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April 15, 2016 03:06
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Grammatical endings, affixes, correlatives: | |
-a adjective | |
-e adverb | |
-j plural | |
-n accusative | |
-o noun | |
Verbs: | |
-i infinitive | |
-as present | |
-is past | |
-os future | |
-us conditional | |
-u volitive (imperative, subjunctive) | |
Participles: | |
past present future | |
active -int- -ant- -ont- | |
passive -it- -at- -ot- | |
Prefixes: | |
bo- relation by marriage, "in-law" | |
bopatrino: mother-in-law; bofrato: brother-in-law | |
ĉef- head, chief | |
ĉefurbo: capital; ĉefministro: prime minister | |
dis- separation, scattering | |
disĵeti: to throw about; dissendi: to distribute | |
ek- sudden or momentary action | |
ekbrili: to flash; ekkrii: to shout out | |
ge- both sexes together | |
gepatroj: father and mother; gesinjoroj: ladies and gentlemen | |
mal- opposite | |
granda: big, malgranda: small; riĉa: rich, malriĉa: poor | |
re- over again, back again | |
resendi: to send back; rekonstrui: to rebuild | |
Suffixes: | |
-adi to do an action persistently or repeatedly | |
kuradi: to keep on running; vizitadi: to visit habitually | |
-ado frequent or continuous action | |
kuirado: cooking; parolado: speech | |
-aĵo thing, substance | |
novaĵo: news, novelty; manĝaĵo: food | |
-ano member, inhabitant | |
Usonano: American; Kristano: Christian | |
-aro collection, group | |
arbaro: forest; vortaro: dictionary | |
-ebla possible | |
videbla: visible; kredebla: credible | |
-eco abstract quality | |
boneco: goodness; amikeco: friendship | |
-eg- great size, intense degree, augmentative | |
domego: mansion; varmega: extremely hot | |
-ejo place | |
lernejo: school; vendejo: store | |
-ema propensity, tendency | |
parolema: talkative; ludema: playful | |
-estro leader, chief | |
lernejestro: school principal; urbestro: mayor | |
-et- smallness, small degree, diminutive | |
varmeta: lukewarm; libreto: booklet | |
-ido child, descendent | |
katido: kitten; reĝo: king, reĝido: prince | |
-igi to make, to cause to become | |
purigi: to clean; mortigi: to kill | |
-iĝi to become | |
naskiĝi: to be born; edziĝi: to marry (become a husband) | |
-ilo tool, instrument | |
tranĉilo: knife; ludilo: a toy | |
-inda worthy of | |
memorinda: memorable; vidinda: worth seeing | |
-ino feminine | |
patrino: mother; bovino: cow | |
-ismo doctrine, system (as in English) | |
komunismo: communism; kristanismo: Christianity | |
-isto person connected with something (as in English) | |
instruisto: teacher; komunisto: communist | |
-obla multiple | |
duobla: double; trioble: triply | |
-ona fraction | |
duona: half (of); centono: one hundredth | |
-ujo container, country | |
monujo: purse; Anglujo: England (now often "-io" in this sense) | |
-ulo person possessing a quality or characteristic | |
riĉulo: rich man; junulo: young person | |
-um- indefinite suffix indicating some relation with the root | |
kolumo: collar; malvarmumo: a cold; plenumi: to fulfill | |
(This is not a complete list of all official prefixes and suffixes, but only the most frequent.) | |
Table of Correlatives: | |
WHICH, THAT SOME NO EACH, | |
WHAT EVERY | |
ONE KIU TIU IU NENIU ĈIU | |
which one, that one someone, no-one, each one, | |
who somebody nobody everybody | |
THING KIO TIO IO NENIO ĈIO | |
what thing, that thing something nothing everything | |
what | |
KIND KIA TIA IA NENIA ĈIA | |
what kind of that kind of some kind of no kind of every kind of | |
PLACE KIE TIE IE NENIE ĈIE | |
where there somewhere nowhere everywhere | |
WAY KIEL TIEL IEL* NENIEL* ĈIEL* | |
how, thus, somehow, "nohow", in every way | |
in what way in that way in some way in no way | |
REASON KIAL TIAL IAL* NENIAL* ĈIAL* | |
why, for so, for for some for no for every | |
what reason that reason reason reason reason | |
TIME KIAM TIAM IAM NENIAM ĈIAM | |
when, at then, at at some time never, at always, | |
what time that time no time every time | |
QUANTITY KIOM TIOM IOM NENIOM ĈIOM | |
how much, that much, some none the whole | |
how many that many (quantity) quantity, all | |
ONE'S KIES TIES* IES* NENIES* ĈIES* | |
whose, that one's someone's no-one's, everyone's | |
which one's nobody's everybody's |
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