python in a nutshell

learn.py

# Multiline
print 'something\
else'

print """algo
>> algo """

# Length
len('string')
len(variable)

# Slicing
a = 'string'

a[0] # 's'
a[-1] # 'g'
a[1:4] # 'trin'
a[1:] # 'tring'

# Capturing from user
raw_input('Msg to user here')

# Lists
a = ['one', 'two', 'three']
nested = ['four', 'five', 'six', a]

>>> nested 
['four', 'five', 'six', ['one', 'two', 'three']]

'four' in nested # true
'one' in nested # false

nested[1] # 'four'
nested[-1] # ['one','two','three']
nested[-1][1] # 'two'
  
  ## Slicing Lists
nested[0:2] # ['four', 'five']
nested[2:-2] # ['three']

nested[1] = 'nine' # replacing 'five' with 'nine'

nested.append('string') # appending (insert in the end of the list)
nested.insert(1, 'string') # first argument is the index, and the string
nested.extend(another_list) # insert another list elements into nested, just take the content
nested.remove('nine') # removing 'nine' from the list

# Tupal, is the same but you can't change it, once is created, it permanent as that
# you basically can grab data, the same way that lists, but not changing it
b = 'one', 'two', 'three'

>>> b
('one', 'two', 'three')

b[1] = '2' # ERROR! not mutable

print b[1] # 'two'

# Sets, pretty the same as Lists, but not duplicates
c = ['honda','ford','dodge','honda']
autos = set(c)

d = ['honda']
cars = set(d)

>>> autos
set(['honda','ford','dodge']) # just return the unique elements

>>> autos - cars 
set(['ford','dodge'])

>>> autos & motos
set(['honda']) # what element have in common both Sets

# Dictionaries, like JSON
dict = {'key': 'value'}

dict['key'] # return 'value'

del dict['key'] # delete the key value

dict.keys() # return only the keys: ['key']

>>> 'key' in dict
True

# Conditionals
name = raw_input('Please type in your name: ')

if len(name) < 5:
    print "Your name has fewer than 5 chars"
elif len(name) == 5:
    print "Your name has exactly 5 chars"
    if name == "Jesse":
        print "Hey Jesse!"
else:
    print "Your name has greater than 5 chars"
    
    ## another example
language = raw_input('Please enter a programming language')

if language in ['C++', 'Python', 'Java']:
    print language, "rocks"
    
if language not in ['C++', 'Python', 'Java']:
    print language, "not here"
    
if language == "C++" or language == "Python":
    print "Nice!"
else: 
    print "Nothing here!"
    
# Loops
languages = ['python', 'java', 'php']

for language in languages:
    print language, "rocks!"
    
    ## another example
dict = {"name":"Juan", "location":"TX"}

for key in dict:
    print "His", key, "is", dict[key]
    
    ## range
print range(10) # return [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

for int in range(10):
    print "i =", int
    
    ## while
count = 0

while count < 10:
    print count, "is less than 10"
    count +=1
    
    ## another example
for i in range(10):
    print "i =", i
    if i == 5:
        break
print "done looping"

# Functions
def myFunction(name):
    print "Hello %s" % name
    
myFunction('Juan') # return "Hello Juan"

    ## another example
def a(adj="thirsty", name="juan"):
    print "the %s %s ate all the pizza" % (adj, name)
    
a() # return "the thirsty juan ate all the pizza"

    ## another example
def shoppingCart(itemName, *avgPrices):
    for price in avgPrices:
        print 'price:', price
        
shoppingCart('computer', 100, 120) # return (100, 120)

    ## another example
def shoppingCart(itemName, **avgPrices):
    for price in avgPrices:
        print price, 'price: ', avgPrices[price]
        
shoppingCart('computer', amazon=100, ebay=120) # return 'amazon price: 100 ebay price: 120'

    ## another example
def dbLookup():
    dict = {}
    dict['amazon'] = 100
    dict['ebay'] = 120
    dict['bestBuy'] = 34
    
    return dict

def shoppingCart(itemName, avgPrices):
    print 'item', itemName
    for price in avgPrices:
        print price, 'price: ', avgPrices[price]
        
shoppingCart('computer', dbLookup()) 
# return 
# item: computer 
# amazon price: 100 
# ebay price: 120
# bestBuy price: 34

# OOP
class house:
    doors = 10
    __cost = 12000 # this attr is private because the two _ before the name, so no one can access it
    
    def addDoors(self, number):
        self.doors = number
        
    def slamDoors(self): 
        for door in range(self.doors) # this will create a list
            print "SLAM!"
    
myHouse = house()
print myHouse.doors # return 10

myHouse.doors = 5
print myHouse.doors # return 5

myHouse.slamDoors()
# return
# SLAM!
# SLAM!
# SLAM!
# SLAM!
# SLAM!

myHouse.addDoors(2)
myHouse.slamDoors()
# return
# SLAM!
# SLAM!

    ## another example
    
class house:
    
    # Constructor
    def __init__(self):
        self.doors = 4
    
    def slamdDoors(self):
        for door in range(self.doors):
            print "SLAM!"

# extends house, we already have access to all the attrs and methods of house            
class castle(house):
    
    def fireCannons(self, number)
        for cannon in range(number)
            print "firing cannon number", cannon, " boom!"
        

myHouse = house()
print myHouse.doors

myHouse.fireCannons(2) 
# firing cannon number 0
# firing cannon number 1