ES2015+

ES2015+.md

• Block scoping
• Backtick strings
• Binary and octal literals
• Promises
• Destructuring
• Spread
• Functions
• Objects
• Modules
• Generators

Block scoping

Let

function fn () {
  let x = 0
  if (true) {
    let x = 1 // only inside this `if`
  }
}

Const

const a = 1

let is the new var. Constants work just like let, but can't be reassigned. See: Let and const

Backtick strings

Interpolation

const message = `Hello ${name}`

Multiline strings

const str = `
hello
world
`

Templates and multiline strings. See: Template strings

Binary and octal literals

let bin = 0b1010010
let oct = 0o755

See: Binary and octal literals

New methods

New string methods

"hello".repeat(3)
"hello".includes("ll")
"hello".startsWith("he")
"\u1E9B\u0323".normalize("NFC")

See: New methods

Classes

class Circle extends Shape {

Constructor

  constructor (radius) {
    this.radius = radius
  }

Methods

  getArea () {
    return Math.PI * 2 * this.radius
  }

Calling superclass methods

  expand (n) {
    return super.expand(n) * Math.PI
  }

Static methods

  static createFromDiameter(diameter) {
    return new Circle(diameter / 2)
  }
}

Syntactic sugar for prototypes. See: Classes

Exponent operator

const byte = 2 ** 8
// Same as: Math.pow(2, 8)

Promises

Making promises

new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  if (ok) { resolve(result) }
  else { reject(error) }
})

For asynchronous programming. See: Promises

Using promises

promise
  .then((result) => { ··· })
  .catch((error) => { ··· })

Promise functions

Promise.all(···)
Promise.race(···)
Promise.reject(···)
Promise.resolve(···)

Async-await

async function run () {
  const user = await getUser()
  const tweets = await getTweets(user)
  return [user, tweets]
}

async functions are another way of using functions.

See: async function

Destructuring

Destructuring assignment

Arrays

const [first, last] = ['Nikola', 'Tesla']

Objects

let {title, author} = {
  title: 'The Silkworm',
  author: 'R. Galbraith'
}

Supports for matching arrays and objects. See: Destructuring

Default values

const scores = [22, 33]
const [math = 50, sci = 50, arts = 50] = scores

// Result:
// math === 22, sci === 33, arts === 50

Default values can be assigned while destructuring arrays or objects.

Function arguments

function greet({ name, greeting }) {
  console.log(`${greeting}, ${name}!`)
}

greet({ name: 'Larry', greeting: 'Ahoy' })

Destructuring of objects and arrays can be also be done in function arguments.

Default values

function greet({ name = 'Rauno' } = {}) {
  console.log(`Hi ${name}!`);
}

greet() // Hi Rauno!
greet({ name: 'Larry' }) // Hi Larry!

Reassigning keys

function printCoordinates({ left: x, top: y }) {
  console.log(`x: ${x}, y: ${y}`)
}

printCoordinates({ left: 25, top: 90 })

This example assigns x to the value of the left key.

Loops

for (let {title, artist} of songs) {
  ···
}

The assignment expressions work in loops, too.

Spread

Object spread

with Object spread

const options = {
  ...defaults,
  visible: true
}

without Object spread

const options = Object.assign(
  {}, defaults,
  { visible: true })

The Object spread operator lets you build new objects from other objects.

See: Object spread

Array spread

with Array spread

const users = [
  ...admins,
  ...editors,
  'rstacruz'
]

without Array spread

const users = admins
  .concat(editors)
  .concat([ 'rstacruz' ])

The spread operator lets you build new arrays in the same way.

See: Spread operator

Functions

Function arguments

Default arguments

function greet (name = 'Jerry') {
  return `Hello ${name}`
}

Rest arguments

function fn(x, ...y) {
  // y is an Array
  return x * y.length
}

Spread

fn(...[1, 2, 3])
// same as fn(1, 2, 3)

Default, rest, spread. See: Function arguments

Fat arrows

Fat arrows

setTimeout(() => {
  ···
})

With arguments

readFile('text.txt', (err, data) => {
  ...
})

Implicit return

numbers.map(n => n * 2)
// No curly braces = implicit return
// Same as: numbers.map(function (n) { return n * 2 })

Like functions but with this preserved. See: Fat arrows

Objects

Shorthand syntax

module.exports = { hello, bye }
// Same as: module.exports = { hello: hello, bye: bye }

See: Object literal enhancements

Methods

const App = {
  start () {
    console.log('running')
  }
}
// Same as: App = { start: function () {···} }

See: Object literal enhancements

Getters and setters

const App = {
  get closed () {
    return this.status === 'closed'
  },
  set closed (value) {
    this.status = value ? 'closed' : 'open'
  }
}

See: Object literal enhancements

Computed property names

let event = 'click'
let handlers = {
  [`on${event}`]: true
}
// Same as: handlers = { 'onclick': true }

See: Object literal enhancements

Modules

Imports

import 'helpers'
// aka: require('···')

import Express from 'express'
// aka: const Express  = require('···').default || require("···")

import { indent } from "helpers"
// aka: const indent = require("···").indent

import * as Helpers from 'helpers'
// aka: const Helpers = require('···')

import { indentSpaces as indent } from 'helpers'
// aka: const indent = require('···').indentSpaces

import is the new require(). See: Module imports

Exports

export default function () { ··· }
// aka: module.exports.default = ···

export function mymethod () { ··· }
// aka: module.exports.mymethod = ···

export const pi = 3.14159
// aka: module.exports.pi = ···

export is the new module.exports. See: Module exports

Generators

Generators

function* idMaker () {
  let id = 0
  while (true) { yield id++ }
}

let gen = idMaker()
gen.next().value  // → 0
gen.next().value  // → 1
gen.next().value  // → 2

It's complicated. See: Generators

For..of iteration

for (let i of iterable) {
  ···
}

For iterating through generators and arrays. See: For..of iteration