Confirmed working code wrote myself to read data from MAX31855K chip with SMT32F030F3.

main.c

/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  ** This notice applies to any and all portions of this file
  * that are not between comment pairs USER CODE BEGIN and
  * USER CODE END. Other portions of this file, whether 
  * inserted by the user or by software development tools
  * are owned by their respective copyright owners.
  *
  * COPYRIGHT(c) 2018 STMicroelectronics
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
  * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
  *   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
  *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  *   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
  *      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
  *      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  *   3. Neither the name of STMicroelectronics nor the names of its contributors
  *      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  *      without specific prior written permission.
  *
  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
  * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
  * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
  * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
  * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
  * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
  * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"
#include "stm32f0xx_hal.h"

/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
#include  <errno.h>
#include  <sys/unistd.h> // STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO
#include "max31855.h"

/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
SPI_HandleTypeDef hspi1;

UART_HandleTypeDef huart1;

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */
/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void);
static void MX_SPI1_Init(void);

/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */
/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */
int _write(int file, char *data, int len)
{
   if ((file != STDOUT_FILENO) && (file != STDERR_FILENO))
   {
      errno = EBADF;
      return -1;
   }

   // arbitrary timeout 1000
   HAL_StatusTypeDef status =
      HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart1, (uint8_t*)data, len, 1000);

   // return # of bytes written - as best we can tell
   return (status == HAL_OK ? len : 0);
}

int _read(int file, char *data, int len) {
	return 0;
}

int _close(int file) {
	return 0;
}
int _lseek(int file, int ptr, int dir) {
	return 0;
}
int _fstat(int file, struct stat *st) {
	return 0;
}
int _isatty(int file) {
	return 0;
}

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  *
  * @retval None
  */
int main(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */
	uint32_t data;
	uint32_t count = 0;

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration----------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();
  MX_SPI1_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */

  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {
	  data = max31855_read(&hspi1);
	  // Junction 100.75 and internal 25.
	  //data = 0b00000110010011000001100100000000;
	  // Junction -250 and internal -20
	  //data = 0b11110000011000001110110000000000;
	  if (!max31855_print_error(data)) {
		  printf("Sample %u: ", count++);
		  printf("Internal temperature = %d, ", max31855_get_internal(data));
		  printf("Junction temperature = %d\n\r", max31855_get_celcius(data));
	  }
	  else {
		  // Print newline after error message(s).
		  printf("\n\r");
	  }
  /* USER CODE END WHILE */

  /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
	  HAL_Delay(1000);
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */

}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{

  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct;
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct;
  RCC_PeriphCLKInitTypeDef PeriphClkInit;

    /**Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB busses clocks 
    */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_NONE;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    _Error_Handler(__FILE__, __LINE__);
  }

    /**Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB busses clocks 
    */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_HSE;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_0) != HAL_OK)
  {
    _Error_Handler(__FILE__, __LINE__);
  }

  PeriphClkInit.PeriphClockSelection = RCC_PERIPHCLK_USART1;
  PeriphClkInit.Usart1ClockSelection = RCC_USART1CLKSOURCE_PCLK1;
  if (HAL_RCCEx_PeriphCLKConfig(&PeriphClkInit) != HAL_OK)
  {
    _Error_Handler(__FILE__, __LINE__);
  }

    /**Configure the Systick interrupt time 
    */
  HAL_SYSTICK_Config(HAL_RCC_GetHCLKFreq()/1000);

    /**Configure the Systick 
    */
  HAL_SYSTICK_CLKSourceConfig(SYSTICK_CLKSOURCE_HCLK);

  /* SysTick_IRQn interrupt configuration */
  HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(SysTick_IRQn, 0, 0);
}

/* SPI1 init function */
static void MX_SPI1_Init(void)
{

  /* SPI1 parameter configuration*/
  hspi1.Instance = SPI1;
  hspi1.Init.Mode = SPI_MODE_MASTER;
  hspi1.Init.Direction = SPI_DIRECTION_2LINES;
  hspi1.Init.DataSize = SPI_DATASIZE_8BIT;
  hspi1.Init.CLKPolarity = SPI_POLARITY_LOW;
  hspi1.Init.CLKPhase = SPI_PHASE_1EDGE;
  hspi1.Init.NSS = SPI_NSS_SOFT;
  hspi1.Init.BaudRatePrescaler = SPI_BAUDRATEPRESCALER_8;
  hspi1.Init.FirstBit = SPI_FIRSTBIT_MSB;
  hspi1.Init.TIMode = SPI_TIMODE_DISABLE;
  hspi1.Init.CRCCalculation = SPI_CRCCALCULATION_DISABLE;
  hspi1.Init.CRCPolynomial = 7;
  hspi1.Init.CRCLength = SPI_CRC_LENGTH_DATASIZE;
  hspi1.Init.NSSPMode = SPI_NSS_PULSE_ENABLE;
  if (HAL_SPI_Init(&hspi1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    _Error_Handler(__FILE__, __LINE__);
  }

}

/* USART1 init function */
static void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void)
{

  huart1.Instance = USART1;
  huart1.Init.BaudRate = 38400;
  huart1.Init.WordLength = UART_WORDLENGTH_8B;
  huart1.Init.StopBits = UART_STOPBITS_1;
  huart1.Init.Parity = UART_PARITY_NONE;
  huart1.Init.Mode = UART_MODE_TX_RX;
  huart1.Init.HwFlowCtl = UART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
  huart1.Init.OverSampling = UART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
  huart1.Init.OneBitSampling = UART_ONE_BIT_SAMPLE_DISABLE;
  huart1.AdvancedInit.AdvFeatureInit = UART_ADVFEATURE_NO_INIT;
  if (HAL_UART_Init(&huart1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    _Error_Handler(__FILE__, __LINE__);
  }

}

/** Configure pins as 
        * Analog 
        * Input 
        * Output
        * EVENT_OUT
        * EXTI
*/
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void)
{

  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct;

  /* GPIO Ports Clock Enable */
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOF_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();

  /*Configure GPIO pin Output Level */
  HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_0|GPIO_PIN_14, GPIO_PIN_RESET);

  /*Configure GPIO pins : PA0 PA14 */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_0|GPIO_PIN_14;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_LOW;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */

/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @param  file: The file name as string.
  * @param  line: The line in file as a number.
  * @retval None
  */
void _Error_Handler(char *file, int line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  while(1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t* file, uint32_t line)
{ 
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     tex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */

/**
  * @}
  */

/**
  * @}
  */

/************************ (C) COPYRIGHT STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE****/

max31855.c

/*
 * max31855.c
 *
 *  Created on: 11-Oct-2018
 *      Author: junaid
 */

//#include "max31855.h"
#include "stm32f0xx_hal.h"

void max31855_chip_select() {
	HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_14, GPIO_PIN_RESET);
}

void max31855_chip_unselect() {
	HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_14, GPIO_PIN_SET);
}

uint32_t max31855_read(SPI_HandleTypeDef *hspi) {
	HAL_StatusTypeDef status;
	uint8_t data[4] = { };
	max31855_chip_select();
	HAL_Delay(1);
	// Read data of 4 bytes.
	status = HAL_SPI_Receive(hspi, (uint8_t*)data, 4, 1000);
	max31855_chip_unselect();

	if (status == HAL_OK) {
		printf("HAL_OK ");
	}
	else if (status == HAL_ERROR) {
		printf("HAL_ERROR ");
	}
	else if (status == HAL_BUSY) {
		printf("HAL_BUSY ");
	}
	else if (status == HAL_TIMEOUT) {
		printf("HAL_TIMEOUT ");
	}

	return (data[0] << 24) | (data[1] << 16) | (data[2] << 8) | data[3];
}

uint8_t max31855_print_error(uint32_t data) {
	uint8_t error = 0;
	if (data & ((uint32_t)1 << 0)) {
		printf("TC is open. ");
		error = 1;
	}
	if (data & ((uint32_t)1 << 1)) {
		printf("TC is shorted to ground. ");
		error = 1;
	}
	if (data & ((uint32_t)1 << 2)) {
		printf("TC is shorted to VCC. ");
		error = 1;
	}

	if (data & ((uint32_t)1 << 3)) {
		printf("D3 is set. Invalid data. ");
		error = 1;
	}
	if (data & ((uint32_t)1 << 17)) {
		printf("D17 is set. Invalid data. ");
		error = 1;
	}
	return error;
}

int16_t max31855_get_internal(uint32_t data) {
	uint32_t v = data;
	int16_t tmp;

	// ignore bottom 4 bits - they're just thermocouple data
	v >>= 4;

	// check sign bit!
	if (v & 0x800) {
		// Convert to negative value by extending sign and casting to signed type.
		tmp = 0xF800 | (v & 0x7FF);
	}
	else {
		// pull the bottom 11 bits off
		tmp = v & 0x7FF;
	}

	return tmp / 16;
	//return (int16_t) ((data & 0b00000000000000001111111111110000) >> 4);
}

int16_t max31855_get_celcius(uint32_t data) {
	int32_t v = data;
	if (v & 0x80000000) {
		// Negative value, drop the lower 18 bits and explicitly extend sign bits.
		v = 0xFFFFC000 | ((v >> 18) & 0x00003FFFF);
	}
	else {
		// Positive value, just drop the lower 18 bits.
		v >>= 18;
	}
	return (int16_t) (v/ 4);
}

max31855.h

/* Define to prevent recursive inclusion -------------------------------------*/
#ifndef __MAX31855_H
#define __MAX31855_H

#include "stm32f0xx_hal.h"

void max31855_chip_select();
void max31855_chip_unselect();
uint32_t max31855_read(SPI_HandleTypeDef *hspi);
uint8_t max31855_print_error(uint32_t data);
int16_t max31855_get_internal(uint32_t data);
int16_t max31855_get_celcius(uint32_t data);

#endif /* __MAX31855_H */