Docker 17.12 won't start on Centos 7.5 without upgrading the kernel

kernel-info.log

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/*-release
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core) 
NAME="CentOS Linux"
VERSION="7 (Core)"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="7"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 7 (Core)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:7"
HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"

CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-7"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="7"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="7"

CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core) 
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core) 
[root@localhost ~]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Jun 30 12:09:22 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@localhost ~]# yum upgrade kernel
... lots of messages telling what to upgrade ...
[root@localhost ~]# reboot
... system reboots, re login ...
[root@localhost ~]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 3.10.0-862.3.2.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon May 21 23:36:36 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

messages

... clipped version of /var/log/messages ...
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain polkitd[1151]: Registered Authentication Agent for unix-process:34744:54181280 (system bus name :1.344 [/usr/bin/pkttyagent --notify-fd 5 --fallback], object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8)
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Docker Application Container Engine...
-- Subject: Unit docker.service has begun start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://lists.freedesktop.org/mailman/listinfo/systemd-devel
-- 
-- Unit docker.service has begun starting up.
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20.127288284Z" level=info msg="libcontainerd: started new docker-containerd process" pid=34757
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="starting containerd" module=containerd revision=9b55aab90508bd389d7654c4baf173a981477d55 version=v1.0.1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.content.v1.content"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.content.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.snapshotter.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=warning msg="failed to load plugin io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs" error="path /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs must be a btrfs filesystem to be used with the btrfs snapshotter" module=containerd
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.snapshotter.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=warning msg="failed to load plugin io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs" error="/var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs does not support d_type. If the backing filesystem is xfs, please reformat with ftype=1 to enable d_type support" module=containerd
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.metadata.v1.bolt"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.metadata.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=warning msg="could not use snapshotter btrfs in metadata plugin" error="path /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs must be a btrfs filesystem to be used with the btrfs snapshotter" module="containerd/io.containerd.metadata.v1.bolt"
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=warning msg="could not use snapshotter overlayfs in metadata plugin" error="/var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs does not support d_type. If the backing filesystem is xfs, please reformat with ftype=1 to enable d_type support" module="containerd/io.containerd.metadata.v1.bolt"
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.differ.v1.walking"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.differ.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.gc.v1.scheduler"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.gc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.containers"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.content"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.diff"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.events"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.healthcheck"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.images"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.leases"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.namespaces"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.snapshots"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.monitor.v1.cgroups"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.monitor.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.runtime.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.tasks"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.version"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="loading plugin "io.containerd.grpc.v1.introspection"..." module=containerd type=io.containerd.grpc.v1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg=serving... address="/var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd-debug.sock" module="containerd/debug"
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg=serving... address="/var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock" module="containerd/grpc"
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20Z" level=info msg="containerd successfully booted in 0.005413s" module=containerd
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20.170643229Z" level=warning msg="devmapper: Usage of loopback devices is strongly discouraged for production use. Please use `--storage-opt dm.thinpooldev` or use `man dockerd` to refer to dm.thinpooldev section."
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd-udevd[34770]: inotify_add_watch(7, /dev/dm-3, 10) failed: No such file or directory
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain kernel: bio: create slab <bio-2> at 2
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20.446784493Z" level=info msg="devmapper: Creating filesystem xfs on device docker-253:1-134938106-base, mkfs args: [-m crc=0,finobt=0 /dev/mapper/docker-253:1-134938106-base]"
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20.448436282Z" level=info msg="devmapper: Error while creating filesystem xfs on device docker-253:1-134938106-base: exit status 1"
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: time="2018-06-05T20:54:20.448479094Z" level=error msg="[graphdriver] prior storage driver devicemapper failed: exit status 1"
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain dockerd[34750]: Error starting daemon: error initializing graphdriver: exit status 1
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: docker.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.
-- Subject: Unit docker.service has failed
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://lists.freedesktop.org/mailman/listinfo/systemd-devel
-- 
-- Unit docker.service has failed.
-- 
-- The result is failed.
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Unit docker.service entered failed state.
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: docker.service failed.
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain polkitd[1151]: Unregistered Authentication Agent for unix-process:34744:54181280 (system bus name :1.344, object path /org/freedesktop/PolicyKit1/AuthenticationAgent, locale en_US.UTF-8) (disconnected from bus)
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: docker.service holdoff time over, scheduling restart.
Jun 05 20:54:20 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Docker Application Container Engine...
-- Subject: Unit docker.service has begun start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://lists.freedesktop.org/mailman/listinfo/systemd-devel
-- 
-- Unit docker.service has begun starting up.

I got some machine running CentOS 7.5 and had to install Docker CE 17.12 on it. Tried using Rancher's install script but the service failed on startup trying to create an xfs filesystem.

I finally found that Rancher states it only supports kernel versions 3.10.0-514 and newer:

For RHEL/CentOS, please use kernel version 3.10.0-514.2.2.el7.x86_64 or higher. Includes when using release 7.3 or higher.

My machine was running 3.10.0-123.