Bash Snippet

ABS_Snippet.md

Advanced Bash Scripting Guide

Code snippet from ABS.

cannot_change_directory

E_XCD=86       # Can't change directory?

# cd /var/log || {
#   echo "Cannot change to necessary directory." >&2
#   exit $E_XCD;
# }

case.sh

case "$Keypress" in
  [[:lower:]]   ) echo "Lowercase letter";;
  [[:upper:]]   ) echo "Uppercase letter";;
  [0-9]         ) echo "Digit";;
  *             ) echo "Punctuation, whitespace, or other";;
esac      #  Allows ranges of characters in [square brackets],
          #+ or POSIX ranges in [[double square brackets.

exit.sh

exit 0
#  A zero return value from the script upon exit indicates success
#+ to the shell.

file_extension.sh

filename=$(basename "$fullfile")
extension=$([[ ${filename} == *.* ]] && echo "${filename##*.}" || echo "")
filename=$([[ ${filename} == *.* ]] && echo "${filename%.*}" || echo "${filename}")

indirect_reference.sh

a=letter_of_alphabet
letter_of_alphabet=z

echo "a = $a"           # Direct reference.
echo "Now a = ${!a}"    # Indirect reference.
#  The ${!variable} notation is more intuitive than the old
#+ eval var1=\$$var2


# Old way
# varname=USER
# $varname == USER
# \$$varname == $USER in literal
# eval variable=.....   evaluate and assign to variable
eval variable=\$$varname

key_value_param.sh

#!/bin/bash
# getopt-simple.sh
# Author: Chris Morgan
# Used in the ABS Guide with permission.


getopt_simple()
{
    echo "getopt_simple()"
    echo "Parameters are '$*'"
    until [ -z "$1" ]
    do
      echo "Processing parameter of: '$1'"
      if [ ${1:0:1} = '/' ]
      then
          tmp=${1:1}               # Strip off leading '/' . . .
          parameter=${tmp%%=*}     # Extract name.
          value=${tmp##*=}         # Extract value.
          echo "Parameter: '$parameter', value: '$value'"
          eval $parameter=$value
      fi
      shift
    done
}

# Pass all options to getopt_simple().
getopt_simple $*

echo "test is '$test'"
echo "test2 is '$test2'"

exit 0  # See also, UseGetOpt.sh, a modified version of this script.

---

sh getopt_example.sh /test=value1 /test2=value2

Parameters are '/test=value1 /test2=value2'
Processing parameter of: '/test=value1'
Parameter: 'test', value: 'value1'
Processing parameter of: '/test2=value2'
Parameter: 'test2', value: 'value2'
test is 'value1'
test2 is 'value2'

loop_array_of_array.sh

#!/bin/bash
# Planets revisited.

# Associate the name of each planet with its distance from the sun.

for planet in "Mercury 36" "Venus 67" "Earth 93"  "Mars 142" "Jupiter 483"
do
  set -- $planet  #  Parses variable "planet"
                  #+ and sets positional parameters.
  #  The "--" prevents nasty surprises if $planet is null or
  #+ begins with a dash.

  #  May need to save original positional parameters,
  #+ since they get overwritten.
  #  One way of doing this is to use an array,
  #         original_params=("$@")

  echo "$1		$2,000,000 miles from the sun"
  #-------two  tabs---concatenate zeroes onto parameter $2
done

# (Thanks, S.C., for additional clarification.)

exit 0

loop_file_glob.sh

#!/bin/bash

filename="*txt"

for file in $filename
do
 echo "Contents of $file"
 echo "---"
 cat "$file"
 echo
done

loop_reverse_position_param.sh

#!/bin/bash
# revposparams.sh: Reverse positional parameters.
# Script by Dan Jacobson, with stylistic revisions by document author.


set a\ b c d\ e;
#     ^      ^     Spaces escaped 
#       ^ ^        Spaces not escaped
OIFS=$IFS; IFS=:;
#              ^   Saving old IFS and setting new one.

echo

until [ $# -eq 0 ]
do          #      Step through positional parameters.
  echo "### k0 = "$k""     # Before
  k=$1:$k;  #      Append each pos param to loop variable.
#     ^
  echo "### k = "$k""      # After
  echo
  shift;
done

set $k  #  Set new positional parameters.
echo -
echo $# #  Count of positional parameters.
echo -
echo

for i   #  Omitting the "in list" sets the variable -- i --
        #+ to the positional parameters.
do
  echo $i  # Display new positional parameters.
done

IFS=$OIFS  # Restore IFS.

#  Question:
#  Is it necessary to set an new IFS, internal field separator,
#+ in order for this script to work properly?
#  What happens if you don't? Try it.
#  And, why use the new IFS -- a colon -- in line 17,
#+ to append to the loop variable?
#  What is the purpose of this?

exit 0

$ ./revposparams.sh

### k0 = 
### k = a b

### k0 = a b
### k = c a b

### k0 = c a b
### k = d e c a b

-
3
-

d e
c
a b

match_word_in_variable.sh

word=Linux
letter_sequence=inu
if echo "$word" | grep -q "$letter_sequence"
# The "-q" option to grep suppresses output.
then
  echo "$letter_sequence found in $word"
else
  echo "$letter_sequence not found in $word"
fi

parse_arguments.sh

# Usage   ./myscript.sh -e conf -s /etc -l /usr/lib /etc/hosts 

#!/bin/bash
# Use -gt 1 to consume two arguments per pass in the loop (e.g. each
# argument has a corresponding value to go with it).
# Use -gt 0 to consume one or more arguments per pass in the loop (e.g.
# some arguments don't have a corresponding value to go with it such
# as in the --default example).
# note: if this is set to -gt 0 the /etc/hosts part is not recognized ( may be a bug )
while [[ $# -gt 1 ]]
do
key="$1"

case $key in
    -e|--extension)
    EXTENSION="$2"
    shift # past argument
    ;;
    -s|--searchpath)
    SEARCHPATH="$2"
    shift # past argument
    ;;
    -l|--lib)
    LIBPATH="$2"
    shift # past argument
    ;;
    --default)
    DEFAULT=YES
    ;;
    *)
            # unknown option
    ;;
esac
shift # past argument or value
done
echo FILE EXTENSION  = "${EXTENSION}"
echo SEARCH PATH     = "${SEARCHPATH}"
echo LIBRARY PATH    = "${LIBPATH}"
echo "Number files in SEARCH PATH with EXTENSION:" $(ls -1 "${SEARCHPATH}"/*."${EXTENSION}" | wc -l)
if [[ -n $1 ]]; then
    echo "Last line of file specified as non-opt/last argument:"
    tail -1 $1
fi


#!/bin/bash

for i in "$@"
do
case $i in
    -e=*|--extension=*)
    EXTENSION="${i#*=}"
    shift # past argument=value
    ;;
    -s=*|--searchpath=*)
    SEARCHPATH="${i#*=}"
    shift # past argument=value
    ;;
    -l=*|--lib=*)
    LIBPATH="${i#*=}"
    shift # past argument=value
    ;;
    --default)
    DEFAULT=YES
    shift # past argument with no value
    ;;
    *)
            # unknown option
    ;;
esac
done
echo "FILE EXTENSION  = ${EXTENSION}"
echo "SEARCH PATH     = ${SEARCHPATH}"
echo "LIBRARY PATH    = ${LIBPATH}"
echo "Number files in SEARCH PATH with EXTENSION:" $(ls -1 "${SEARCHPATH}"/*."${EXTENSION}" | wc -l)
if [[ -n $1 ]]; then
    echo "Last line of file specified as non-opt/last argument:"
    tail -1 $1
fi


#!/bin/sh
# POSIX

# Reset all variables that might be set
file=
verbose=0 # Variables to be evaluated as shell arithmetic should be initialized to a default or validated beforehand.

while :; do
    case $1 in
        -h|-\?|--help)   # Call a "show_help" function to display a synopsis, then exit.
            show_help
            exit
            ;;
        -f|--file)       # Takes an option argument, ensuring it has been specified.
            if [ -n "$2" ]; then
                file=$2
                shift
            else
                printf 'ERROR: "--file" requires a non-empty option argument.\n' >&2
                exit 1
            fi
            ;;
        --file=?*)
            file=${1#*=} # Delete everything up to "=" and assign the remainder.
            ;;
        --file=)         # Handle the case of an empty --file=
            printf 'ERROR: "--file" requires a non-empty option argument.\n' >&2
            exit 1
            ;;
        -v|--verbose)
            verbose=$((verbose + 1)) # Each -v argument adds 1 to verbosity.
            ;;
        --)              # End of all options.
            shift
            break
            ;;
        -?*)
            printf 'WARN: Unknown option (ignored): %s\n' "$1" >&2
            ;;
        *)               # Default case: If no more options then break out of the loop.
            break
    esac

    shift
done

# if --file was provided, open it for writing, else duplicate stdout
if [ -n "$file" ]; then
    exec 3> "$file"
else
    exec 3>&1
fi

# Rest of the program here.
# If there are input files (for example) that follow the options, they
# will remain in the "$@" positional parameters.

position_argument_inconsistent.sh

#!/bin/bash

#  Erratic behavior of the "$*" and "$@" internal Bash variables,
#+ depending on whether or not they are quoted.
#  Demonstrates inconsistent handling of word splitting and linefeeds.


set -- "First one" "second" "third:one" "" "Fifth: :one"
# Setting the script arguments, $1, $2, $3, etc.

echo

echo 'IFS unchanged, using "$*"'
c=0
for i in "$*"               # quoted
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"   # This line remains the same in every instance.
                            # Echo args.
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS unchanged, using $*'
c=0
for i in $*                 # unquoted
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS unchanged, using "$@"'
c=0
for i in "$@"
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS unchanged, using $@'
c=0
for i in $@
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

IFS=:
echo 'IFS=":", using "$*"'
c=0
for i in "$*"
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS=":", using $*'
c=0
for i in $*
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

var=$*
echo 'IFS=":", using "$var" (var=$*)'
c=0
for i in "$var"
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS=":", using $var (var=$*)'
c=0
for i in $var
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

var="$*"
echo 'IFS=":", using $var (var="$*")'
c=0
for i in $var
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS=":", using "$var" (var="$*")'
c=0
for i in "$var"
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS=":", using "$@"'
c=0
for i in "$@"
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS=":", using $@'
c=0
for i in $@
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

var=$@
echo 'IFS=":", using $var (var=$@)'
c=0
for i in $var
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS=":", using "$var" (var=$@)'
c=0
for i in "$var"
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

var="$@"
echo 'IFS=":", using "$var" (var="$@")'
c=0
for i in "$var"
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done
echo ---

echo 'IFS=":", using $var (var="$@")'
c=0
for i in $var
do echo "$((c+=1)): [$i]"
done

echo

# Try this script with ksh or zsh -y.

exit 0

#  This example script written by Stephane Chazelas,
#+ and slightly modified by the document author.

position_argument_list.sh

#!/bin/bash
# arglist.sh
# Invoke this script with several arguments, such as "one two three" ...

E_BADARGS=85

if [ ! -n "$1" ]
then
  echo "Usage: `basename $0` argument1 argument2 etc."
  exit $E_BADARGS
fi  

echo

index=1          # Initialize count.

echo "Listing args with \"\$*\":"
for arg in "$*"  # Doesn't work properly if "$*" isn't quoted.
do
  echo "Arg #$index = $arg"
  let "index+=1"
done             # $* sees all arguments as single word. 
echo "Entire arg list seen as single word."

echo

index=1          # Reset count.
                 # What happens if you forget to do this?

echo "Listing args with \"\$@\":"
for arg in "$@"
do
  echo "Arg #$index = $arg"
  let "index+=1"
done             # $@ sees arguments as separate words. 
echo "Arg list seen as separate words."

echo

index=1          # Reset count.

echo "Listing args with \$* (unquoted):"
for arg in $*
do
  echo "Arg #$index = $arg"
  let "index+=1"
done             # Unquoted $* sees arguments as separate words. 
echo "Arg list seen as separate words."

exit 0

run_as_root.sh

ROOT_UID=0     # Only users with $UID 0 have root privileges.
E_NOTROOT=87   # Non-root exit error.


# Run as root, of course.
if [ "$UID" -ne "$ROOT_UID" ]
then
  echo "Must be root to run this script."
  exit $E_NOTROOT
fi  

script_dir.sh

SCRIPT_DIR=$(dirname $(readlink -f  "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}"))
echo ${SCRIPT_DIR}

use_var_in_awk.sh

variable="line one\nline two"
awk -v var="$variable" 'BEGIN {print var}'
line one
line two