A simple PulseAudio test program for monitoring volume changes on the default sound sink.

pulsetest.cc

/**
 * Author: Jason White
 * License: Public Domain
 *
 * Description:
 * This is a simple test program to hook into PulseAudio volume change
 * notifications. It was created for the possibility of having an automatically
 * updating volume widget in a tiling window manager status bar.
 *
 * Compiling:
 *
 *     g++ $(shell pkg-config libpulse --cflags --libs) pulsetest.c -o pulsetest
 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <pulse/pulseaudio.h>


class PulseAudio
{
private:
    pa_mainloop* _mainloop;
    pa_mainloop_api* _mainloop_api;
    pa_context* _context;
    pa_signal_event* _signal;

public:
    PulseAudio()
        : _mainloop(NULL), _mainloop_api(NULL), _context(NULL), _signal(NULL)
    {
    }

    /**
     * Initializes state and connects to the PulseAudio server.
     */
    bool initialize()
    {
        _mainloop = pa_mainloop_new();
        if (!_mainloop)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "pa_mainloop_new() failed.\n");
            return false;
        }

        _mainloop_api = pa_mainloop_get_api(_mainloop);

        if (pa_signal_init(_mainloop_api) != 0)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "pa_signal_init() failed\n");
            return false;
        }

        _signal = pa_signal_new(SIGINT, exit_signal_callback, this);
        if (!_signal)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "pa_signal_new() failed\n");
            return false;
        }
        signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);

        _context = pa_context_new(_mainloop_api, "PulseAudio Test");
        if (!_context)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "pa_context_new() failed\n");
            return false;
        }

        if (pa_context_connect(_context, NULL, PA_CONTEXT_NOAUTOSPAWN, NULL) < 0)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "pa_context_connect() failed: %s\n", pa_strerror(pa_context_errno(_context)));
            return false;
        }

        pa_context_set_state_callback(_context, context_state_callback, this);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Runs the main PulseAudio event loop. Calling quit will cause the event
     * loop to exit.
     */
    int run()
    {
        int ret = 1;
        if (pa_mainloop_run(_mainloop, &ret) < 0)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, "pa_mainloop_run() failed.\n");
            return ret;
        }

        return ret;
    }

    /**
     * Exits the main loop with the specified return code.
     */
    void quit(int ret = 0)
    {
        _mainloop_api->quit(_mainloop_api, ret);
    }

    /**
     * Called when the PulseAudio system is to be destroyed.
     */
    void destroy()
    {
        if (_context)
        {
            pa_context_unref(_context);
            _context = NULL;
        }

        if (_signal)
        {
            pa_signal_free(_signal);
            pa_signal_done();
            _signal = NULL;
        }

        if (_mainloop)
        {
            pa_mainloop_free(_mainloop);
            _mainloop = NULL;
            _mainloop_api = NULL;
        }
    }

    ~PulseAudio()
    {
        destroy();
    }

private:

    /*
     * Called on SIGINT.
     */
    static void exit_signal_callback(pa_mainloop_api *m, pa_signal_event *e, int sig, void *userdata)
    {
        PulseAudio* pa = (PulseAudio*)userdata;
        if (pa) pa->quit();
    }

    /*
     * Called whenever the context status changes.
     */
    static void context_state_callback(pa_context *c, void *userdata)
    {
        assert(c && userdata);

        PulseAudio* pa = (PulseAudio*)userdata;

        switch (pa_context_get_state(c))
        {
            case PA_CONTEXT_CONNECTING:
            case PA_CONTEXT_AUTHORIZING:
            case PA_CONTEXT_SETTING_NAME:
                break;

            case PA_CONTEXT_READY:
                fprintf(stderr, "PulseAudio connection established.\n");
                pa_context_get_server_info(c, server_info_callback, userdata);

                // Subscribe to sink events from the server. This is how we get
                // volume change notifications from the server.
                pa_context_set_subscribe_callback(c, subscribe_callback, userdata);
                pa_context_subscribe(c, PA_SUBSCRIPTION_MASK_SINK, NULL, NULL);
                break;

            case PA_CONTEXT_TERMINATED:
                pa->quit(0);
                fprintf(stderr, "PulseAudio connection terminated.\n");
                break;

            case PA_CONTEXT_FAILED:
            default:
                fprintf(stderr, "Connection failure: %s\n", pa_strerror(pa_context_errno(c)));
                pa->quit(1);
                break;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Called when an event we subscribed to occurs.
     */
    static void subscribe_callback(pa_context *c,
            pa_subscription_event_type_t type, uint32_t idx, void *userdata)
    {
        unsigned facility = type & PA_SUBSCRIPTION_EVENT_FACILITY_MASK;
        //type &= PA_SUBSCRIPTION_EVENT_TYPE_MASK;

        pa_operation *op = NULL;

        switch (facility)
        {
            case PA_SUBSCRIPTION_EVENT_SINK:
                op = pa_context_get_sink_info_by_index(c, idx, sink_info_callback, userdata);
                break;

            default:
                assert(0); // Got event we aren't expecting.
                break;
        }

        if (op)
            pa_operation_unref(op);
    }

    /*
     * Called when the requested sink information is ready.
     */
    static void sink_info_callback(pa_context *c, const pa_sink_info *i,
            int eol, void *userdata)
    {
        if (i)
        {
            float volume = (float)pa_cvolume_avg(&(i->volume)) / (float)PA_VOLUME_NORM;
            printf("percent volume = %.0f%%%s\n", volume * 100.0f, i->mute ? " (muted)" : "");
        }
    }

    /*
     * Called when the requested information on the server is ready. This is
     * used to find the default PulseAudio sink.
     */
    static void server_info_callback(pa_context *c, const pa_server_info *i,
            void *userdata)
    {
        printf("default sink name = %s\n", i->default_sink_name);
        pa_context_get_sink_info_by_name(c, i->default_sink_name, sink_info_callback, userdata);
    }
};


int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    PulseAudio pa = PulseAudio();
    if (!pa.initialize())
        return 0;

    int ret = pa.run();

    return ret;
}

@soulsource Yes, I believe you're right. Good catch! I updated the gist.

(Note: I haven't used this gist in a very long time.)

They are only used once, so you're not leaking much, but you should unref the returned operations of lines 164, 169 and 232.