jmclawson · February 7, 2021 14:00 · jmclawson · Jul 30, 2019
diff --git a/w2v_utilities.R b/w2v_utilities.R
 library(tidyverse)
 library(tidytext)
 library(reshape2)
 library(wordVectors)

 ##### Modeling a Corpus #####

 # This process for preparing and modeling the corpus is adapted from Women Writers Project's template_word2vec.Rmd
 # These adaptations should allow for for preservation of modeling settings to aid in replicability.
 # After training the model, recall its setting parameters by exploring the object's attributes.
 # Example 1: attributes(w2vModel)$window
 # Example 2: attributes(w2vModel)$negative_samples
 # Example 3: attributes(w2vModel)$vectors

 readTextFiles <- function(file, path2file) {
  message(file)
  rawText = paste(scan(file, 
                       sep = "\n",
                       what = "raw",
                       strip.white = TRUE))
  output = tibble(filename = gsub(path2file,
                                "",
                                file),
                  text = rawText) %>% 
    group_by(filename) %>% 
    summarise(text = paste(rawText, collapse = " "))
  return(output)
 }

 # If the name of the folder with your corpus differs from your model name, be sure to set source.dir
 prep_model <- function(model = "w2vModel",
                       lowercase = TRUE,
                       bundle_ngrams = 1,
                       source.dir = NULL){
  modelInput <- paste0("data/",
                       model,
                       ".txt")
  modelCleaned <- paste0("data/", 
                         model, 
                         "_cleaned.txt")
  if (is.null(source.dir)) {
    source.dir = paste0("data/",
                        model)
    }
  
  if (!file.exists(modelInput)) {
    fileList <- list.files(source.dir,full.names = TRUE) 
    
    combinedTexts <- tibble(filename = fileList) %>% 
      group_by(filename) %>% 
      do(readTextFiles(.$filename, source.dir))
    
    combinedTexts$text %>% write_lines(modelInput)
  } else {message("'", getwd(), "/", 
              modelInput, 
              "' already exists.")}
  
  if (!file.exists(modelCleaned)) {
    prep_word2vec(origin = modelInput,
                  destination = modelCleaned,
                  lowercase = lowercase,
                  bundle_ngrams = bundle_ngrams)
  } else {message("'", getwd(), "/", 
              modelCleaned, 
              "' already exists.")}
 }

 # For later recall, this function saves a metadata_model.Rdata file beside the model.bin in your data folder
 train_model <- function(model="w2vModel",
                        vectors=100, 
                        window=6, 
                        iter=10, 
                        negative_samples=15,
                        threads=3){
  if(!exists(".Random.seed")) set.seed(NULL)
  modelSeed <- .Random.seed
  modelBin <- paste0("data/",model,".bin")
  modelInput <- paste0("data/",model,".txt")
  modelCleaned <- paste0("data/",model,"_cleaned.txt")
  if (!file.exists(modelBin)) {
    the_model <- train_word2vec(
      modelCleaned,
      output_file = modelBin,
      vectors = vectors,
      threads = threads,
      window = window, 
      iter = iter, 
      negative_samples = negative_samples
    )
    # This metadata gets lost after first run, so store it
    attributes(the_model)$vectors <- vectors
    attributes(the_model)$window <- window
    attributes(the_model)$iter <- iter
    attributes(the_model)$negative_samples <- negative_samples
    attributes(the_model)$seed <- modelSeed
    model_metadata <- 
      c("vectors" = vectors, 
        "window" = window, 
        "iter" = iter,
        "negative_samples" = negative_samples,
        "seed" = modelSeed)
    save(model_metadata,
         file = paste0("data/metadata_",
                       model,
                       ".Rdata"))
    # Save this model in a global object
    assign(model, the_model, envir = .GlobalEnv)
  } else {
    the_model <- read.vectors(modelBin)
    meta_filename <- paste0("data/metadata_",model,".Rdata")
    if (file.exists(meta_filename)) {
      load(file = meta_filename)
      
      attributes(the_model)$vectors <-
        model_metadata["vectors"]
      attributes(the_model)$window <-
        model_metadata["window"]
      attributes(the_model)$iter <-
        model_metadata["iter"]
      attributes(the_model)$negative_samples <- 
        model_metadata["negative_samples"]
      attributes(the_model)$seed <- 
        model_metadata["seed"]
    }
    assign(model, the_model, envir = .GlobalEnv)
  }
 }

 ##### Managing the Results #####

 # The get_siml() function returns distances between one word 'x' and a vector of words 'y' for model 'wem'
 # Example: get_siml(w2vModel, "salty", c("food", "ocean", "attitude", "air"))

 get_siml <- function(wem, x, y){
  sapply(y, function(z) {
    cosineSimilarity(wem[[x]],
                     wem[[z]]) %>% 
      round(9)
  })
 }

 # The make_siml_matrix() function returns a matrix of distances between two vectors of words 'x' and 'y' in model 'wem'
 # Example: make_siml_matrix(w2vModel, c("salty", "sweet", "fresh"), c("food", "ocean", "attitude", "air"))

 make_siml_matrix <- function(wem, x, y){
  dis_col <- read.table(text = "",
                        colClasses = "double",
                        col.names = y)
  for (each in x) {
    dis_col[each,] <- wem %>% 
      get_siml(each,y) %>% 
      data.frame() %>% 
      t()
  }
  rownames(dis_col) <- gsub("hue_","",rownames(dis_col))
  colnames(dis_col) <- gsub("hue_","",colnames(dis_col))
  as.matrix(dis_col) %>% t()
 }

 # The scale_matrix() function scales values in a matrix, amplifying the signal in each row and column
 # Example 1: scale_matrix(my_matrix)
 # Example 2: make_siml_matrix(w2vModel, my_adj, my_nouns) %>% scale_matrix()

 scale_matrix <- function(x, diagonal=TRUE){
  if (!diagonal) {x[x == 1] <- NA}
  # scale each column 0 to 1
  scale_cols <- x %>% 
    apply(1, function(x) {
      sapply(x, function(y) {
        ((y - min(x, na.rm = TRUE)) / 
            (max(x, na.rm = TRUE) - 
               min(x, na.rm = TRUE))) %>% 
          suppressWarnings()
        })
    }) %>% 
    as.matrix()
  
  # scale each row 0 to 1
  scale_rows <- x %>% 
    apply(2, function(x) {
      sapply(x, function(y) {
        ((y - min(x, na.rm = TRUE)) / 
           (max(x, na.rm = TRUE) - 
              min(x, na.rm = TRUE))) %>% 
          suppressWarnings()
      })
    }) %>% 
    as.matrix() %>% 
    t()
  
  # add these matrices together
  scale_join <- scale_cols + scale_rows
  return(t(scale_join))
 }

 ##### Mapping the Proximities #####

 # For cosine_heatmap(), set x and y to words you'd like to compare, distance-wise, along x and y axes.
 # For instance, x=c("salty","sweet","fresh"), y=c("food","ocean","air") or x=my_flavors, etc.
 # Try setting 'labeled' to "title" or "simple"; toggle 'values' to TRUE or FALSE

 # Example 1: cosine_heatmap(w2vModel, my_adj, my_nouns)
 # Example 2: cosine_heatmap(w2vModel, my_words, my_words)

 cosine_heatmap <- function(input,
                           round = 2,
                           legend = NULL,
                           values = TRUE,
                           redundant = TRUE,
                           sort.y = TRUE,
                           sort.x = TRUE,
                           limit.y = NA,
                           limit.x = NA,
                           omit.y,
                           top.down = TRUE,
                           amplify = FALSE,
                           diagonal = TRUE,
                           sort.twice = NULL,
                           dot.to.apost = TRUE,
                           colorset = "viridis",
                           alpha = NULL){
  if (ncol(input)==1) {
    if (is.null(sort.twice) && sort.y) {
      sort.twice <- TRUE
    }
    sort.x <- FALSE
    sort.y <- FALSE
  }
  if (is.null(alpha) && values) {
    alpha <- 0.75
  } else if (is.null(alpha) && !values) {
      alpha <- 1
    }
  if (is.null(sort.twice)) {sort.twice <- FALSE}
  if (!identical(rownames(input),
                 colnames(input))) {
    if (!redundant) {
      redundant <- TRUE
      message("Values for 'x' and 'y' don't match. Setting 'redundant' to TRUE.")
    }
  }
  
  if (amplify) {
    values <- FALSE
    message("Amplifying a heatmap converts measures from cosine similarity, which is meaningful, to something based wholly on terms from a single row and column. Because these values lose meaning and are useful only for comparison, they will not be displayed.")
  }
  
  the_matrix <- input
  
  if (sort.y) {
    row_order <- the_matrix %>% 
      apply(1, median) %>% 
      sort(decreasing = TRUE) %>% 
      names()
    
    the_matrix <- the_matrix[row_order,]
  }
  
  if (!missing(omit.y)) {
    not_i <- omit.y %>% 
      paste0(collapse = "|") %>% 
      grep(rownames(the_matrix))
    the_matrix <- the_matrix[-not_i,]
  }
  
  if (!is.na(limit.y)) {
    the_matrix <- the_matrix[1:limit.y,]
  }
  
  if (sort.x) {
    col_order <- the_matrix %>% 
      apply(2, median) %>% 
      sort(decreasing = TRUE) %>% 
      names()
    
    the_matrix <- the_matrix[,col_order]
  }
  
  if (amplify) {
    the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% 
      scale_matrix(diagonal)
  }
  
  if (!redundant) {
    the_matrix[upper.tri(the_matrix)] <- NA
    the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt(na.rm = TRUE)
  } else {
    the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt() 
  }
  
  # this is an undocumented option. Perhaps cut it?
  if (dot.to.apost) {
    the_matrix$Var1 <- 
      factor(the_matrix$Var1, 
             labels = gsub("\\.", "'", 
                           the_matrix$Var1) %>% 
               unique(),
             ordered = TRUE)
    
    the_matrix$Var2 <- 
      factor(the_matrix$Var2, 
             labels = gsub("\\.", "'", 
                           the_matrix$Var2) %>% 
               unique(),
             ordered = TRUE)
  }
  
  if (!is.na(limit.x)) {
    the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% 
      filter(Var2 %in% levels(the_matrix$Var2)[1:limit.x])
  }
  
  the_matrix <<- the_matrix
  
  if (sort.twice) {
    col_order <- the_matrix %>% 
      group_by(Var2) %>% 
      summarise(value = median(value),
                .groups = 'drop') %>% 
      arrange(desc(value)) %>% 
      .$Var2 %>% 
      as.character()
    
    row_order <- the_matrix %>% 
      group_by(Var1) %>% 
      summarise(value = median(value),
                .groups = 'drop') %>% 
      arrange(desc(value)) %>% 
      .$Var1 %>% 
      as.character()
    
    the_matrix$Var2 <- the_matrix$Var2 %>% 
      factor(levels = col_order)
    
    
    the_matrix$Var1 <- the_matrix$Var1 %>% 
      factor(levels = row_order)
  }
  
  if (!top.down) {
    the_plot <- the_matrix %>% 
      ggplot(aes(x=Var2, y=Var1, fill=value))
  } else {
    the_plot <- the_matrix %>% 
      ggplot(aes(x = Var2, 
                 y = reorder(Var1, desc(Var1)), 
                 fill = value))
  }
  
  the_plot <- the_plot + 
    geom_tile(color = "white")
  
  
  if (amplify) {
    the_plot <- the_plot + 
      scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue", 
                           high = "red", 
                           mid = "white", 
                           midpoint = 1, 
                           limit = c(0,2),
                           name = element_blank(),
                           breaks = c(0,2),
                           labels = c("far", "near"))
  } else if (colorset == "red") {
    the_plot <- the_plot + 
      scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue",
                           high = "red",
                           mid = "white",
                           midpoint = 0,
                           limit = c(-1,1),
                           name = "Similarity")
  } else {
    the_plot <- the_plot + 
      scale_fill_viridis_c(option = colorset,
                           limits = c(0, 1), 
                           alpha = alpha,
                           name = "Similarity")
      # scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue", 
      #                      high = "red", 
      #                      mid = "white", 
      #                      midpoint = 0, 
      #                      limit = c(-1,1),
      #                      name = "Similarity")
  }
  the_plot <- the_plot + 
    theme_bw() +
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, 
                                     vjust = 1, 
                                     #size = 12, 
                                     hjust = 1),
          panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
          panel.border = element_blank(),
          panel.background = element_blank(),
          axis.ticks = element_blank()) +
    labs(x=element_blank(),
         y=element_blank())
  if(values) {
    the_plot <- the_plot + 
      geom_text(aes(label = format(round(value, 
                                         round), 
                                   nsmall = round) %>%
                      gsub(pattern = "^[ ]?(-?)0.",
                           replacement = "\\1.",
                           x = .)), 
                color = "black")
    
    if (is.null(legend)) {
      legend <- FALSE
    }
  }
  if (is.null(legend)) {
    legend <- TRUE
  }
  if (!legend) {
    the_plot <- the_plot + 
      guides(fill = "none")
  }
  
  if (top.down && redundant) {
    the_plot <- the_plot +
      scale_x_discrete(position = "top") + 
      theme(axis.text.x = element_text(hjust = 0, 
                                       #angle=90
      ))
  }
  
  if (!top.down && !redundant) {
    the_plot <- the_plot +
      scale_x_discrete(position = "top") + 
      theme(axis.text.x = element_text(hjust = 0, 
                                       #angle=90
      ))
  }
  the_plot
 }

 # The amplified_heatmap() function merely amplifies signals it finds; it doesn't validate these signals.
 # Try setting 'labeled' to "title" or "simple".

 # Example 1: amplified_heatmap(w2vModel, my_adj, my_nouns)
 # Example 2: amplified_heatmap(w2vModel, my_words, my_words)

 amplified_heatmap <- function(wem, x, y,
                              labeled = "title",
                              legend = TRUE,
                              diagonal = TRUE,
                              redundant = TRUE){
  if (!identical(x, y)) {
    if (!redundant) {
      redundant <- TRUE
      cat("Values for 'x' and 'y' don't match. Setting 'redundant' to TRUE.")
    }
    }
  if (!redundant) {diagonal <- TRUE}
  the_matrix <- make_siml_matrix(wem, x, y) %>% 
    scale_matrix(diagonal)
  
  if (!redundant) {
    the_matrix[lower.tri(the_matrix)] <- NA
    the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt(na.rm = TRUE)
  } else {
    the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt() 
  }
  
  the_plot <- the_matrix %>% 
    ggplot(aes(x = Var2, 
               y = reorder(Var1, desc(Var1)), 
               fill = value)) + 
    geom_tile(color = "white") + 
    scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue", 
                         high = "red", 
                         mid = "white", 
                         midpoint = 1, 
                         limit = c(0,2),
                         name = element_blank(),
                         breaks = c(0,2),
                         labels = c("far", "near")) +
    theme_bw() +
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, 
                                     vjust = 1, 
                                     # size = 12, 
                                     hjust = 1),
          panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
          panel.border = element_blank(),
          panel.background = element_blank(),
          axis.ticks = element_blank()) +
    if(labeled == "title") {
      labs(title = paste0("Comparing '",
                        deparse(substitute(y)),
                        "' by '",
                        deparse(substitute(x)),
                        "' in ",
                        deparse(substitute(wem))),
           x = element_blank(),
           y = element_blank())
    } else if (labeled == "simple") {
      labs(title = deparse(substitute(wem)),
           x = element_blank(),
           y = element_blank())
    } else {
      labs(title = deparse(substitute(wem)),
           x = deparse(substitute(x)),
           y = deparse(substitute(y)))
    }
  if (!legend) {
    the_plot <- the_plot + 
      guides(fill = "none")
  }
  the_plot
 }

 cosine_bars <- function(input, round = 2, 
                       sort.y = TRUE,
                       sort.x = TRUE,
                       wrap_cols = NULL,
                       dot.to.apost = TRUE,
                       force.width = TRUE,
                       colorset = "viridis",
                       alpha = NULL) {
  if (is.null(alpha)) {
    alpha <- 1
  }
  
  input_class <- input %>% class() %>% .[1]
  if (input_class == "data.frame") {
    input$compare <- input %>% 
      colnames() %>% 
      .[2] %>% 
      gsub(pattern = "similarity to ", 
           replacement = "", 
           x = .)
    colnames(input) <- c("word", "value","compare")
    input <- input %>% select(word, compare, value)
    if (sort.y) {
      input$word <- 
        factor(input$word, 
               levels = input$word[order(input$value,
                                         decreasing = FALSE)])
    }
    
    input_temp <<- input
  } else if (input_class == "matrix") {
    if(ncol(input)>1){
      if (sort.x) {
        col_order <- input %>% 
          apply(2,median) %>% 
          sort(decreasing = TRUE) %>% 
          names()
        
        input <- input[,col_order]
      }
    }
    
    input <- input %>% 
      data.frame() %>% 
      rownames_to_column("rn") %>% 
      pivot_longer(-rn)
    
    colnames(input) <- c("word", "compare", "value")
    if (sort.y) {
      input <- input %>% 
        group_by(word) %>% 
        mutate(med_value = median(value)) %>% 
        ungroup() %>% 
        arrange(med_value)
      input$word <- factor(input$word, 
                           levels=unique(input$word))
      input <- input %>% select(word, compare, value)
    }
    input_temp <<- input
  }
  
  if (dot.to.apost) {
    input$word <- 
      factor(input$word, 
             labels = gsub("\\.", "'", 
                           levels(input$word)),
             ordered = TRUE)
    
    input$compare <- gsub("\\.", "'", 
                           input$compare) 
    input$compare <- input$compare %>% 
      factor(levels = input$compare %>% 
               unique(),
             ordered = TRUE)
  }
  input2 <<- input
  
  the_plot <- ggplot(input, 
                     aes(y = word, 
                         x = value, 
                         fill = value)) +
    geom_col(aes(color=ifelse(round(value,1)<0.1,"gray","blank")),
             alpha = alpha, 
             show.legend = FALSE) +
    # geom_text(aes(y=ifelse(value-0.03<=0,value+0.01,value-0.01),
    #               hjust = ifelse(value-0.03<=0,
    #                              0,
    #                              1),
    geom_text(aes(x=ifelse(value<=0.9,value+0.01,value-0.01),
                  hjust = ifelse(value<=0.9,0,1),
                  label = format(round(value, 
                                       round), 
                                 nsmall = round) %>%
                    gsub(pattern = "^[ ]?(-?)0.",
                         replacement = "\\1.",
                         x = .),
                  color=ifelse(round(value,1)>0.9,"white","black")), show.legend = FALSE, 
              # nudge_y = -0.01, 
              # hjust = 1
              ) +
    scale_color_manual(values=c(blank="white",
                                white="black",
                                black="black",
                                gray="#f5f5f5")) +
    # coord_flip() + 
    labs(x = element_blank(),
         y = element_blank()) +
    theme_minimal() 
    
    if (force.width) {
      the_plot <- the_plot +
        scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0,1),
             expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0)))
    } else {
      the_plot <- the_plot +
        scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0.08)))
    }
  the_plot <- the_plot +
    theme(panel.grid = element_blank(),
          axis.text.x = element_blank())
 if (colorset == "red") {
  the_plot <- the_plot + 
    scale_fill_gradient(low = "white",
                        high = "red",
                        limit = c(0,1),
                        name = "Similarity")
 } else {
  the_plot <- the_plot + 
    scale_fill_viridis_c(option=colorset,
                         limits = c(0, 1), 
                         alpha = 0.8)
  }

  if (input$compare %>% unique() %>% length() > 1) {
    if(!is.null(wrap_cols)) {
      the_plot <- the_plot +
        facet_wrap("compare", ncol=wrap_cols)
    } else {
      the_plot <- the_plot +
        facet_wrap("compare")
    }
  } else {
    the_plot <- the_plot +
      ggtitle(input$compare %>% unique())
  }
  the_plot
 }
	library(tidyverse)
	library(tidytext)
	library(reshape2)
	library(wordVectors)

	##### Modeling a Corpus #####

	# This process for preparing and modeling the corpus is adapted from Women Writers Project's template_word2vec.Rmd
	# These adaptations should allow for for preservation of modeling settings to aid in replicability.
	# After training the model, recall its setting parameters by exploring the object's attributes.
	# Example 1: attributes(w2vModel)$window
	# Example 2: attributes(w2vModel)$negative_samples
	# Example 3: attributes(w2vModel)$vectors

	readTextFiles <- function(file, path2file) {
	message(file)
	rawText = paste(scan(file,
	sep = "\n",
	what = "raw",
	strip.white = TRUE))
	output = tibble(filename = gsub(path2file,
	"",
	file),
	text = rawText) %>%
	group_by(filename) %>%
	summarise(text = paste(rawText, collapse = " "))
	return(output)
	}

	# If the name of the folder with your corpus differs from your model name, be sure to set source.dir
	prep_model <- function(model = "w2vModel",
	lowercase = TRUE,
	bundle_ngrams = 1,
	source.dir = NULL){
	modelInput <- paste0("data/",
	model,
	".txt")
	modelCleaned <- paste0("data/",
	model,
	"_cleaned.txt")
	if (is.null(source.dir)) {
	source.dir = paste0("data/",
	model)
	}

	if (!file.exists(modelInput)) {
	fileList <- list.files(source.dir,full.names = TRUE)

	combinedTexts <- tibble(filename = fileList) %>%
	group_by(filename) %>%
	do(readTextFiles(.$filename, source.dir))

	combinedTexts$text %>% write_lines(modelInput)
	} else {message("'", getwd(), "/",
	modelInput,
	"' already exists.")}

	if (!file.exists(modelCleaned)) {
	prep_word2vec(origin = modelInput,
	destination = modelCleaned,
	lowercase = lowercase,
	bundle_ngrams = bundle_ngrams)
	} else {message("'", getwd(), "/",
	modelCleaned,
	"' already exists.")}
	}

	# For later recall, this function saves a metadata_model.Rdata file beside the model.bin in your data folder
	train_model <- function(model="w2vModel",
	vectors=100,
	window=6,
	iter=10,
	negative_samples=15,
	threads=3){
	if(!exists(".Random.seed")) set.seed(NULL)
	modelSeed <- .Random.seed
	modelBin <- paste0("data/",model,".bin")
	modelInput <- paste0("data/",model,".txt")
	modelCleaned <- paste0("data/",model,"_cleaned.txt")
	if (!file.exists(modelBin)) {
	the_model <- train_word2vec(
	modelCleaned,
	output_file = modelBin,
	vectors = vectors,
	threads = threads,
	window = window,
	iter = iter,
	negative_samples = negative_samples
	)
	# This metadata gets lost after first run, so store it
	attributes(the_model)$vectors <- vectors
	attributes(the_model)$window <- window
	attributes(the_model)$iter <- iter
	attributes(the_model)$negative_samples <- negative_samples
	attributes(the_model)$seed <- modelSeed
	model_metadata <-
	c("vectors" = vectors,
	"window" = window,
	"iter" = iter,
	"negative_samples" = negative_samples,
	"seed" = modelSeed)
	save(model_metadata,
	file = paste0("data/metadata_",
	model,
	".Rdata"))
	# Save this model in a global object
	assign(model, the_model, envir = .GlobalEnv)
	} else {
	the_model <- read.vectors(modelBin)
	meta_filename <- paste0("data/metadata_",model,".Rdata")
	if (file.exists(meta_filename)) {
	load(file = meta_filename)

	attributes(the_model)$vectors <-
	model_metadata["vectors"]
	attributes(the_model)$window <-
	model_metadata["window"]
	attributes(the_model)$iter <-
	model_metadata["iter"]
	attributes(the_model)$negative_samples <-
	model_metadata["negative_samples"]
	attributes(the_model)$seed <-
	model_metadata["seed"]
	}
	assign(model, the_model, envir = .GlobalEnv)
	}
	}

	##### Managing the Results #####

	# The get_siml() function returns distances between one word 'x' and a vector of words 'y' for model 'wem'
	# Example: get_siml(w2vModel, "salty", c("food", "ocean", "attitude", "air"))

	get_siml <- function(wem, x, y){
	sapply(y, function(z) {
	cosineSimilarity(wem[[x]],
	wem[[z]]) %>%
	round(9)
	})
	}

	# The make_siml_matrix() function returns a matrix of distances between two vectors of words 'x' and 'y' in model 'wem'
	# Example: make_siml_matrix(w2vModel, c("salty", "sweet", "fresh"), c("food", "ocean", "attitude", "air"))

	make_siml_matrix <- function(wem, x, y){
	dis_col <- read.table(text = "",
	colClasses = "double",
	col.names = y)
	for (each in x) {
	dis_col[each,] <- wem %>%
	get_siml(each,y) %>%
	data.frame() %>%
	t()
	}
	rownames(dis_col) <- gsub("hue_","",rownames(dis_col))
	colnames(dis_col) <- gsub("hue_","",colnames(dis_col))
	as.matrix(dis_col) %>% t()
	}

	# The scale_matrix() function scales values in a matrix, amplifying the signal in each row and column
	# Example 1: scale_matrix(my_matrix)
	# Example 2: make_siml_matrix(w2vModel, my_adj, my_nouns) %>% scale_matrix()

	scale_matrix <- function(x, diagonal=TRUE){
	if (!diagonal) {x[x == 1] <- NA}
	# scale each column 0 to 1
	scale_cols <- x %>%
	apply(1, function(x) {
	sapply(x, function(y) {
	((y - min(x, na.rm = TRUE)) /
	(max(x, na.rm = TRUE) -
	min(x, na.rm = TRUE))) %>%
	suppressWarnings()
	})
	}) %>%
	as.matrix()

	# scale each row 0 to 1
	scale_rows <- x %>%
	apply(2, function(x) {
	sapply(x, function(y) {
	((y - min(x, na.rm = TRUE)) /
	(max(x, na.rm = TRUE) -
	min(x, na.rm = TRUE))) %>%
	suppressWarnings()
	})
	}) %>%
	as.matrix() %>%
	t()

	# add these matrices together
	scale_join <- scale_cols + scale_rows
	return(t(scale_join))
	}

	##### Mapping the Proximities #####

	# For cosine_heatmap(), set x and y to words you'd like to compare, distance-wise, along x and y axes.
	# For instance, x=c("salty","sweet","fresh"), y=c("food","ocean","air") or x=my_flavors, etc.
	# Try setting 'labeled' to "title" or "simple"; toggle 'values' to TRUE or FALSE

	# Example 1: cosine_heatmap(w2vModel, my_adj, my_nouns)
	# Example 2: cosine_heatmap(w2vModel, my_words, my_words)

	cosine_heatmap <- function(input,
	round = 2,
	legend = NULL,
	values = TRUE,
	redundant = TRUE,
	sort.y = TRUE,
	sort.x = TRUE,
	limit.y = NA,
	limit.x = NA,
	omit.y,
	top.down = TRUE,
	amplify = FALSE,
	diagonal = TRUE,
	sort.twice = NULL,
	dot.to.apost = TRUE,
	colorset = "viridis",
	alpha = NULL){
	if (ncol(input)==1) {
	if (is.null(sort.twice) && sort.y) {
	sort.twice <- TRUE
	}
	sort.x <- FALSE
	sort.y <- FALSE
	}
	if (is.null(alpha) && values) {
	alpha <- 0.75
	} else if (is.null(alpha) && !values) {
	alpha <- 1
	}
	if (is.null(sort.twice)) {sort.twice <- FALSE}
	if (!identical(rownames(input),
	colnames(input))) {
	if (!redundant) {
	redundant <- TRUE
	message("Values for 'x' and 'y' don't match. Setting 'redundant' to TRUE.")
	}
	}

	if (amplify) {
	values <- FALSE
	message("Amplifying a heatmap converts measures from cosine similarity, which is meaningful, to something based wholly on terms from a single row and column. Because these values lose meaning and are useful only for comparison, they will not be displayed.")
	}

	the_matrix <- input

	if (sort.y) {
	row_order <- the_matrix %>%
	apply(1, median) %>%
	sort(decreasing = TRUE) %>%
	names()

	the_matrix <- the_matrix[row_order,]
	}

	if (!missing(omit.y)) {
	not_i <- omit.y %>%
	paste0(collapse = "\|") %>%
	grep(rownames(the_matrix))
	the_matrix <- the_matrix[-not_i,]
	}

	if (!is.na(limit.y)) {
	the_matrix <- the_matrix[1:limit.y,]
	}

	if (sort.x) {
	col_order <- the_matrix %>%
	apply(2, median) %>%
	sort(decreasing = TRUE) %>%
	names()

	the_matrix <- the_matrix[,col_order]
	}

	if (amplify) {
	the_matrix <- the_matrix %>%
	scale_matrix(diagonal)
	}

	if (!redundant) {
	the_matrix[upper.tri(the_matrix)] <- NA
	the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt(na.rm = TRUE)
	} else {
	the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt()
	}

	# this is an undocumented option. Perhaps cut it?
	if (dot.to.apost) {
	the_matrix$Var1 <-
	factor(the_matrix$Var1,
	labels = gsub("\\.", "'",
	the_matrix$Var1) %>%
	unique(),
	ordered = TRUE)

	the_matrix$Var2 <-
	factor(the_matrix$Var2,
	labels = gsub("\\.", "'",
	the_matrix$Var2) %>%
	unique(),
	ordered = TRUE)
	}

	if (!is.na(limit.x)) {
	the_matrix <- the_matrix %>%
	filter(Var2 %in% levels(the_matrix$Var2)[1:limit.x])
	}

	the_matrix <<- the_matrix

	if (sort.twice) {
	col_order <- the_matrix %>%
	group_by(Var2) %>%
	summarise(value = median(value),
	.groups = 'drop') %>%
	arrange(desc(value)) %>%
	.$Var2 %>%
	as.character()

	row_order <- the_matrix %>%
	group_by(Var1) %>%
	summarise(value = median(value),
	.groups = 'drop') %>%
	arrange(desc(value)) %>%
	.$Var1 %>%
	as.character()

	the_matrix$Var2 <- the_matrix$Var2 %>%
	factor(levels = col_order)


	the_matrix$Var1 <- the_matrix$Var1 %>%
	factor(levels = row_order)
	}

	if (!top.down) {
	the_plot <- the_matrix %>%
	ggplot(aes(x=Var2, y=Var1, fill=value))
	} else {
	the_plot <- the_matrix %>%
	ggplot(aes(x = Var2,
	y = reorder(Var1, desc(Var1)),
	fill = value))
	}

	the_plot <- the_plot +
	geom_tile(color = "white")


	if (amplify) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue",
	high = "red",
	mid = "white",
	midpoint = 1,
	limit = c(0,2),
	name = element_blank(),
	breaks = c(0,2),
	labels = c("far", "near"))
	} else if (colorset == "red") {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue",
	high = "red",
	mid = "white",
	midpoint = 0,
	limit = c(-1,1),
	name = "Similarity")
	} else {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_fill_viridis_c(option = colorset,
	limits = c(0, 1),
	alpha = alpha,
	name = "Similarity")
	# scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue",
	# high = "red",
	# mid = "white",
	# midpoint = 0,
	# limit = c(-1,1),
	# name = "Similarity")
	}
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	theme_bw() +
	theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,
	vjust = 1,
	#size = 12,
	hjust = 1),
	panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
	panel.border = element_blank(),
	panel.background = element_blank(),
	axis.ticks = element_blank()) +
	labs(x=element_blank(),
	y=element_blank())
	if(values) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	geom_text(aes(label = format(round(value,
	round),
	nsmall = round) %>%
	gsub(pattern = "^[ ]?(-?)0.",
	replacement = "\\1.",
	x = .)),
	color = "black")

	if (is.null(legend)) {
	legend <- FALSE
	}
	}
	if (is.null(legend)) {
	legend <- TRUE
	}
	if (!legend) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	guides(fill = "none")
	}

	if (top.down && redundant) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_x_discrete(position = "top") +
	theme(axis.text.x = element_text(hjust = 0,
	#angle=90
	))
	}

	if (!top.down && !redundant) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_x_discrete(position = "top") +
	theme(axis.text.x = element_text(hjust = 0,
	#angle=90
	))
	}
	the_plot
	}

	# The amplified_heatmap() function merely amplifies signals it finds; it doesn't validate these signals.
	# Try setting 'labeled' to "title" or "simple".

	# Example 1: amplified_heatmap(w2vModel, my_adj, my_nouns)
	# Example 2: amplified_heatmap(w2vModel, my_words, my_words)

	amplified_heatmap <- function(wem, x, y,
	labeled = "title",
	legend = TRUE,
	diagonal = TRUE,
	redundant = TRUE){
	if (!identical(x, y)) {
	if (!redundant) {
	redundant <- TRUE
	cat("Values for 'x' and 'y' don't match. Setting 'redundant' to TRUE.")
	}
	}
	if (!redundant) {diagonal <- TRUE}
	the_matrix <- make_siml_matrix(wem, x, y) %>%
	scale_matrix(diagonal)

	if (!redundant) {
	the_matrix[lower.tri(the_matrix)] <- NA
	the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt(na.rm = TRUE)
	} else {
	the_matrix <- the_matrix %>% melt()
	}

	the_plot <- the_matrix %>%
	ggplot(aes(x = Var2,
	y = reorder(Var1, desc(Var1)),
	fill = value)) +
	geom_tile(color = "white") +
	scale_fill_gradient2(low = "blue",
	high = "red",
	mid = "white",
	midpoint = 1,
	limit = c(0,2),
	name = element_blank(),
	breaks = c(0,2),
	labels = c("far", "near")) +
	theme_bw() +
	theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,
	vjust = 1,
	# size = 12,
	hjust = 1),
	panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
	panel.border = element_blank(),
	panel.background = element_blank(),
	axis.ticks = element_blank()) +
	if(labeled == "title") {
	labs(title = paste0("Comparing '",
	deparse(substitute(y)),
	"' by '",
	deparse(substitute(x)),
	"' in ",
	deparse(substitute(wem))),
	x = element_blank(),
	y = element_blank())
	} else if (labeled == "simple") {
	labs(title = deparse(substitute(wem)),
	x = element_blank(),
	y = element_blank())
	} else {
	labs(title = deparse(substitute(wem)),
	x = deparse(substitute(x)),
	y = deparse(substitute(y)))
	}
	if (!legend) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	guides(fill = "none")
	}
	the_plot
	}

	cosine_bars <- function(input, round = 2,
	sort.y = TRUE,
	sort.x = TRUE,
	wrap_cols = NULL,
	dot.to.apost = TRUE,
	force.width = TRUE,
	colorset = "viridis",
	alpha = NULL) {
	if (is.null(alpha)) {
	alpha <- 1
	}

	input_class <- input %>% class() %>% .[1]
	if (input_class == "data.frame") {
	input$compare <- input %>%
	colnames() %>%
	.[2] %>%
	gsub(pattern = "similarity to ",
	replacement = "",
	x = .)
	colnames(input) <- c("word", "value","compare")
	input <- input %>% select(word, compare, value)
	if (sort.y) {
	input$word <-
	factor(input$word,
	levels = input$word[order(input$value,
	decreasing = FALSE)])
	}

	input_temp <<- input
	} else if (input_class == "matrix") {
	if(ncol(input)>1){
	if (sort.x) {
	col_order <- input %>%
	apply(2,median) %>%
	sort(decreasing = TRUE) %>%
	names()

	input <- input[,col_order]
	}
	}

	input <- input %>%
	data.frame() %>%
	rownames_to_column("rn") %>%
	pivot_longer(-rn)

	colnames(input) <- c("word", "compare", "value")
	if (sort.y) {
	input <- input %>%
	group_by(word) %>%
	mutate(med_value = median(value)) %>%
	ungroup() %>%
	arrange(med_value)
	input$word <- factor(input$word,
	levels=unique(input$word))
	input <- input %>% select(word, compare, value)
	}
	input_temp <<- input
	}

	if (dot.to.apost) {
	input$word <-
	factor(input$word,
	labels = gsub("\\.", "'",
	levels(input$word)),
	ordered = TRUE)

	input$compare <- gsub("\\.", "'",
	input$compare)
	input$compare <- input$compare %>%
	factor(levels = input$compare %>%
	unique(),
	ordered = TRUE)
	}
	input2 <<- input

	the_plot <- ggplot(input,
	aes(y = word,
	x = value,
	fill = value)) +
	geom_col(aes(color=ifelse(round(value,1)<0.1,"gray","blank")),
	alpha = alpha,
	show.legend = FALSE) +
	# geom_text(aes(y=ifelse(value-0.03<=0,value+0.01,value-0.01),
	# hjust = ifelse(value-0.03<=0,
	# 0,
	# 1),
	geom_text(aes(x=ifelse(value<=0.9,value+0.01,value-0.01),
	hjust = ifelse(value<=0.9,0,1),
	label = format(round(value,
	round),
	nsmall = round) %>%
	gsub(pattern = "^[ ]?(-?)0.",
	replacement = "\\1.",
	x = .),
	color=ifelse(round(value,1)>0.9,"white","black")), show.legend = FALSE,
	# nudge_y = -0.01,
	# hjust = 1
	) +
	scale_color_manual(values=c(blank="white",
	white="black",
	black="black",
	gray="#f5f5f5")) +
	# coord_flip() +
	labs(x = element_blank(),
	y = element_blank()) +
	theme_minimal()

	if (force.width) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0,1),
	expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0)))
	} else {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0.08)))
	}
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	theme(panel.grid = element_blank(),
	axis.text.x = element_blank())
	if (colorset == "red") {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_fill_gradient(low = "white",
	high = "red",
	limit = c(0,1),
	name = "Similarity")
	} else {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	scale_fill_viridis_c(option=colorset,
	limits = c(0, 1),
	alpha = 0.8)
	}

	if (input$compare %>% unique() %>% length() > 1) {
	if(!is.null(wrap_cols)) {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	facet_wrap("compare", ncol=wrap_cols)
	} else {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	facet_wrap("compare")
	}
	} else {
	the_plot <- the_plot +
	ggtitle(input$compare %>% unique())
	}
	the_plot
	}