commands. We have used the syntax which will be portable to most users of sed, even though the popular GNU versions of sed allow a more succinct syntax. When the reader sees a fairly long command such as this:

sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d

it is heartening to know that GNU sed will let you reduce it to:

sed '/AAA/b;/BBB/b;/CCC/b;d' # or even sed '/AAA|BBB|CCC/b;d'

In addition, remember that while many versions of sed accept a command like "/one/ s/RE1/RE2/", some do NOT allow "/one/! s/RE1/RE2/", which contains space before the 's'. Omit the space when typing the command.

OPTIMIZING FOR SPEED: If execution speed needs to be increased (due to large input files or slow processors or hard disks), substitution will be executed more quickly if the "find" expression is specified before giving the "s/.../.../" instruction. Thus:

sed 's/foo/bar/g' filename # standard replace command sed '/foo/ s/foo/bar/g' filename # executes more quickly sed '/foo/ s//bar/g' filename # shorthand sed syntax

On line selection or deletion in which you only need to output lines from the first part of the file, a "quit" command (q) in the script will drastically reduce processing time for large files. Thus:

sed -n '45,50p' filename # print line nos. 45-50 of a file sed -n '51q;45,50p' filename # same, but executes much faster

If you have any additional scripts to contribute or if you find errors in this document, please send e-mail to the compiler. Indicate the version of sed you used, the operating system it was compiled for, and the nature of the problem. Various scripts in this file were written or contributed by:

Al Aab [email protected] # "seders" list moderator Edgar Allen [email protected] # various Yiorgos Adamopoulos [email protected] Dale Dougherty [email protected] # author of "sed & awk" Carlos Duarte [email protected] # author of "do it with sed" Eric Pement [email protected] # author of this document Ken Pizzini [email protected] # author of GNU sed v3.02 S.G. Ravenhall [email protected] # great de-html script Greg Ubben [email protected] # many contributions & much help

tools.md

ag

include files in the search that matches a pattern

ag -G pattern searchterm

awk

print all columns but the first

awk '{for (i=2; i<NF; i++) printf $i " "; print $NF}'

print all columns but the first 3

awk '{ $1=""; $2=""; $3=""; print $0 }'

use a regex as a field separator awk

awk -F '[0-9][0-9]' '{print $2}'

remove duplicate lines whilst keeping empty lines and order

awk '!NF || !seen[$0]++'

swap two columns

awk ' { t = $1; $1 = $2; $2 = t; print; } ' input_file

cut

cut from character 4 to the end

cut -c 4-

diff

diff sorted

diff <(sort file_a) <(sort file_b)

less

better tail -f

less +F

help

<h>

sed

delete line containing pattern

sed '/<pattern>/d'

delete all occurences of pattern

sed 's/<pattern>//g'

print the lines between two line numbers

sed -n '5,10p' <filename>

delete leading whitespace (spaces, tabs) from front of each line aligns all text flush left

sed 's/^[ \t]*//'

delete trailing whitespace (spaces, tabs) from end of each line

sed 's/[ \t]*$//'

delete BOTH leading and trailing whitespace from each line

sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//'

delete lines longer than 15 chars

sed '/.\{16\}/d'

print only lines which match regular expression (emulates "grep")

sed -n '/regexp/p' # method 1 sed '/regexp/!d' # method 2

print only lines which do NOT match regexp (emulates "grep -v")

sed -n '/regexp/!p' # method 1, corresponds to above sed '/regexp/d' # method 2, simpler syntax

substitute (find and replace) "foo" with "bar" on each line

sed 's/foo/bar/' # replaces only 1st instance in a line sed 's/foo/bar/4' # replaces only 4th instance in a line sed 's/foo/bar/g' # replaces ALL instances in a line sed 's/(.*)foo(.foo)/\1bar\2/' # replace the next-to-last case sed 's/(.)foo/\1bar/' # replace only the last case

substitute "foo" with "bar" ONLY for lines which contain "baz"

sed '/baz/s/foo/bar/g'

substitute "foo" with "bar" EXCEPT for lines which contain "baz"

sed '/baz/!s/foo/bar/g'

change "scarlet" or "ruby" or "puce" to "red"

sed 's/scarlet/red/g;s/ruby/red/g;s/puce/red/g' # most seds gsed 's/scarlet|ruby|puce/red/g' # GNU sed only

reverse order of lines (emulates "tac")

bug/feature in HHsed v1.5 causes blank lines to be deleted

sed '1!G;h;$!d' # method 1 sed -n '1!G;h;$p' # method 2

reverse each character on the line (emulates "rev")

sed '/\n/!G;s/(.)(.*\n)/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//'

join pairs of lines side-by-side (like "paste")

sed '$!N;s/\n/ /'

if a line ends with a backslash, append the next line to it

sed -e :a -e '/\$/N; s/\\n//; ta'

add commas to numeric strings, changing "1234567" to "1,234,567"

gsed ':a;s/\B[0-9]{3}>/,&/;ta' # GNU sed sed -e :a -e 's/(.*[0-9])([0-9]{3})/\1,\2/;ta' # other seds

add commas to numbers with decimal points and minus signs (GNU sed)

gsed ':a;s/(^|[^0-9.])([0-9]+)([0-9]{3})/\1\2,\3/g;ta'

remove leading whitespace and tabs

sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//'

remove trailing whitespace and tabs

sed 's/[ \t]*$//'

remove leading and trailing whitespace and tabs

sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//'

tail

reverse

tail -r

skip first line

tail +2

wc

count occurrences

grep -o "needle" file | wc -l

zsh.md

misc

shebang

#!/usr/bin/env bash

dryrun

sh -e

here document

cat <<LimitString
foo
bar
baz
LimitString

jump to a directory, execute a command and jump back to current dir

(cd /tmp && ls)

avoid cat abuse

~~cat filename | sort~~
sort < filename

create a directory and cd into it

mkdir /home/foo/doc/bar && cd $_

prefix all files in the current directory

for file in *; do
    mv $file prefix_${file%%}
done

check if an item is in an array

item_in () {
    local item
    for item in "${@:2}"; do [[ "$item" == "$1" ]] && return 0; done
    return 1
}

# $ array=("something to search for" "a string" "test2000")
# $ item_in "a string" "${array[@]}"
# $ echo $?
# 0
# $ containsElement "foo" "${array[@]}"
# $ echo $?
# 1

replace in filename

for file in *; do mv $file ${file/-/_} ; done

create a string with $n*$char

n=42
char="-"
spacer=$(head -c $n < /dev/zero | tr '\0' "$char")

redirection

cmd	function
prog > file	send stdout to file
prog 2> file	send stderr to file
prog > file 2>&1	send stdout and stderr to file
prog < file	take stdin from file
prog >> file	send stdout to end of file
prog 2>> file	send stderr to end of file
prog >> file 2>&1	send stdout and stderr to end fo file
prog <<c	read stdin from keyboard until c
prog | prog2	pipe stdout to prog2
prog 2>&1 | prog2	pipe stdout and stderr to prog2

redirect stdout, stderr

> /dev/null 2>&1

redirect stderr

2> /dev/null

redirect stdout

&> /dev/null

---

job control

suspend a job running in foreground

<ctrl-z>

start a job in background

gcc program.c -o program &

list background jobs

jobs

bring the background job with the job id 1 to foreground

fg %1

terminate the background job with the job id 1

kill %1

---

keybindings

escape . ....................last param of the last command (repeat)
ctrl u [...] ctrl y .........type partial command, kill this command, check something you forgot, yank the command, resume typing
alt . .......................insert previous command argument
alt a .......................multiselect in menu complete
alt <arrow-left> ............move a word backward
alt <arrow-right> ...........move a word forward
cmd <del> ...................delete the word left of the cursor
cmd <arrow-left> ............move to the beginning of the line
cmd <arrow-right> ...........move to the end of the line
cmd <arrow-down> ............delete the whole line
ctrl x ......................delete the char under the cursor
ctrl w ......................delete the word under the cursor
alt <arrow-up> ..............cd ..
ctr l .......................ls -laH
<arrow-up> ..................history substring search backward
<arrow-down> ................history substring search forward
<ctrl-z> ....................suspend job to background

---

globbing

list all javascript files under pwd

ls **/**

list text files that end in a number from 1 to 10

ls -l zsh_demo/**/*<1-10>.txt

list text files that start with the letter a

ls -l zsh_demo/**/[a]*.txt

list text files that start with either ab or bc

ls -l zsh_demo/**/(ab|bc)*.txt

list text files that don't start with a lower or uppercase c

ls -l zsh_demo/**/[^cC]*.txt

show only directories

print -l zsh_demo/**/*(/)

show only regular files

print -l zsh_demo/**/*(.)

show empty files

ls -l zsh_demo/**/*(L0)

show files greater than 3 KB

ls -l zsh_demo/**/*(Lk+3)

show files modified in the last hour

print -l zsh_demo/**/*(mh-1)

sort files from most to least recently modified and show the last 3

ls -l zsh_demo/**/*(om[1,3])

---

expansion

parameter expansion

git diff ./file_1.py
git add !:2<TAB>            # expands to git add ./file_1.py

!!                          # last command
!$                          # last parameter of the last command
!*                          # all parameters

---

parameter processing

one by one

#!/bin/bash

for i in "$@"
do
    case $i in
        -e=*|--extension=*)
            EXTENSION="${i#*=}"
            shift # past argument=value
            ;;
        -s=*|--searchpath=*)
            SEARCHPATH="${i#*=}"
            shift # past argument=value
            ;;
        -l=*|--lib=*)
            LIBPATH="${i#*=}"
            shift # past argument=value
            ;;
        --default)
            DEFAULT=YES
            shift # past argument with no value
            ;;
        *)
            # unknown option
        ;;
    esac
done

paired

#!/bin/bash
# Use -gt 1 to consume two arguments per pass in the loop (e.g. each
# argument has a corresponding value to go with it).
# Use -gt 0 to consume one or more arguments per pass in the loop (e.g.
# some arguments don't have a corresponding value to go with it such
# as in the --default example).
# note: if this is set to -gt 0 the /etc/hosts part is not recognized ( may be a bug )
while [[ $# -gt 1 ]]
do
    key="$1"

    case $key in
        -e|--extension)
            EXTENSION="$2"
            shift # past argument
            ;;
        -s|--searchpath)
            SEARCHPATH="$2"
            shift # past argument
            ;;
        -l|--lib)
            LIBPATH="$2"
            shift # past argument
            ;;
        --default)
            DEFAULT=YES
            ;;
        *)
            # unknown option
        ;;
    esac
shift # past argument or value
done

reverse

files=(/var/logs/foo*.log)
   for ((i=${#files[@]}-1; i>=0; i--)); do
     bar "${files[$i]}"
   done

---

OS X

use mac apps from the shell

open -a /Applications/Whatever.app

prevent spotlight from indexing external volume

mdutil -i off /Volumes/VolumeName

locatemd: to search for a file using Spotlight's metadata

spotlight $file

show the SpotLight comment for a file

spotlight_comment $file

oh my zsh

return the current Finder selection

pfs

cd to the current Finder directory

cdf

quick look a specified file

quick-look $file

eject all external volumes

eject