Download the Dockerfile below into a new folder, then run:
container build -t local/debian-machine:13 .
You'll then be able to create a container machine with this local image using:
container machine create local/debian-machine:13 --name debian
This is based on the Ubuntu Dockerfile from the official container-machine.md from Apple's GitHub repo. I just removed the unminimize step which is not available on regular Debian.