string-formatting-mini-language.py

# Format Specification Mini-Language (Quick Reference)
import datetime

integer = 5
negative_integer = -5
decimal = 6.9
negative_decimal = -6.9
string = 'hi'
cost_float = 1299.99
cost_integer = 150000
date = datetime.datetime(2021, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)

# ALLIGNING A VARIABLE/LITERAL
#   round brackets () are not necessary,
#   they are being used to understand where
#   formatted string starts and ends
print(f'({integer:>6})')    # (     5)
print(f'({integer:<6})')    # (5     )
print(f'({integer:^6})')    # (  5   )

print(f'({1:>6})')          # (     1)
print(f'({1:<6})')          # (1     )
print(f'({1:^6})')          # (  1   )

print(f'({negative_integer:>6})')   # (    -5)
print(f'({negative_integer:<6})')   # (-5    )
print(f'({negative_integer:^6})')   # ( -5   )

print(f'({decimal:>6})')            # (   6.9)
print(f'({negative_decimal:<6})')   # (-6.9  )
print(f'({string:^6})')             # (  hi  )

#   (ONLY VALID FOR NUMBER TYPES)
print(f'({negative_integer:=6})')   # (-    5)
print(f'({integer:=6})')            # (     5)
print(f'({negative_decimal:=6})')   # (-  6.9)
print(f'({decimal:=6})')            # (   6.9)
try:
    print(f'({string:=6})')
except ValueError as value_error:
    print(value_error)
    # '=' alignment not allowed in string format specifier

# ALLIGNING A VARIABLE WITH FILL VALUE
print(f'({integer:0>6})')    # (000005)
print(f'({decimal:0<6})')    # (6.9000)
print(f'({string:*^6})')     # (**hi**)

# HOW SIGN SHOULD BE DISPLAYED 
#   (ONLY VALID FOR NUMBER TYPES)
# + -> print both negative and positive signs
print(f'({negative_integer:+})')    # (-5)
print(f'({integer:+})')             # (+5)
print(f'({negative_decimal:+})')    # (-6.9)
print(f'({decimal:+})')             # (+6.9)
# - -> print only negative sign (default setting)
print(f'({negative_integer:-})')    # (-5)
print(f'({integer:-})')             # (5)
print(f'({negative_decimal:-})')    # (-6.9)
print(f'({decimal:-})')             # (6.9)
# <space> -> print - for negative
#            print <space> for positive
print(f'({negative_integer: })')    # (-5)
print(f'({integer: })')             # ( 5)
print(f'({negative_decimal: })')    # (-6.9)
print(f'({decimal: })')             # ( 6.9)

# MIXING SIGN AND ALLIGNMENT SPECIFIERS
print(f'({negative_integer:=+6})')   # (-    5)
print(f'({integer:=+6})')            # (+    5)
print(f'({integer:=-6})')            # (     5)
print(f'({integer:= 6})')            # (     5)

# GROUPING OPTION FOR INTEGERS AND FLOATS
print(f'({cost_float:,})')           # (1,299.99)
print(f'({cost_float:_})')           # (1_299.99)
print(f'({cost_integer:,})')         # (150,000)
print(f'({cost_integer:_})')         # (150,000)

# INTEGER RE-PRESENTATION
print(f'({cost_integer:b})')     # BINARY                   # (100100100111110000)
print(f'({cost_integer:c})')     # UNICODE                  # (𤧰)
print(f'({cost_integer:d})')     # DECIMAL                  # (150000)
print(f'({cost_integer:o})')     # OCTAL                    # (444760)
print(f'({cost_integer:x})')     # HEX                      # (249f0)
print(f'({cost_integer:X})')     # HEX (UPPERCASE LETTERS)  # (249F0)
print(f'({cost_integer:n})')     # DECIMAL (AS PER LOCALE)  # (150000)


# FLOAT RE-PRESENTATION
print(f'({cost_float:e})')       # SCIENTIFIC NOTATION      # (1.299990e+03)
print(f'({cost_float:E})')       # SCIENTIFIC NOTATION      # (1.299990E+03)
print(f'({cost_float:f})')       # FLOAT                    # (1299.990000)
print(f'({cost_integer:f})')     # FLOAT                    # (150000.000000)
print(f'({decimal:%})')          # PERCENTAGE               # (690.000000%)

# FLOATING POINT PRECISION
print(f'({cost_integer/7:.2f})')       # (21428.57)
print(f'({cost_integer/7:.10f})')      # (21428.57143)
print(f'({decimal:.2%})')              # (690.00%)

# DATE FORMATTING
print(f'({date:%Y-%m-%d})')            # (2021-07-04)