By the way, I'm available for tutoring and code review :)
- What Promises library should I use?
- How do I create a Promise myself?
- How do I use
new Promise? - How do I resolve a Promise?
- But what if I want to resolve a synchronous result or error?
- But what if it's at the start of a chain, and I'm not in a
.thencallback yet? - How do I make this non-Promises library work with Promises?
- How do I propagate errors, like with
if(err) return cb(err)? - How do I break out of a Promise chain early?
- How do I convert a Promise to a synchronous value?
- How do I save a value from a Promise outside of the callback?
- How do I access previous results from the Promise chain?
That depends a bit on your usecase.
My usual recommendation is Bluebird - it's robust, has good error handling and debugging facilities, is fast, and has a well-designed API. The downside is that Bluebird will not correctly work in older browsers (think Internet Explorer 8 and older), and when used in Browserified/Webpacked code, it can sometimes add a lot to your bundle size.
ES6 Promises are gaining a lot of traction purely because of being "ES6", but in practice they are just not very good. They are generally lacking standardized debugging facilities, they are missing essential utilities such as Promise.try/promisify/promisifyAll, they cannot catch specific error types (this is a big robustness issue), and so on.
ES6 Promises can be useful in constrained scenarios (eg. older browsers with a polyfill, restricted non-V8 runtimes, etc.) but I would not generally recommend them.
There are many other Promise implementations (Q, WhenJS, etc.) - but frankly, I've not seen any that are an improvement over either Bluebird or ES6 Promises in their respective 'optimal scenarios'. I'd also recommend explicitly against Q because it is extremely slow and has a very poorly designed API.
In summary: Use Bluebird, unless you have a very specific reason not to. In those very specific cases, you probably want ES6 Promises.
Usually, you don't. Promises are not usually something you 'create' explicitly - rather, they're a natural consequence of chaining together multiple operations. Take this example:
function getLinesFromSomething() {
return Promise.try(() => {
return bhttp.get("http://example.com/something.txt");
}).then((response) => {
return response.body.toString().split("\n");
});
}In this example, all of the following technically result in a new Promise:
Promise.try(...)bhttp.get(...)- The synchronous value from the
.thencallback, which gets converted automatically to a resolved Promise (see question 5)
... but none of them are explicitly created as "a new Promise" - that's just the natural consequence of starting a chain with Promise.try and then returning Promises or values from the callbacks.
There is one example to this, where you do need to explicitly create a new Promise - when converting a different kind of asynchronous API to a Promises API, and even then you only need to do this if promisify and friends don't work. This is explained in question 7.
You don't, usually. In almost every case, you either need Promise.try, or some kind of promisification method. Question 7 explains how you should do promisification, and when you do need new Promise.
But when in doubt, don't use it. It's very error-prone.
You don't, usually. Promises are not something you need to 'resolve' manually - rather, you should just return some kind of Promise, and let the Promise library handle the rest.
There's one exception here: when you're manually promisifying a strange API using new Promise, you need to call resolve() or reject() for a successful and unsuccessful state, respectively. Make sure to read question 3, though - you should almost never actually use new Promise.
You simply return it (if it's a result) or throw it (if it's an error), from your .then callback. When using Promises, synchronously returned values are automatically converted into a resolved Promise, whereas synchronously thrown errors are automatically converted into a rejected Promise. You don't need to use Promise.resolve() or Promise.reject().
Using Promise.try will make this problem not exist.
That depends on what kind of API it is.
- Node.js-style error-first callbacks: Use Promise.promisify and/or Promise.promisifyAll to convert the library to a Promises API. For ES6 Promises, use the es6-promisify and es6-promisify-all libraries respectively. In Node.js,
util.promisifycan also be used. - EventEmitters: It depends. Promises are explicitly meant to represent an operation that succeeds or fails precisely once, so most EventEmitters cannot be converted to a Promise, as they will have multiple results. Some exceptions exist; for example, the
responseevent when making a HTTP request - in these cases, use something like bluebird-events. - setTimeout: Use
Promise.delayinstead, which comes with Bluebird. - setInterval: Avoid
setIntervalentirely (this is why), and use a recursivePromise.delayinstead. - Asynchronous callbacks with a single result argument, and no
err: Use promisify-simple-callback. - A different Promises library: No manual conversion is necessary, as long as it is compliant with the Promises/A+ specification (and nearly every implementation is). Make sure to use Promise.try in your code, though.
- Synchronous functions: No manual conversion is necessary. Synchronous returns and throws are automatically converted by your Promises library. Make sure to use Promise.try in your code, though.
- Something else not listed here: You'll probably have to promisify it manually, using
new Promise. Make sure to keep the code withinnew Promiseas minimal as possible - you should have a function that only promisifies the API you intend to use, without doing anything else. All further processing should happen outside ofnew Promise, once you already have a Promise object.
You don't. Promises will propagate errors automatically, and you don't need to do anything special for it - this is one of the benefits that Promises provide over error-first callbacks.
When using Promises, the only case where you need to .catch an error, is if you intend to handle it - and you should always only catch the types of error you're interested in.
These two Gists (step 1, step 2) show how error propagation works, and how to .catch specific types of errors.
You don't. You use conditionals instead. Of course, specifically for failure scenarios, you'd still throw an error.
You can't. Once you write asynchronous code, all of the 'surrounding' code also needs to be asynchronous. However, you can just have a Promise chain in the 'parent code', and return the Promise from your own method.
For example:
function getUserFromDatabase(userId) {
return Promise.try(() => {
return database.table("users").where({id: userId}).get();
}).then((results) => {
if (results.length === 0) {
throw new MyCustomError("No users found with that ID");
} else {
return results[0];
}
});
}
/* Now, to *use* that getUserFromDatabase function, we need to have another Promise chain: */
Promise.try(() => {
// Here, we return the result of calling our own function. That return value is a Promise.
return getUserFromDatabase(42);
}).then((user) => {
console.log("The username of user 42 is:", user.username);
});(If you're not sure what Promise.try is or does, this article will explain it.)
You don't. See question 10 above - you need to use Promises "all the way down".
In some cases, you might need to access an earlier result from a chain of Promises, one that you don't have access to anymore. A simple example of this scenario:
'use strict';
// ...
Promise.try(() => {
return database.query("users", {id: req.body.userId});
}).then((user) => {
return database.query("groups", {id: req.body.groupId});
}).then((group) => {
res.json({
user: user, // This is not possible, because `user` is not in scope anymore.
group: group
});
});This is a fairly simple case - the user query and the group query are completely independent, and they can be run at the same time. Because of that, we can use Promise.all to run them in parallel, and return a combined Promise for both of their results:
'use strict';
// ...
Promise.try(() => {
return Promise.all([
database.query("users", {id: req.body.userId}),
database.query("groups", {id: req.body.groupId})
]);
}).spread((user, group) => {
res.json({
user: user, // Now it's possible!
group: group
});
});Note that instead of .then, we use .spread here. Promises only support a single result argument for a .then, which is why a Promise created by Promise.all would resolve to an array of [user, group] in this case. However, .spread is a Bluebird-specific variation of .then, that will automatically "unpack" that array into multiple callback arguments. Alternatively, you can use ES6 object destructuring to accomplish the same.
Now, the above example assumes that the two asynchronous operations are independent - that is, they can run in parallel without caring about the result of the other operation. In some cases, you will want to use the results of two operations that are dependent - while you still want to use the results of both at the same time, the second operation also needs the result of the first operation to work.
An example:
'use strict';
// ...
Promise.try(() => {
return getDatabaseConnection();
}).then((databaseConnection) => {
return databaseConnection.query("users", {id: req.body.id});
}).then((user) => {
res.json(user);
// This is not possible, because we don't have `databaseConnection` in scope anymore:
databaseConnection.close();
});In these cases, rather than using Promise.all, you'd add a level of nesting to keep something in scope:
'use strict';
// ...
Promise.try(() => {
return getDatabaseConnection();
}).then((databaseConnection) => {
// We nest here, so that `databaseConnection` remains in scope.
return Promise.try(() => {
return databaseConnection.query("users", {id: req.body.id});
}).then((user) => {
res.json(user);
databaseConnection.close(); // Now it works!
});
});Of course, as with any kind of nesting, you should do it sparingly - and only when necessary for a situation like this. Splitting up your code into small functions, with each of them having a single responsibility, will prevent trouble with this.
I have two query with promise.using, in the way that queries are, I get to excuse one or other, with do I perform the two?
**** PROMISE 1 ****
function fntTotalDeRegistros () {
promise.using (db, () => {
db.query ('SELECT COUNT (*) FROM CUSTOMER')
.then ((rows) => {
rows.forEach ((row) => {
qtdRegsARQ = row.registers});
console.log (qtdRegsARQ)
})
.then () => db.close ())
.catch ((error) => {console.log (error), db.close ()});
})
};
*** PROMISE2 ****
function fntRegisterCli () {
promise.using (db, () => {
db.query ('Select * from DB_ICADIS.CLIENTE ORDER BY cli_codigo')
.then ((rows) => {
rows.forEach ((row) => {
(I.e.
}); // end end row
})
.then (() => console.log (regsCLI))
.then () => db.close ())
.catch ((error) => {console.log (error), db.close ()});
})
};
**** HOW TO EXCUT *****
promise1
promise2