Many of the best resources on the actual data behind code metrics are in white papers, dry IBM and .NET "Developer Zone" journals, and in Java land. Here's a bunch of links from when I was putting together my code metrics talk I gave at Steel City a couple years ago.
"Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away." -- Antoine de Saint-Exupery
http://www.objectmentor.com/resources/articles/oodmetrc.pdf
Oh, Uncle Bob.. you've already done everything cool, haven't you?
This paper describes a set of metrics that can be used to measure the quality of an object-oriented design in terms of the interdependence between the subsystems of that design. Designs which are highly interdependent tend to be rigid, unreusable and hard to maintain. Yet interdependence is necessary if the subsystems of the design are to collaborate. Thus, some forms of dependency must be desirable, and other forms must be undesirable. This paper proposes a design pattern in which all the dependencies are of the desirable form. Finally, this paper describes a set of metrics that measure the conformance of a design to the desirable pattern
http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=157839
http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WelcomeVisitors
OMG this is a gorram national treasure and its mysteries can be plumbed for days. Definitely one time where reading the comments is essential.
http://www.stickyminds.com/article/getting-empirical-about-refactoring
Michael Feather's article that inspired the Turbulence gem
http://homepages.dcc.ufmg.br/~mtov/pub/2012_csmr.pdf
This is probably the one you're really looking for.
http://books.google.ro/books?id=vtNWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://thescipub.com/PDF/jcssp.2005.137.144.pdf
http://www.slideshare.net/andreas.zeller/myths-in-software-engineering
http://www.computer.org/portal/web/tse
I'm not a member, but there's a lot of great research articles on bug density, complexity, cohesion, etc
McCabe, Tom. 1976. "A Complexity Measure." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-2, no. 4 (December): 308-20 Shen, Vincent Y., et al. 1985. "Identifying Error-Prone Software--An Empirical Study." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-11, no.4 (April): 317-24. Ward, William T. 1989. "Software Defect Prevention Using McCabe's Complexity Metric." Hewlett-Packard Journal, April, 64-68.
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~xswang/Research/Papers/SERelated/no-silver-bullet.pdf or http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~cah/G51ISS/Documents/NoSilverBullet.html
http://blowmage.com/2013/03/07/refactoring-better-code
Mike walks through a refactoring, and shows a solid pattern of extraction, along with a great argument for it at the end:
Schizophrenic code, by which I mean methods with an inconsistent level of abstraction, is difficult to reason about. Programmers new to your app will struggle more than necessary in order to understand how the app works. I've seen this over and over, and the effect is similar to hazing new members of a group. Don't be a code bully, whether intentional or not. Life is too short to deal with hostile code. Be nice in all that you do, including your code.
http://chriskottom.com/blog/2015/01/code-quality-metrics-that-matter/
http://www.softwarerenovation.com/ABCMetric.pdf
Great paper laying out the argument for Assignments, Branches, and Conditionals complexity metrics
http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar2.htm
The website is janky as shit, but the info on Halstead's 1977 work on maintainability is great
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-cq06306/
Andrew Glover has a whole series of code quality articles (~20 or so) and they're all interesting reading.
http://qualilogy.com/en/category/application-quality/
For some reason, I kept coming back to a number of articles on this blog.
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/zainnab/archive/2011/05/26/code-metrics-maintainability-index.aspx
https://mperry.github.io/2012/07/26/software-engineering-is-hard.html
http://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume4No9/Paper_25-Comparative_Study_of_the_Software_Metrics.pdf
http://www.slideshare.net/sunilhbti/code-quality-32859072?related=1 slide 16 for maintainability index, also 17 for Halstead
http://www.ecs.csun.edu/~rlingard/comp589/ColemanPaper.pdf
Ruby Rogues #41 http://devchat.tv/ruby-rogues/041-rr-code-metrics