On line 335 verurl should be interpreted as Text, but it reads it as [Element Text]. If I remove the type signature of sendVerifyEmail, it interprets it as [Element VerUrl]

console_error_with_sendVerifyEmail_typesignature

laurus-nobilis-0.2.0: build (lib)
Preprocessing library for laurus-nobilis-0.2.0..
Building library for laurus-nobilis-0.2.0..
[ 8 of 21] Compiling Foundation       ( src/Foundation.hs, .stack-work/dist/x86_64-linux-tinfo6/Cabal-2.2.0.1/build/Foundation.o )

/home/hhefesto/dev/laurus-nobilis/src/Foundation.hs:339:72: error:
    • Couldn't match expected type ‘Text’
                  with actual type ‘[Element Text]’
    • In the second argument of ‘(++)’, namely ‘unpack verurl’
      In the second argument of ‘($)’, namely
        ‘"Copy/ Paste this URL in your browser:" ++ unpack verurl’
      In the second argument of ‘($)’, namely
        ‘putStrLn
           $ "Copy/ Paste this URL in your browser:" ++ unpack verurl’
    |
339 |         liftIO $ putStrLn $ "Copy/ Paste this URL in your browser:" ++ unpack verurl
    |                                                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

--  While building custom Setup.hs for package laurus-nobilis-0.2.0 using:
      /home/hhefesto/.stack/setup-exe-cache/x86_64-linux-tinfo6/Cabal-simple_mPHDZzAJ_2.2.0.1_ghc-8.4.3 --builddir=.stack-work/dist/x86_64-linux-tinfo6/Cabal-2.2.0.1 build lib:laurus-nobilis --ghc-options " -ddump-hi -ddump-to-file"
    Process exited with code: ExitFailure 1
Type help for available commands. Press enter to force a rebuild.

console_error_without_sendVerifyEmail_typesignature

laurus-nobilis-0.2.0: build (lib)
Preprocessing library for laurus-nobilis-0.2.0..
Building library for laurus-nobilis-0.2.0..
[ 8 of 21] Compiling Foundation       ( src/Foundation.hs, .stack-work/dist/x86_64-linux-tinfo6/Cabal-2.2.0.1/build/Foundation.o )

/home/hhefesto/dev/laurus-nobilis/src/Foundation.hs:339:72: error:
    • Couldn't match expected type ‘Text’
                  with actual type ‘[Element VerUrl]’
    • In the second argument of ‘(++)’, namely ‘unpack verurl’
      In the second argument of ‘($)’, namely
        ‘"Copy/ Paste this URL in your browser:" ++ unpack verurl’
      In the second argument of ‘($)’, namely
        ‘putStrLn
           $ "Copy/ Paste this URL in your browser:" ++ unpack verurl’
    |
339 |         liftIO $ putStrLn $ "Copy/ Paste this URL in your browser:" ++ unpack verurl
    |                                                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

--  While building custom Setup.hs for package laurus-nobilis-0.2.0 using:
      /home/hhefesto/.stack/setup-exe-cache/x86_64-linux-tinfo6/Cabal-simple_mPHDZzAJ_2.2.0.1_ghc-8.4.3 --builddir=.stack-work/dist/x86_64-linux-tinfo6/Cabal-2.2.0.1 build lib:laurus-nobilis --ghc-options " -ddump-hi -ddump-to-file"
    Process exited with code: ExitFailure 1
Type help for available commands. Press enter to force a rebuild.

Foundation.hs

{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}
{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ExplicitForAll #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE InstanceSigs #-}

{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables        #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable         #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts           #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs                      #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-}
{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes                #-}




module Foundation where

import Import.NoFoundation
import Database.Persist.Sql (ConnectionPool, runSqlPool)
import Text.Hamlet          (hamletFile)
import Text.Jasmine         (minifym)
import Control.Monad.Logger (LogSource)

-- things for yesod email auth
import Yesod.Auth.Dummy -- REMOVE
import           Yesod.Auth.Email
import           Text.Shakespeare.Text         (stext)
import qualified Data.Text.Lazy.Encoding
import           Network.Mail.Mime
import Yesod.Auth.OpenId    (authOpenId, IdentifierType (Claimed)) --Maybe REMOVE
import           Text.Blaze.Html.Renderer.Utf8 (renderHtml)
-- import           Yesod -- I added this to try to fix sendVerifyEmail ... unpack verurl

import Yesod.Alert
import Yesod.Alert.Bootstrap3

import Yesod.Default.Util   (addStaticContentExternal)
import Yesod.Core.Types     (Logger)
import qualified Yesod.Core.Unsafe as Unsafe
import qualified Data.CaseInsensitive as CI
import qualified Data.Text.Encoding as TE

-- | The foundation datatype for your application. This can be a good place to
-- keep settings and values requiring initialization before your application
-- starts running, such as database connections. Every handler will have
-- access to the data present here.
data App = App
    { appSettings    :: AppSettings
    , appStatic      :: Static -- ^ Settings for static file serving.
    , appConnPool    :: ConnectionPool -- ^ Database connection pool.
    , appHttpManager :: Manager
    , appLogger      :: Logger
    }

data MenuItem = MenuItem
    { menuItemLabel :: Text
    , menuItemRoute :: Route App
    , menuItemAccessCallback :: Bool
    }

data MenuTypes
    = NavbarLeft MenuItem
    | NavbarRight MenuItem

-- This is where we define all of the routes in our application. For a full
-- explanation of the syntax, please see:
-- http://www.yesodweb.com/book/routing-and-handlers
--
-- Note that this is really half the story; in Application.hs, mkYesodDispatch
-- generates the rest of the code. Please see the following documentation
-- for an explanation for this split:
-- http://www.yesodweb.com/book/scaffolding-and-the-site-template#scaffolding-and-the-site-template_foundation_and_application_modules
--
-- This function also generates the following type synonyms:
-- type Handler = HandlerT App IO
-- type Widget = WidgetT App IO ()
mkYesodData "App" $(parseRoutesFile "config/routes")

-- | A convenient synonym for creating forms.
type Form x = Html -> MForm (HandlerFor App) (FormResult x, Widget)

-- | A convenient synonym for database access functions.
type DB a = forall (m :: * -> *).
    (MonadIO m) => ReaderT SqlBackend m a

-- Please see the documentation for the Yesod typeclass. There are a number
-- of settings which can be configured by overriding methods here.
instance Yesod App where
    -- Controls the base of generated URLs. For more information on modifying,
    -- see: https://github.com/yesodweb/yesod/wiki/Overriding-approot
    approot :: Approot App
    approot = ApprootStatic "http://localhost:3000"
    -- approot = ApprootRequest $ \app req ->
    --     case appRoot $ appSettings app of
    --         Nothing -> getApprootText guessApproot app req
    --         Just root -> root

    -- Store session data on the client in encrypted cookies,
    -- default session idle timeout is 120 minutes
    makeSessionBackend :: App -> IO (Maybe SessionBackend)
    makeSessionBackend _ = Just <$> defaultClientSessionBackend
        120    -- timeout in minutes
        "config/client_session_key.aes"

    -- Yesod Middleware allows you to run code before and after each handler function.
    -- The defaultYesodMiddleware adds the response header "Vary: Accept, Accept-Language" and performs authorization checks.
    -- Some users may also want to add the defaultCsrfMiddleware, which:
    --   a) Sets a cookie with a CSRF token in it.
    --   b) Validates that incoming write requests include that token in either a header or POST parameter.
    -- To add it, chain it together with the defaultMiddleware: yesodMiddleware = defaultYesodMiddleware . defaultCsrfMiddleware
    -- For details, see the CSRF documentation in the Yesod.Core.Handler module of the yesod-core package.
    yesodMiddleware :: ToTypedContent res => Handler res -> Handler res
    yesodMiddleware = defaultYesodMiddleware

    defaultLayout :: Widget -> Handler Html
    defaultLayout widget = do
        alerts  <- getAlerts
        master <- getYesod
        mmsg <- getMessage
        muser <- maybeAuthPair
        mcurrentRoute <- getCurrentRoute

        -- Get the breadcrumbs, as defined in the YesodBreadcrumbs instance.
        (title, parents) <- breadcrumbs

        -- Define the menu items of the header.
        let menuItems =
                [ NavbarLeft $ MenuItem
                    { menuItemLabel = "Home"
                    , menuItemRoute = HomeR
                    , menuItemAccessCallback = True
                    }
                , NavbarLeft $ MenuItem
                    { menuItemLabel = "Profile"
                    , menuItemRoute = ProfileStockR
                    , menuItemAccessCallback = isJust muser
                    }
                , NavbarRight $ MenuItem
                    { menuItemLabel = "Login"
                    , menuItemRoute = AuthR LoginR
                    , menuItemAccessCallback = isNothing muser
                    }
                , NavbarRight $ MenuItem
                    { menuItemLabel = "Logout"
                    , menuItemRoute = AuthR LogoutR
                    , menuItemAccessCallback = isJust muser
                    }
                ]

        let navbarLeftMenuItems = [x | NavbarLeft x <- menuItems]
        let navbarRightMenuItems = [x | NavbarRight x <- menuItems]

        let navbarLeftFilteredMenuItems = [x | x <- navbarLeftMenuItems, menuItemAccessCallback x]
        let navbarRightFilteredMenuItems = [x | x <- navbarRightMenuItems, menuItemAccessCallback x]

        -- We break up the default layout into two components:
        -- default-layout is the contents of the body tag, and
        -- default-layout-wrapper is the entire page. Since the final
        -- value passed to hamletToRepHtml cannot be a widget, this allows
        -- you to use normal widget features in default-layout.

        pc <- widgetToPageContent $ do
            addStylesheet $ StaticR css_bootstrap_css
            $(widgetFile "default-layout")
        withUrlRenderer $(hamletFile "templates/default-layout-wrapper.hamlet")

    -- The page to be redirected to when authentication is required.
    authRoute
        :: App
        -> Maybe (Route App)
    authRoute _ = Just $ AuthR LoginR

    isAuthorized
        :: Route App  -- ^ The route the user is visiting.
        -> Bool       -- ^ Whether or not this is a "write" request.
        -> Handler AuthResult
    -- Routes not requiring authentication.
    isAuthorized (AuthR _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized CommentR _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized HomeR _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized FaviconR _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized RobotsR _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (StaticR _) _ = return Authorized
    -- My routes
    isAuthorized (SupportR _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (NewFollowUpR _ _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (CloseIssueR _ _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (ReopenIssueR _ _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (AccountInfoR _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (LicenseViewR _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized MyLoginR _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (NewLicenseR _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (EditLicenseR _ _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (RenewLicenseR _ _) _ = return Authorized
    isAuthorized (ProfileR _) _ = return Authorized

    -- the profile route requires that the user is authenticated, so we
    -- delegate to that function
    isAuthorized ProfileStockR _ = isAuthenticated

    -- This function creates static content files in the static folder
    -- and names them based on a hash of their content. This allows
    -- expiration dates to be set far in the future without worry of
    -- users receiving stale content.
    addStaticContent
        :: Text  -- ^ The file extension
        -> Text -- ^ The MIME content type
        -> LByteString -- ^ The contents of the file
        -> Handler (Maybe (Either Text (Route App, [(Text, Text)])))
    addStaticContent ext mime content = do
        master <- getYesod
        let staticDir = appStaticDir $ appSettings master
        addStaticContentExternal
            minifym
            genFileName
            staticDir
            (StaticR . flip StaticRoute [])
            ext
            mime
            content
      where
        -- Generate a unique filename based on the content itself
        genFileName lbs = "autogen-" ++ base64md5 lbs

    -- What messages should be logged. The following includes all messages when
    -- in development, and warnings and errors in production.
    shouldLogIO :: App -> LogSource -> LogLevel -> IO Bool
    shouldLogIO app _source level =
        return $
        appShouldLogAll (appSettings app)
            || level == LevelWarn
            || level == LevelError

    makeLogger :: App -> IO Logger
    makeLogger = return . appLogger

-- Define breadcrumbs.
instance YesodBreadcrumbs App where
    -- Takes the route that the user is currently on, and returns a tuple
    -- of the 'Text' that you want the label to display, and a previous
    -- breadcrumb route.
    breadcrumb
        :: Route App  -- ^ The route the user is visiting currently.
        -> Handler (Text, Maybe (Route App))
    breadcrumb HomeR = return ("Home", Nothing)
    breadcrumb (AuthR _) = return ("Login", Just HomeR)
    breadcrumb ProfileStockR = return ("Profile", Just HomeR)
    breadcrumb  _ = return ("home", Nothing)

-- How to run database actions.
instance YesodPersist App where
    type YesodPersistBackend App = SqlBackend
    runDB :: SqlPersistT Handler a -> Handler a
    runDB action = do
        master <- getYesod
        runSqlPool action $ appConnPool master

instance YesodPersistRunner App where
    getDBRunner :: Handler (DBRunner App, Handler ())
    getDBRunner = defaultGetDBRunner appConnPool

instance YesodAuth App where
    type AuthId App = CustomerId

    -- Where to send a user after successful login
    loginDest :: App -> Route App
    loginDest _ = HomeR
    -- Where to send a user after logout
    logoutDest :: App -> Route App
    logoutDest _ = HomeR
    -- Override the above two destinations when a Referer: header is present
    redirectToReferer :: App -> Bool
    redirectToReferer _ = True

    authenticate :: (MonadHandler m, HandlerSite m ~ App)
                 => Creds App -> m (AuthenticationResult App)
    authenticate creds = liftHandler $ runDB $ do
        x <- getBy $ UniqueCustomer $ credsIdent creds
        case x of
            Just (Entity uid _) -> return $ Authenticated uid
            Nothing -> Authenticated <$> insert Customer
                { customerEmail = credsIdent creds
                , customerPassword = Nothing
                , customerVerkey = Nothing
                , customerVerified = False
                , customerFirstName = Nothing
                , customerLastName = Nothing
                , customerAddress1 = Nothing
                , customerAddress2 = Nothing
                , customerCity = Nothing
                , customerState = Nothing
                , customerZipCode = Nothing
                , customerCountry = Nothing
                , customerPhone = Nothing
                , customerOrganization = Nothing
                }

    -- You can add other plugins like Google Email, email or OAuth here
    authPlugins :: App -> [AuthPlugin App]
    authPlugins _ = [authEmail] -- hhefesto
    -- authPlugins app = [authOpenId Claimed []] ++ extraAuthPlugins
    --     -- Enable authDummy login if enabled.
    --     where extraAuthPlugins = [authDummy | appAuthDummyLogin $ appSettings app]


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Here's all of the email-specific code
instance YesodAuthEmail App where
    type AuthEmailId App = CustomerId

    afterPasswordRoute _ = HomeR

    addUnverified email verkey =
        liftHandler $ runDB $ insert $ Customer {
          customerEmail = email,
          customerPassword = Nothing,
          customerVerkey = Just verkey,
          customerVerified = False,
          customerFirstName = Nothing,
          customerLastName = Nothing,
          customerAddress1 = Nothing,
          customerAddress2 = Nothing,
          customerCity = Nothing,
          customerState = Nothing,
          customerZipCode = Nothing,
          customerCountry = Nothing,
          customerPhone = Nothing,
          customerOrganization = Nothing }

    sendVerifyEmail :: Text -> Text -> Text -> AuthHandler site ()
    sendVerifyEmail email _ verurl = do
        -- Print out to the console the verification email, for easier
        -- debugging.
        liftIO $ putStrLn $ "Copy/ Paste this URL in your browser:" ++ unpack verurl

        -- Send email.
        liftIO $ renderSendMail (emptyMail $ Address Nothing "noreply")
            { mailTo = [Address Nothing email]
            , mailHeaders =
                [ ("Subject", "Verify your email address")
                ]
            , mailParts = [[textPart, htmlPart]]
            }
      where
        textPart = Part
            { partType = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
            , partEncoding = None
            , partFilename = Nothing
            , partContent = Data.Text.Lazy.Encoding.encodeUtf8
                [stext|
                    Please confirm your email address by clicking on the link below.

                    #{verurl}

                    Thank you
                |]
            , partHeaders = []
            }
        htmlPart = Part
            { partType = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
            , partEncoding = None
            , partFilename = Nothing
            , partContent = renderHtml
                [shamlet|
                    <p>Please confirm your email address by clicking on the link below.
                    <p>
                        <a href=#{verurl}>#{verurl}
                    <p>Thank you
                |]
            , partHeaders = []
            }
    getVerifyKey = liftHandler . runDB . fmap (join . fmap customerVerkey) . get
    setVerifyKey uid key = liftHandler $ runDB $ update uid [CustomerVerkey =. Just key]
    verifyAccount uid = liftHandler $ runDB $ do
        mu <- get uid
        case mu of
            Nothing -> return Nothing
            Just u -> do
                update uid [CustomerVerified =. True]
                return $ Just uid
    getPassword = liftHandler . runDB . fmap (join . fmap customerPassword) . get
    setPassword uid pass = liftHandler . runDB $ update uid [CustomerPassword =. Just pass]
    getEmailCreds email = liftHandler $ runDB $ do
        mu <- getBy $ UniqueCustomer email
        case mu of
            Nothing -> return Nothing
            Just (Entity uid u) -> return $ Just EmailCreds
                { emailCredsId = uid
                , emailCredsAuthId = Just uid
                , emailCredsStatus = isJust $ customerPassword u
                , emailCredsVerkey = customerVerkey u
                , emailCredsEmail = email
                }
    getEmail = liftHandler . runDB . fmap (fmap customerEmail) . get
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | Access function to determine if a user is logged in.
isAuthenticated :: Handler AuthResult
isAuthenticated = do
    muid <- maybeAuthId
    return $ case muid of
        Nothing -> Unauthorized "You must login to access this page"
        Just _ -> Authorized

instance YesodAuthPersist App

-- This instance is required to use forms. You can modify renderMessage to
-- achieve customized and internationalized form validation messages.
instance RenderMessage App FormMessage where
    renderMessage :: App -> [Lang] -> FormMessage -> Text
    renderMessage _ _ = defaultFormMessage

-- Useful when writing code that is re-usable outside of the Handler context.
-- An example is background jobs that send email.
-- This can also be useful for writing code that works across multiple Yesod applications.
instance HasHttpManager App where
    getHttpManager :: App -> Manager
    getHttpManager = appHttpManager

unsafeHandler :: App -> Handler a -> IO a
unsafeHandler = Unsafe.fakeHandlerGetLogger appLogger

-- Note: Some functionality previously present in the scaffolding has been
-- moved to documentation in the Wiki. Following are some hopefully helpful
-- links:
--
-- https://github.com/yesodweb/yesod/wiki/Sending-email
-- https://github.com/yesodweb/yesod/wiki/Serve-static-files-from-a-separate-domain
-- https://github.com/yesodweb/yesod/wiki/i18n-messages-in-the-scaffolding

for completeness:

Haskell gurus at #haskell on freenode noticed that pack wasn't Data.Text's pack.