Debian server setup

Description

This my type of setting up a debian non-gui root server. Use this at your own risk! I use debian for a long time and added some configuration that prevented some errors. If you have questions or suggestions please contact me.

At installing time of the server I use the DVD-Image and set up the server using a full qualified domain name. When it comes to partitioning the server I always use the entire disk as one partition. This is because I don't want to think about placing any files into the wrong partition. Also I mostly use the opt folder instead of the home folder to place some scripts or software.

Setup Steps

Here You can find the setup steps listed by packages.

passwd

If you have selected the correct password on installation process you can skip this step. Normally I use root user and a login user. You can change password for a specific user with passwd username. Change password for root user and the second user. You should use a password generator like keepass for that step.

SSH

Please do not use root for login user. This is very insecure and not recommended.

While installing Debian you are asked to add another user next to root. You can set a password while installing Debian. I use this user for logging in into my server.

Please log in with the second user and change user to root using the command su -.

APT sources

Please change the content of /etc/apt/sources.list with the following lines:

# Stable Main
deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stable main
deb-src http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stable main

# Security Updates Stable Main
deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main

# Stable Updates Main
deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stable-updates main
deb-src http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stable-updates main

Execute apt-get clean to clean the downloaded packages.
Execute apt-get update to redownload the new package list.
Execute apt-get dist-upgrade to upgrade the server packages to the lase stable version.

Cron-APT: Automatic software update

For automatic software packate update debian has to use the package cron-apt. This is easy and it can send e-mails to you with the updated packages.

apt install cron-apt
nano /etc/cron-apt/config
Paste this:

APTCOMMAND=/usr/bin/apt-get
MAILTO="[email protected]"
MAILON="upgrade"
SYSLOGON="always"

For installing the updates automatically you have to remove -d in /etc/cron-apt/action.d/3-download

Install Updates and reboot using UnattendedUpgrades

install requirements: apt-get install unattended-upgrades apt-listchanges powermgmt-base
Configure Software using a configuration file and a text editor nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades
uncomment and/or change the following lines:

        "origin=Debian,codename=${distro_codename}-updates";
        "origin=Debian,codename=${distro_codename}-proposed-updates";
...
        Unattended-Upgrade::Mail "root"; <<-- root added here
...
        Unattended-Upgrade::Automatic-Reboot "false"; <<-- set to true for automatic reboots

test configuration using: unattended-upgrade -d

Exim4: Smarthost (E-Mail)

Install exim4 using apt install exim4
Configure the exim4-config package using the command dpkg-reconfigure exim4-config
In the graphical window choose the third entry mail sent by smarthost; no local mail
Enter the hostname of the server. (Usually this should be done automatically)
Enter 127.0.0.1 ; ::1 because there will be no local E-Mail so there won't be incoming SMTP Connections.
Leave this empty. The hostname will be added automatically.
Enter the hostname again. (This should be done automatically)
Enter the smarthost where the Mails should be sent to. If you want secure access add SSL/TLS Port at the end. Example hostname::587
Keep number of DNS-queries minimal? No
Split configuration into small files? No
If the server requires credentials you can add them using nano /etc/exim4/passwd.clientand the format target.mail.server.example:login:password
Restart Exim4 using service exim4 restart
You can control the logfile using tail -n 20 /var/log/exim4/mainlog
Send a test E-Mail using echo "test" | mail -s "testmail" [email protected]
To redirect all E-Mail of root to your E-Mail Address edit aliases using nano /etc/aliases
Add the line root:[email protected], save and execute newaliases to rebuild the file.
Test the E-Mail sending to root using echo "test" | mail -s "testmail" root

NTP: Set up the correct time settings.

The correct server time is super important for log files and many applications. Mostly the server is just using the hardware time. If there is a power loss or the time is not correct there will be many problems.

Set your timezone using the command dpkg-reconfigure tzdata (to view the current timezone execute ls -l /etc/localtime)
Install NTP using apt install ntp.
Configure NTP using nano /etc/ntp.conf.
You can keep the debian ntp server or replace them with the official NTP Server using:

server 0.de.pool.ntp.org
server 1.de.pool.ntp.org
server 2.de.pool.ntp.org
server 3.de.pool.ntp.org

Sync the time manually using ntpd -q -g. (you need to stop the ntp daemon before and start afterwards)
Write the current time to your hardware clock using hwclock --systohc.

jp1337/Debian Setup.md