Created
March 28, 2019 20:17
Decompresses Windows Defender AV signatures for exploration purposes
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filter Expand-DefenderAVSignatureDB { | |
<# | |
.SYNOPSIS | |
Decompresses a Windows Defender AV signature database (.VDM file). | |
.DESCRIPTION | |
Expand-DefenderAVSignatureDB extracts a Windows Defender AV signature database (.VDM file). This function was developed by reversing mpengine.dll and with the help of Tavis Ormandy and his LoadLibrary project (https://github.com/taviso/loadlibrary). Note: Currently, "scrambled" databases are not supported although, I have yet to encounter a scrambled database. Thus far, all databases I've encountered are zlib-compressed. | |
.PARAMETER FilePath | |
Specifies the path to a Defender AV signature file. Defender AV signature databases are stored in "%ProgramData%\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Definition Updates\{GUID}\*.vdm". The file path must have the .vdm extension. | |
.PARAMETER OutputFileName | |
Specifies the filename of the extracted signature database. This is written to the current working directory. | |
.EXAMPLE | |
ls 'C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Definition Updates\{42F61A44-8142-4AF4-8E13-6EA18B60C397}\mpavbase.vdm' | Expand-DefenderAVSignatureDB -OutputFileName mpavbase.decompressed | |
Extracts the signature database from mpavbase.vdm and writes it to mpavbase.decompressed in the current directory. | |
.OUTPUTS | |
System.IO.FileInfo | |
Outputs a FileInfo object indicating successful extraction of the .VDM file. | |
#> | |
[OutputType([System.IO.FileInfo])] | |
param ( | |
[Parameter(Mandatory, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName)] | |
[String] | |
[Alias('FullName')] | |
[ValidateScript({$_.EndsWith('.vdm')})] | |
$FilePath, | |
[Parameter(Mandatory)] | |
[String] | |
[ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()] | |
$OutputFileName | |
) | |
if (-not (Test-Path -Path $FilePath)) { | |
Write-Error "$FilePath does not exist" | |
return | |
} | |
$FileFullPath = Resolve-Path -Path $FilePath | |
$FileBytes = [IO.File]::ReadAllBytes($FileFullPath.Path) | |
if ([Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString($FileBytes[0..1]) -ne 'MZ') { | |
Write-Error "$FileFullPath is not a valid PE file." | |
return | |
} | |
# Note: Codepage 28591 returns a 1-to-1 char to byte mapping | |
$Encoding = [Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding(28591) | |
$FileString = $Encoding.GetString($FileBytes) | |
# Most of this logic is present in mpengine!load_database and subsequent function calls | |
$DatabaseSigRegex = [Regex] 'RMDX' | |
$Result = $DatabaseSigRegex.Match($FileString) | |
if (-not $Result.Success) { | |
Write-Error 'Defender AV signature database header signature ("RMDX") was not found' | |
return | |
} | |
$HeaderIndex = $Result.Index | |
$HeaderSize = 0x40 | |
[Byte[]] $HeaderBytes = $FileBytes[$HeaderIndex..($HeaderIndex + $HeaderSize - 1)] | |
$Options = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($HeaderBytes, 0x0C) | |
$MaybeChecksum = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($HeaderBytes, 0x1C) | |
$LastFieldUnknown = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($HeaderBytes, 0x3C) | |
$IsCompressed = [Bool][Byte](($Options -shr 1) -band 0xFF) | |
if (-not $IsCompressed) { | |
Write-Warning 'Signature database is "scrambled". Figure out how to programmatically recover this. Unable to continue.' | |
return | |
} | |
# Offset to the compressed data info from the start of the sig db header | |
$CompressedDataInfoOffset = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($HeaderBytes, 0x18) | |
if ((($Options -band 0x200000) -eq 0) -or ($MaybeChecksum -eq 0) -or ($LastFieldUnknown -eq 0)) { | |
Write-Error "Invalid Defender AV signature database header." | |
return | |
} | |
$CompressedDataLength = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($FileBytes, $HeaderIndex + $CompressedDataInfoOffset) | |
$CompressedDataChecksumMaybe = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($FileBytes, $HeaderIndex + $CompressedDataInfoOffset + 4) | |
$CompressedDataIndex = $HeaderIndex + $CompressedDataInfoOffset + 8 | |
# To-do: this is slow. I need to figure out how to speed up array splicing | |
$CompressedData = $FileBytes[$CompressedDataIndex..($CompressedDataIndex + $CompressedDataLength - 1)] | |
$MemoryStream = New-Object -TypeName IO.MemoryStream -ArgumentList @(,$CompressedData) | |
# Write the decompressed signature database contents to the filename specified in the current directory. | |
$DecompressedFileStream = [IO.File]::Create("$PWD\$OutputFileName") | |
$DeflateStream = New-Object IO.Compression.DeflateStream -ArgumentList ($MemoryStream, [IO.Compression.CompressionMode]::Decompress) | |
try { | |
$DeflateStream.CopyTo($DecompressedFileStream) | |
} catch { | |
Write-Error $_ | |
} finally { | |
$DeflateStream.Close() | |
$DecompressedFileStream.Close() | |
$MemoryStream.Close() | |
} | |
Get-Item -Path "$PWD\$OutputFileName" | |
} |
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Just a FYI, the "scrambled" database your are referring are used in Malicious software Removal Tool.