single-colors.php

<?php
if ( ! function_exists( 'get_color_cpts' ) ) {
  function get_color_things( $color, $cpt ) {
    $this_query_args = array(
      'post_type'   => $cpt,
      'numberposts' => -1 // or whatever # you want if you need this limited
      'orderby'     => 'date',
      'order'       => 'DESC' // if you need to change order do that here
      'tax_query'   => array(
        array(
          'taxonomy' => 'colors',
		    	'field'    => 'slug',
			    'terms'    => $color
          )
        )
    );
    $this_query = new WP_Query( $this_query_args );
    wp_reset_postdata();
    return $this_query->posts;
  }
}

$post_types = array( 'plates', 'bowls', 'cups' );

foreach ( $post_types as $pt ) {
  $$pt = get_color_things( $post->post_name, $pt );
}