Overview of the str.format() mini-language, taken from https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatspec.

python_format_cheat_sheet.md

Python Format Cheat Sheet

format_spec     ::=  [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][grouping_option][.precision][type]
fill            ::=  <any character>
align           ::=  "<" | ">" | "=" | "^"
sign            ::=  "+" | "-" | " "
width           ::=  digit+
grouping_option ::=  "_" | ","
precision       ::=  digit+
type            ::=  "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"

fill

If a valid align value is specified, it can be preceded by a fill character that can be any character and defaults to a space if omitted.

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align
'<'	Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available space (this is the default for most objects).
'>'	Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available space (this is the default for numbers).
'='	Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any) but before the digits. This is used for printing fields in the form ‘+000000120’. This alignment option is only valid for numeric types. It becomes the default when ‘0’ immediately precedes the field width.
'^'	Forces the field to be centered within the available space.

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sign
'+'	indicates that a sign should be used for both positive as well as negative numbers.
'-'	indicates that a sign should be used only for negative numbers (this is the default behavior).
space	indicates that a leading space should be used on positive numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers.

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#	“alternate form”
integers (binary, octal, hexadecimal output)	adds the prefix respective '0b', '0o', or '0x'.
floats, complex, Decimal	causes the result of the conversion to always contain a decimal-point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, a decimal-point character appears in the result of these conversions only if a digit follows it. In addition, for 'g' and 'G' conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result.

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width

is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not specified, then the field width will be determined by the content. When no explicit alignment is given, preceding the width field by a zero ('0') character enables sign-aware zero-padding for numeric types (equivalent to a fill character of '0' with an alignment type of '=').|

---

grouping_option
','	signals the use of a comma for a thousands separator. For a locale aware separator, use the 'n' integer presentation type instead.
'_'	signals the use of an underscore for a thousands separator for floating point presentation types and for integer presentation type 'd'. For integer presentation types 'b', 'o', 'x', and 'X', underscores will be inserted every 4 digits. For other presentation types, specifying this option is an error.

---

precision
float, Decimal	decimal number indicating how many digits should be displayed after the decimal point for a floating point value formatted with 'f' and 'F', or before and after the decimal point for a floating point value formatted with 'g' or 'G'.
non-number types	indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will be used from the field content.
integer	The precision is not allowed for integer values.

---

type (string)
's'	String format. This is the default type for strings and may be omitted.
None	The same as 's'.

type (integer)
'b'	Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2.
'c'	Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding unicode character before printing.
'd'	Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10.
'o'	Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8.
'x'	Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower- case letters for the digits above 9.
'X'	Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using upper- case letters for the digits above 9.
'n'	Number. This is the same as 'd', except that it uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate number separator characters.
None	The same as 'd'.

type (decimal)
'e'	Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific notation using the letter ‘e’ to indicate the exponent. The default precision is 6.
'E'	Exponent notation. Same as 'e' except it uses an upper case ‘E’ as the separator character.
'f'	Fixed-point notation. Displays the number as a fixed-point number. The default precision is 6.
'F'	Fixed-point notation. Same as 'f', but converts nan to NAN and inf to INF.
'g'	General format. For a given precision p >= 1, this rounds the number to p significant digits and then formats the result in either fixed-point format or in scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. The precise rules are as follows: suppose that the result formatted with presentation type 'e' and precision p-1 would have exponent exp. Then if -4 <= exp < p, the number is formatted with presentation type 'f' and precision p-1-exp. Otherwise, the number is formatted with presentation type 'e' and precision p-1. In both cases insignificant trailing zeros are removed from the significand, and the decimal point is also removed if there are no remaining digits following it. Positive and negative infinity, positive and negative zero, and nans, are formatted as inf, -inf, 0, -0 and nan respectively, regardless of the precision. A precision of 0 is treated as equivalent to a precision of 1. The default precision is 6.
'G'	General format. Same as 'g' except switches to 'E' if the number gets too large. The representations of infinity and NaN are uppercased, too.
'n'	Number. This is the same as 'g', except that it uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate number separator characters.
'%'	Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in fixed ('f') format, followed by a percent sign.
None	Similar to 'g', except that fixed-point notation, when used, has at least one digit past the decimal point. The default precision is as high as needed to represent the particular value. The overall effect is to match the output of str() as altered by the other format modifiers.