This code sample enables support for the ACF shortcode inside a query loop by overriding the default shortcode block renderer with one which will inject the correct Post ID into the shortcode parameters

acf-shortcode-query-loop-support.php

<?php

add_filter( 'render_block_core/shortcode', 'test_acf_shortcode_render', 10, 3);
function test_acf_shortcode_render( $content, $parsed_block, $block ) {
	$content = preg_replace_callback( '/\[acf\s.*?\]/', 'acf_inject_query_loop_post_ID', $content );
	return $content;
}

function acf_inject_query_loop_post_ID( $match ) {
	return str_replace( '[acf', '[acf post_id="' . get_the_ID() . '"', $match[0] );
}