Coordinates.java

/// Modern Java:
///   - sealed types
///   - record classes
///   - derived record creation
///   - pattern matching
///   - switch expressions
///   - value classes
///   - all values are objects
///   - universal generics
///   - local-variable type inference
///   - concise method bodies
///   - Markdown documentation comments
///
/// Not shown:
///   - enhanced primitive boxing
///   - deconstruction patterns for arbitrary types
///   - pattern matching in enhanced for-loops, lambdas, catch blocks
///   - exception handling in switch
///   - operator overloading
///   - serialization v2
///   - flexible constructor bodies
///   - module imports
///   - compact source files
///   - nullable and null-restricted types
///   - specialized generics
///   - declaration-site variance
///   - arrays 2.0
///   - 64-bit hash codes
///   - stream gatherers
///   - text blocks
///   - string templates
///   - virtual threads
///   - structured concurrency
///   - scoped values
///   - processor locals
///   - unwind-and-invoke
///   - condensers
///   - stable values
///   - AOT cache
///   - GraalVM layered native images
///   - Truffle
///   - Espresso
///   - JShell
///   - Flight Recorder
///   - Mission Control
///   - compact object headers
///   - thread-local, generational ZGC
///   - automatic heap sizing
///   - vector API
///   - foreign memory access
///   - foreign function calls
///   - code reflection
///   - class-file API
///   - integrity by default
///   - Java Platform Module System

import static java.lang.Math.*; // abs, atan2, cos, hypot, sin
    
/// Since this interface is sealed, the only allowed subtypes are the ones specified
/// below: Cartesian and Polar.
public sealed value interface Coordinates {
    /// value classes: flat representation in memory, no identity, has the
    /// flexibility of a class but the performance of a primitive type
    value record Cartesian(double x, double y) implements Coordinates {
        /// Convert these Cartesian coordinates into polar coordinates.
        public Polar polar() -> new Polar(hypot(x, y), atan2(y, x));
    }
    
    /// record means data class: automatically generated constructor, fields, getters,
    /// equals, hashCode, toString, and deconstruction pattern
    value record Polar(double r, double theta) implements Coordinates {
        /// Convert these polar coordinates into Cartesian coordinates.
        public Cartesian cartesian() -> new Cartesian(r * cos(theta), r * sin(theta));

        /// derived record creation
        public Polar rotate(double a) -> this with { theta += a; };
    }
    
    /// Universal generics, switch expressions, pattern matching (record, nested, var,
    /// constant, unnamed), guards. Because the Coordinates interface is sealed, the
    /// switch is exhaustive and no default case is needed.
    static Stream<double> distances(Stream<Coordinates> stream) -> stream.map(
        coordinates -> switch (coordinates) {
            case Cartesian(var x, var y) -> hypot(x, y);
            case Polar(0.0d, _) -> 0.0d;
            case Polar(var r, _) when r > 0.0d -> r;
            case Polar(var r, _) -> abs(r);
        }
    );
    
    /// Concise method body with method reference.
    static Stream<double> cartesianDistances(Stream<Cartesian> stream) = Coordinates::distances;
}