간단한 사보타주 실전 매뉴얼 전략 사무국 (임시)
전략 사무국 실전 매뉴얼 3
전략 사무국 워싱턴 D. C.
1944년 1월 17일
이 간단한 사보타주 실전 매뉴얼 - 전략 사무국 (임시) - 은 관심 있는 모든 이들에게 정보와 가이드를 제공하기 위해 만들어졌으며 해당 주제의 전략 사무 훈련을 위한 기본 교리로 사용될 것이다.
이 매뉴얼의 내용은 조심히 다루어져야 하며 허가받지 않은 자의 손에 들어가지 않도록 해야 한다.
각 지침은 작전 분류에 따라 별도의 팜플렛 또는 리플렛에 나누어 놓아도 되나 조심해서 배포되어야 하며 널리 퍼뜨리면 안된다. 이들은 국지적이고 특별한 케이스에만 라디오 방송의 근간으로 사용될 수 있으며, 전구 사령관의 지시에 의해서만 가능하다.
이 매뉴얼 취급 시에는 비밀 문서 처리와 관련한 AR 380-5를 준수해야 한다.
윌리엄 J. 도노반
목차
- 소개
- 기대효과
- 사보타주 행위자에게 동기부여하기
- 도구, 목표, 그리고 타이밍
- 간단한 사보타주를 위한 상세 제안
이 문서의 목적은 간단한 사보타주에 대해 특징 짓고, 가능한 효과를 대략적으로 그리며, 선동 및 실행을 위한 제안 사항을 제시하기 위함이다.
사보타주는 상세한 계획과 특수훈련을 받은 요원을 필요로 하는 고도의 기술적 쿠데타 행위에서부터 일반 개인 시민이 행할 수 있는 셀 수 없이 많은 간단한 행위까지 다양하다. 이 문서는 주로 후자에 관련된다. 간단한 사보타주는 특별히 준비된 도구나 장비를 필요로 하지 않는다. 이는 개인 또는 다수의 일반 시민에 의해 행해지며, 조직된 그룹과의 활발한 연계를 필요로 하지 않는다. 또 부상, 발각, 보복의 위험에 최소한으로 노출되는 방법으로 수행된다.
파괴 공작에 있어 시민 사보타주 행위자의 무기는 소금, 못, 촛불, 조약돌, 실, 또는 일반 가정이나 노동자가 자신의 직장에서 일반적으로 갖고 있을만한 다른 어떠한 물건을 포함한다. 부엌 찬장, 쓰레기 더미, 본인의 도구 및 생활용품이 곧 무기고이다. 사보타주 목표물은 자신이 보통 매일매일 일상적으로, 눈에 띄지 않게 접하는 대상이다.
두번째 유형의 간단한 사보타주는 파괴적인 도구를 전혀 필요로 하지 않으며 필요한 경우 매우 간접적인 방법으로 물리적인 피해를 가한다. 이는 잘못된 의사 결정을 하고, 비협조적인 자세를 취하며, 다른 이들이 이를 따라하도록 하는 등의 다양한 기회를 통해 행해진다. 잘못된 의사 결정의 단순한 예는 한 곳에 있어야 할 도구를 다른 곳에 놓는 일이 될 수 있다. 비협조적 자세는 동료 노동자들 사이에서 불쾌한 상황을 만들고, 말싸움에 끼어들거나 무뚝뚝함과 멍청함을 보여주는 것에 지나지 않는다.
이 유형의 행위 - 때때로 "인간 요소"로 불리는 - 는 일반적인 상황에서도 종종 사고, 지연 또는 일반적인 장애요소의 원인이 된다. 잠재적인 사보타주 행위자는 어떤 유형의 잘못된 의사 결정과 수행이 존재하는지 발견하여 "오류로 인한 피해"를 극대화할 수 있도록 그만의 사보타주를 고안해야 한다.
간단한 사보타주 행위는 유럽 전역에서 일어나고 있다. 그 효율을 증대하고 발각 가능성을 낮추며 규모를 늘리기 위해 노력을 기울여야 한다. 수 천 명의 시민 사보타주 행위자에 의해 행해지는 간단한 사보타주 행위는 적에 대항하는 효과적인 무기가 될 수 있다. 타이어를 터뜨리고, 연료 탱크를 새게 하고, 불을 지르고, 말싸움을 유발하고, 바보 같이 행동하고, 전자 시스템을 쇼트 시키고, 기계 부품을 마모 시키는 행위는 물자, 인력, 그리고 시간을 낭비시킬 것이다. 광범위하게 발생하는 간단한 사보타주는 적의 전쟁 노력에 지속적이며 가시적인 방해가 될 것이다.
간단한 사보타주는 어느 정도 가치가 있는 부차적 결과를 가져올 수 있다. 광범위하게 실행되는 간단한 사보타주는 적의 관리자와 경찰을 괴롭혀 사기를 떨어뜨릴 수 있다. 더 나아가, 시민 사보타주 행위자가 성공을 통해 대담해져, 동료를 구하여 더 다각적인 사보타주를 할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 적국 또는 점령지에서 원주민의 간단한 사보타주 행위는 그들이 UN의 전쟁 노력에 적극적으로 동참하고, 연합국의 침투 및 점령 기간에 공개적으로 지원할 수 있도록 독려할 수 있다.
시민들에게 간단한 사보타주를 활발히 실행하도록 동기를 부여하고 또 지속적으로 수행하게 하는 것은 중요한 일이다.
간단한 사보타주는 주로 시민들의 성향에 따라 주도되는 행위이다. 파괴 행위는 주도자에게 어떠한 개인적 이익도 주지 않으며 물질과 도구에 대한 일상적인 보존주의적 태도와 완전히 상반될 수 있다. 의도된 바보짓은 인간 본성에 반하는 것이다. 간단한 사보타주 행위의 가능 수단을 찾기 위해 종종 압박, 자극, 확신, 정보 및 제안을 필요로 할 수 있다.
(a) 일반 시민에게는 간단한 사보타주를 수행할 직접적이고 개인적인 동기가 없을 가능성이 높다. 그 대신에, 적의 퇴각이나 통치 정부 조직의 붕괴 등을 통해 간접적인 개인적 이득을 기대하도록 해야 한다. Gains should be stated as specifically as possible for the area addressed: simple sabotage will hasten the day when Commissioner X and his deputies Y and Z will be thrown out, when particularly obnoxious decrees and restrictions will be abolished, when food will arrive, and so on. Abstract verbalizations about personal liberty, freedom of the press, and so on, will not be convincing in most parts of the world. In many areas they will not even be comprehensible.
(b) 개개인의 행위는 그 효과가 제한적이므로, 자신이 적이나 모국의 정부 등에 대항해 활동하는 거대하지만 보이지 않는 조직의 일원이라고 느끼지 않으면, 사보타주 행위자는 용기를 잃게 될 수 있다. 이는 특정 사보타주 기법이 근처 지역에서 성공적으로 먹혔다는 것을 읽거나 들음으로써 간접적으로 전달될 수 있다. 혹 그 기법이 자신의 주변에서는 적용 가능하지 않을지라도, 다른 이의 성공은 유사한 행위를 시도할 용기를 복돋아줄 것이다. 이는 또한 간단한 사보타주의 효력을 칭송하는 성명을 방송함으로써 직접적으로 전달될 수 있다. 사보타주에 종사하는 인구 비율의 추정치도 전파될 수 있다. 성공적인 사보타주 사례는 이미 방송으로 전파되고 있으며, 안전히 적용할 수 있는 한 지속적으로 확장되어야 한다.
(c) (a)나 (b)보다 중요한 것은, 시민 사보타주 행위자가 책임감을 느끼고 다른 사람에게 간단한 사보타주를 교육하기 시작하는 상황을 만드는 것이다.
It should be pointed out to the saboteur where the circumstances are suitable, that he is acting in self-defense against the enemy, or retaliating against the enemy for other acts of destruction. A reasonable amount of humor in the presentation of suggestions for simple sabotage will relax tensions of fear.
(a) The saboteur may have to reverse his thinking, and he should be told this in so many words. Where he formerly thought of keeping his tools sharp, he should now let them grow dull; surfaces that formerly were lubricated now should be sanded; normally diligent, he should now be lazy and careless; and so on. Once he is encouraged to think backwards about himself and the objects of his everyday life, the saboteur will see many opportunities in his immediate environment which cannot possibly be seen from a distance. A state of mind should be encouraged that anything can be sabotaged.
(b) Among the potential citizen-saboteurs who are to engage in physical destruction, two extreme types may be distinguished. On the one hand, there is the man who is not technically trained and employed. This man needs specific suggestions as to what he can and should destroy as well as details regarding the tools by means of which destruction is accomplished.
(c) At the other extreme is the man who is a technician, such as a lathe operator or an automobile mechanic. Presumably this man would be able to devise methods of simple sabotage which would be appropriate to his own facilities. However, this man needs to be stimulated to re-orient his thinking in the direction of destruction. Specific examples, which need not be from his own field, should accomplish this.
(d) Various media may be used to disseminate suggestions and information regarding simple sabotage. Among the media which may be used, as the immediate situation dictates, are: freedom stations or radio false (unreadable) broadcasts or leaflets may be directed toward specific geographic or occupational areas, or they may be general in scope. Finally, agents may be trained in the art of simple sabotage, in anticipation of a time when they may be able to communicate this information directly.
(a) The amount of activity carried on by the saboteur will be governed not only by the number of opportunities he sees, but also by the amount of danger he feels. Bad news travels fast, and simple sabotage will be discouraged if too many simple saboteurs are arrested.
(b) It should not be difficult to prepare leaflets and other media for the saboteur about the choice of weapons, time, and targets which will insure the saboteur against detection and retaliation. Among such suggestions might be the following:
(1) Use materials which appear to be innocent. A knife or a nail file can be carried normally on your person; either is a multi-purpose instrument for creating damage. Matches, pebbles, hair, salt, nails, and dozens of other destructive agents can be carried or kept in your living quarters without exciting any suspicion whatever. If you are a worker in a particular trade or industry you can easily carry and keep such things as wrenches, hammers, emery paper, and the like.
(2) Try to commit acts for which large numbers of people could be responsible. For instance, if you blow out the wiring in a factory at a central fire box, almost anyone could have done it. On-the-street sabotage after dark, such as you might be able to carry out against a military car or truck, is another example of an act for which it would be impossible to blame you.
(3) Do not be afraid to commit acts for which you might be blamed directly, so long as you do so rarely, and as long as you have a plausible excuse: you dropped your wrench across an electric circuit because an air raid had kept you up the night before and you were half-dozing at work. Always be profuse in your apologies. Frequently you can "get away" with such acts under the cover of pretending stupidity, ignorance, over-caution, fear of being suspected of sabotage, or weakness and dullness due to undernourishment.
(4) After you have committed an act of easy sabotage, resist any temptation to wait around and see what happens. Loiterers arouse suspicion. Of course, there are circumstances when it would be suspicious for you to leave. If you commit sabotage on your job, you should naturally stay at your work.
The citizen-saboteur cannot be closely controlled. Nor is it reasonable to expect that simple sabotage can be precisely concentrated on specific types of target according to the requirements of a concrete military situation. Attempts to control simple sabotage according to developing military factors, moreover, might provide the enemy with intelligence of more or less value in anticipating the date and area of notably intensified or notably slackened military activity.
Sabotage suggestions, of course, should be adapted to fit the area where they are to be practiced. Target priorities for general types of situations likewise can be specified, for emphasis at the proper time by the underground press, freedom stations, and cooperating propaganda.
(a) Simple sabotage is more than malicious mischief, and it should always consist of acts whose results will be detrimental to the materials and manpower of the enemy.
(b) The saboteur should be ingenious in using his every-day equipment. All sorts of weapons will present themselves if he looks at his surroundings in a different light. For example, emery dust -- a at first may seen unobtainable but if the saboteur were to pulverize an emery knife sharpener or emery wheel with a hammer, he would find himself with a plentiful supply.
(c) The saboteur should never attack targets beyond his capacity or the capacity of his instruments. An inexperienced person should not, for example, attempt to use explosives, but should confine himself to the use of matches or other familiar weapons.
(d) The saboteur should try to damage only objects and materials known to be in use by the enemy or to be destined for early use by the enemy. It will be safe for him to assume that almost any product of heavy industry is destined for enemy use, and that the most efficient fuels and lubricants also are destined for enemy use. Without special knowledge, however, it would be undesirable for him to attempt destruction of food crops or food products.
(e) Although the citizen-saboteur may rarely have access to military objects, he should give these preference above all others.
During periods which are quiescent in a military sense, such emphasis as can be given to simple sabotage might well center on industrial production, to lessen the flow of materials and equipment to the enemy. Slashing a rubber tire on an Army truck may be an act of value; spoiling a batch of rubber in the production plant is an act of still more value.
(a) Most significant sabotage for an area which is, or is soon destined to be, a theater of combat operations is that whose effects will be direct and immediate. Even if the effects are relatively minor and localized, this type of sabotage is to be preferred to activities whose effects, while widespread, are indirect and delayed.
(1) The saboteur should be encouraged to attack transportation facilities of all kinds. Among such facilities are roads, railroads, auto mobiles, trucks, motor-cycles, bicycles, trains, and trams.
(2) Any communications facilities which can be used by the authorities to transmit instructions or morale material should be the objects of simple sabotage. These include telephone, telegraph and power systems, radio, newspapers, placards, and public notices.
(3) Critical materials, valuable in themselves or necessary to the efficient functioning of transportation and communication, also should become targets for the citizen-saboteur. These may include oil, gasoline, tires, food, and water.
It will not be possible to evaluate the desirability of simple sabotage in an area without having in mind rather specifically what individual acts and results are embraced by the definition of simple sabotage.
A listing of specific acts follows, classified according to types of target. This list is presented as a growing rather than a complete outline of the methods of simple sabotage. As new techniques are developed, or new fields explored, it will be elaborated and expanded.
창고, 병영, 사무실, 호텔 및 공장 건물은 간단한 사보타주의 탁월한 목표이다. 이들은 특히 화재 피해에 극히 취약하며, 관리인, 청소부 및 일반 방문객과 같은 훈련 받지 않은 사람도 시도가 가능하다. 또, 피해를 입었을 시에는 적에게 상대적으로 큰 핸디캡을 주게 된다.
화재는 가연성 물질이 쌓여있는 곳 어디에서든지 시작될 수 있다. 창고가 명백히 좋은 목표이겠으나 화재 사보타주가 거기에만 국한될 필요는 없을 것이다.
(1) Whenever possible, arrange to have the fire start after you have gone away. Use a candle and paper, combination, setting it as close as possible to the inflammable material you want to burn: From a sheet of paper, tear a strip three or four centimeters wide and wrap it around the base of the candle two or three times. Twist more sheets of paper into loose ropes and place them around the base of the candle. When the candle flame reaches the encircling strip, it will be ignited and in turn will ignite the surrounding paper. The size, heat, and duration of the resulting flame will depend on how much paper you use and how much of it you can cramp in a small space.
(2) With a flame of this kind, do not attempt to ignite any but rather inflammable materials, such as cotton sacking. To light more resistant materials, use a candle plus tightly rolled or twisted paper which has been soaked in gasoline. To create a briefer but even hotter flame, put celluloid such as you might find in an old comb, into a nest of plain or saturated paper which is to be fired by a candle.
(3) To make another type of simple fuse, soak one end of a piece of string in grease. Rub a generous pinch of gunpowder over the inch of string where greasy string meets clean string. Then ignite the clean end of the string. It will burn slowly without a flame (in much the same way that a cigarette burns) until it reaches the grease and gunpowder; it will then flare up suddenly. The grease-treated string will then burn with a flame. The same effect may be achieved by using matches instead of the grease and gunpowder. Run the string over the match heads, taking care that the string is not pressed or knotted. They too will produce a sudden flame. The advantage of this type of fuse is that string burns at a set speed. You can time your fire by the length and thickness of the string you chose.
(4) Use a fuse such as; the ones suggested above to start a fire in an office after hours. The destruction of records and other types of documents would be a serious handicap to the enemy.
(5) In basements where waste is kept, janitors should accumulate oily and greasy waste. Such waste sometimes ignites spontaneously, but it can easily be lit with a cigarette or match. If you are a janitor on night duty, you can be the first to report the fire, but don't report it too soon.
(6) A clean factory is not susceptible to fire, but a dirty one is. Workers should be careless with refuse and janitors should be inefficient in cleaning. If enough dirt and trash can be accumulated an otherwise fireproof building will become inflammable.
(7) Where illuminating gas is used in a room which is vacant at night, shut the windows tightly, turn on the gas, and leave a candle burning in the room, closing the door tightly behind you. After a time, the gas will explode, and a fire may or may not follow.
(1) Ruin warehouse stock by setting the automatic sprinkler system to work. You can do this by tapping the sprinkler heads sharply with a hammer or by holding a match under them.
(2) Forget to provide paper in toilets; put tightly rolled paper, hair, and other obstructions in the W. C. Saturate a sponge with a thick starch or sugar solution. Squeeze it tightly into a ball, wrap it with string, and dry. Remove the string when fully dried. The sponge will be in the form of a tight hard ball. Flush down a W. C. or otherwise introduce into a sewer line. The sponge will gradually expand to its normal size and plug the sewage system.
(3) Put a coin beneath a bulb in a public building during the daytime, so that fuses will blow out when lights are turned on at night. The fuses themselves may be rendered ineffective by putting a coin behind them or loading them with heavy wire. Then a short-circuit may either start a fire, damage transformers, or blow out a central fuse which will interrupt distribution of electricity to a large area.
(4) Jam paper, bits of wood, hairpins, and anything else that will fit, into the locks of all unguarded entrances to public buildings.
(1) 절삭 도구들이 무뎌지게 해라. 효율이 떨어지고, 생산률을 떨어뜨리며, 자재와 부품에 손상을 줄 것이다.
(2) 사용하지 않는 톱은 약간 뒤틀리게 놔둬라. 잠시 뒤 사용하게 될 때 부서지게 될 것이다.
(3) Using a very rapid stroke will wear out a file before its time. So will dragging a file in slow strokes under heavy pressure. Exert pressure on the backward stroke as well as the forward stroke.
(4) Clean files by knocking them against the vise or the workpiece; they are easily broken this way.
(5) Bits and drills will snap under heavy pressure.
(6) You can put a press punch out of order by putting in it more material than it is adjusted for--two blanks instead of one, for example.
(7) Power-driven tools like pneumatic drills, riveters, and so on, are never efficient when dirty. Lubrication points and electric contacts can easily be fouled by normal accumulations of dirt or the insertion of foreign matter.
Oil and lubrication systems are not only vulnerable to easy sabotage, but are critical in every machine with moving parts. Sabotage of oil and lubrication will slow production or stop work entirely at strategic points in industrial processes.
(1) Put metal dust or filings, fine sand, ground glass, emery dust (get it by pounding up an emery knife sharpener) and similar hard, gritty substances directly into lubrication systems. They will scour smooth surfaces, ruining pistons, cylinder walls, shafts, and bearings. They will overheat and stop motors which will need overhauling, new parts, and extensive repairs. Such materials, if they are used, should be introduced into lubrication systems past any filters which otherwise would strain them out.
(2) You can cause wear on any machine by uncovering a filter system, poking a pencil or any other sharp object through the filter mesh, then covering it up again. Or, if you can dispose of it quickly, simply remove the filter.
(3) If you cannot get at the lubrication system or filter directly, you may be able to lessen the effectiveness of oil by diluting it in storage. In this case, almost any liquid will do which will thin the oil. A small amount of sulphuric acid, varnish, water-glass, or linseed oil will be especially effective.
(4) Using a thin oil where a heavy oil is prescribed will break down a machine or heat up a moving shaft so that it will "freeze" and stop.
(5) Put any clogging substance into lubrication systems or, if it will float, into stored oil. Twisted combings of human hair, pieces of string, dead insects, and many other common objects will be effective in stopping or hindering the flow of oil through feed lines and filters.
(6) Under some circumstances, you may be able to destroy oil outright rather than interfere with its effectiveness, by removing stop-plugs from lubricating systems or by puncturing the drums and cans in which it is stored.
(1) A water cooling system can be put out of commission in a fairly short time, with considerable damage to an engine or motor, if you put into it several pinches of hard grain, such as rice or wheat. They will swell up and choke the circulation of water, and the cooling system will have to be torn down to remove the obstruction. Sawdust or hair may also be used to clog a water cooling system.
(2) If very cold water is quickly introduced into the cooling system of an overheated motor, contraction and considerable strain on the engine housing will result. If you can repeat the treatment a few times, cracking and serious damage will result.
(3) You can ruin the effectiveness of an air cooling system by plugging dirt and waste into intake or exhaust valves. If a belt-run fan is used in the system, make a jagged cut at least half way through the belt; it will slip and finally part under strain and the motor will overheat.
Fuel Tanks and fueling engines usually are accessible and easy to open. They afford a very vulnerable target for simple sabotage activities.
(1) Put several pinches of sawdust or hard grain, such as rice or wheat, into the fuel tank of a gasoline engine. The particles will choke a feed line so that the engine will stop. Some time will be required to discover the source of the trouble. Although they will be hard to get, crumbs of natural rubber, such as you might find in old rubber bands and pencil erasers, are also effective.
(2) If you can accumulate sugar, put it in the fuel tank of a gasoline engine. As it burns together with the gasoline, it will turn into a sticky mess which will completely mire the engine and necessitate extensive cleaning and repair. Honey and molasses are as good as sugar. Try to use about 75-100 grams for each 10 gallons of gasoline.
(3) Other impurities which you can introduce into gasoline will cause rapid engine wear and eventual breakdown. Fine particles of pumice, sand, ground glass, and metal dust can easily be introduced into a gasoline tank. Be sure that the particles are very fine, so that they will be able to pass through the carburetor jet.
(4) Water, urine, wine, or any other simple liquid you can get in reasonably large quantities will dilute gasoline fuel to a point where no combustion will occur in the cylinder and the engine will not move. One pint to 20 gallons of gasoline is sufficient. If salt water is used, it will cause corrosion and permanent motor damage.
(5) In the case of Diesel engines, put low flashpoint oil into the fuel tank; the engine will not move. If there already is proper oil in the tank when the wrong kind is added, the engine will only limp and sputter along.
(6) Fuel lines to gasoline and oil engines frequently pass over the exhaust pipe. When the machine is at rest, you can stab a small hole in the fuel line and plug the hole with wax. As the engine runs and the exhaust tube becomes hot, the wax will be melted; fuel will drip onto the exhaust and a blaze will start.
(7) If you have access to a room where gasoline is stored, remember that gas vapor accumulating in a closed room will explode after a time if you leave a candle burning in the room. A good deal of evaporation, however, must occur from the gasoline tins into the air of the room. If removal of the tops of the tins does not expose enough gasoline to the air to ensure copious evaporation, you can open lightly constructed tins further with a knife, ice pick or sharpened nail file. Or puncture a tiny hole in the tank which will permit gasoline to leak out on the floor. This will greatly increase the rate of evaporation. Before you light your candle, be sure that windows are closed and the room is as air-tight as you can make it. If you can see that windows in a neighboring room are opened wide, you have a chance of setting a large fire which will not only destroy the gasoline but anything else nearby; when the gasoline explodes, the doors of the storage room will be blown open, a draft to the neighboring windows will be created which will whip up a fine conflagration.
Electric motors (including dynamos) are more restricted than the targets so far discussed. They cannot be sabotaged easily or without risk of injury by unskilled persons who may otherwise have good opportunities for destruction.
(1) Set the rheostat to a high point of resistance in all types of electric motors. They will overheat and catch fire.
(2) Adjust the overload relay to a very high value beyond the capacity of the motor. Then overload the motor to a point where it will overheat and break down.
(3) 먼지, 흙, 수분은 전자 장비의 적이라는 것을 기억하라. 전기 모터의 전선이 종단과 연결되는 부분과 절연되어 있는 부분에 먼지와 흙을 흘려라. 전류가 비효율적으로 흐르거나, 쇼트가 발생할 것이다. 발전기 모터를 적셔 쇼트를 발생 시켜라.
(4) "사고로" 전선의 피복을 손상시키고, 연결 부위의 너트를 헐겁게 하고, 전선의 땜과 연결 부위를 엉망으로 처리하여 전류를 낭비하고 전기 모터의 출력을 저하시켜라.
(5) Damage to commutators can reduce the power output or cause short circuiting in direct-current motors: Loosen or remove commutator holding rings. Sprinkle carbon, graphite, or metal dust on commutators. Put a little grease or oil at the contact points of commutators. Where commutator bars are close together bridge the gaps between them with metal dust, or sawtooth their edges with a chisel so that the teeth on adjoining bars meet or nearly meet and current can pass from one to the other.
(6) Put a piece of finely grained emery paper half the size of a postage stamp in a place where it will wear away rotating brushes. The emery paper and the motor will be destroyed in the resulting fire.
(7) Sprinkle carbon, graphite or metal dust on slip-rings so that the current will leak or short circuits will occur. When a motor is idle, nick the slip-rings with a chisel.
(8) Cause motor stoppage or inefficiency by applying dust mixed with grease to the face of the armature so that it will not make proper contact.
(9) To overheat electric motors, mix sand with heavy grease and smear it between the stator and rotor, or wedge thin metal pieces between them. To prevent the efficient generation of current, put floor sweepings, oil, tar, or paint between them.
(10) In motors using three-phase current, deeply nick one of the lead-in wires with a knife or file when the machine is at rest, or replace one of the three fuses with a blown-out fuse. In the first case, the motor will stop after running awhile, and in the second, it will not start.
(1) Transformers of the oil-filled type can be put out of commission if you pour water, salt into the oil tank.
(2) 공랭식 변압기의 경우, 주변에 잔해를 쌓아 환기를 막아라.
(3) In all types of transformers, throw carbon, graphite or metal dust over the outside bushings and other exposed electrical parts.
Turbines for the most part are heavily built, stoutly housed, and difficult of access. Their vulnerability to simple sabotage is very low.
(1) After inspecting or repairing a hydro turbine, fasten the cover insecurely so that it will blow off and flood the plant with water. A loose cover on a steam turbine will cause it to leak and slow down.
(2) In water turbines, insert a large piece of scrap iron in the head of the penstock, just beyond the screening, so that water will carry the damaging material down to the plant equipment.
(3) When the steam line to a turbine is opened for repair, put pieces of scrap iron into it, to be blasted into the turbine machinery when steam is up again.
(4) 터빈의 기름 공급선을 새게 만들어, 뜨거운 증기 파이프에 떨어진 기름으로 불이 나도록 해라.
(1) Reduce the efficiency of steam boilers any way you can. Put too much water in them to make them slow-starting, or keep the fire under them low to keep them inefficient. Let them dry and turn the fire up; they will crack and be ruined. An especially good trick is to keep putting limestone or water containing lime in the boiler; it will deposit lime on the bottom and sides. This deposit will provide very good insulation against heat; after enough of it has collected, the boiler will be completely worthless.
(1) Keep blast furnaces in a condition where they must be frequently shut down for repair. In making fire-proof bricks for the inner lining of blast furnaces, put in an extra proportion of tar so that they will wear out quickly and necessitate constant re-lining.
(2) Make cores for casting so that they are filled with air bubbles and an imperfect cast results.
(3) See that the core in a mold is not properly supported, so that the core gives way or the casting is spoiled because of the incorrect position of the core.
(4) 철이나 강철을 뜨임질할 때, 과도한 열을 가하여 철근과 강괴의 품질을 낮춰라.
가능한 제안 사항 없음.
(1) A slight blow against your Davy oil lamp will extinguish it, and to light it again you will have to find a place where there is no fire damp. Take a long time looking for the place.
(2) Blacksmiths who make pneumatic picks should not harden them properly, so that they will quickly grow dull.
(3) You can easily put your pneumatic pick out of order. Pour a small amount of water through the oil lever and your pick will stop working. Coal dust and improper lubrication will also put it out of order.
(4) Weaken the chain that pulls the bucket conveyers carrying coal. A deep dent in the chain made with blows of a pick or shovel will cause it to part under normal strain. Once a chain breaks, normally or otherwise take your time about reporting the damage; be slow about taking the chain up for repairs and bringing it back down after repairs.
(5) Derail mine cars by putting obstructions on the rails and in switch points. If possible, pick a gallery where coal cars have to pass each other, so that traffic will be snarled up.
(6) 석탄에 돌이나 다른 쓸모 없는 물건을 섞어 보내라.
(1) 5 b. (2) (c), (d), (e) 참고.
Crops and livestock probably will be destroyed only in areas where there are large food surpluses or where the enemy (regime) is known to be requisitioning food.
(1) 가축에게 작물을 먹여라. 작물을 너무 일찍 또는 늦게 수확하라. 저장된 곡물, 과일, 채소를 물에 적셔 썩게 만들어라. 과일과 채소를 햇빛에 놔두어 망가뜨려라.
(1) 적 요인의 열차 여행이 되도록 불편하도록 만들어라. 열차 티켓을 실수로 발행하고, 티켓 예매권이 여정의 일부를 빼먹도록 하라; 열차의 한 자리에 두 개의 티켓을 발급하여 다툼이 발생하게 만들어라; 열차 시간이 임박했을 때, 인쇄된 티켓을 발행하는 대신 손으로 천천히 써서 열차가 떠나기 직전 또는 떠날 때까지 시간을 지연시켜라. 열차의 출발 및 도착을 알리는 역 내 게시판에 적의 목적지로 가는 열차의 정보가 거짓되거나 잘못되도록 하라.
(2) 적의 목적지를 향해 가고 있는 열차에서, 승무원들은 승객의 생활을 가능한 불편하게 해야 한다. 음식을 특별히 맛없게 만들고, 한밤중에 티켓을 확인하고, 야간에 매 정차역을 굉장히 크게 외치고, 야간에 짐을 가능한 시끄럽게 다루고, 등등.
(3) 적 요인의 짐이 잘못 놓여지거나 다른 역에 내려지게 하라. 적의 짐의 주소표를 바꿔 달아라.
(4) 기술자는 열차가 느리게 달리거나 또는 그럴 듯한 이유로 예정에 없던 정차를 하게 만들어라.
(1) Exchange wires in switchboards containing signals and switches, so that they connect to the wrong terminals.
(2) Loosen push-rods so that signal arms do not work; break signal lights; exchange the colored lenses on red and green lights.
(3) Spread and spike switch points in the track so that they will not move, or place rocks or close-packed dirt between the switch points.
(4) Sprinkle rock salt or ordinary salt profusely over the electrical connections of switch points and on the ground nearby. When it rains, the switch will be short-circuited.
(5) See that cars are put on the wrong trains. Remove the labels from cars needing repair and put them on cars in good order. Leave couplings between cars as loose as possible.
(1) On a curve, take the bolts out of the tie-plates connecting to sections of the outside rail, and scoop away the gravel, cinders, or dirt for a few feet on each side of the connecting joint.
(2) If by disconnecting the tie-plate at a joint and loosening sleeper nails on each side of the joint, it becomes possible to move a sections of rail, spread two sections of rail and drive a spike vertically between them.
(1) 5 b. (2) (b) 참고.
(2) Squeeze lubricating pipes with pincers or dent them with hammers, so that the flow of oil is obstructed.
(1) 5 b (2) (c) 참고.
(1) 5 b (2) (d) 참고.
(1) 5 b (2) (e) 및 (f) 참고.
(1) 5 b (2) (h) 참고.
(2) After inspection put heavy oil or tar in the engines' boilers, or put half a kilogram of soft soap into the water in the tender.
(1) Engines should run at high speeds and use brakes excessively at curves and on downhill grades.
(2) Punch holes in air-brake valves or water supply pipes.
(3) In the last car of a passenger train or or a front car of a freight, remove the wadding from a journal box and replace it with oily rags.
도로에 가하는 피해는 (아래 (3)번 항목) 느리므로, 디데이나 디데이 근처에 수행하는 활동으로는 비효율적이다.
(1) Change sign posts at intersections and forks; the enemy will go the wrong way and it may be miles before he discovers his mistakes.
In areas where traffic is composed primarily of enemy autos, trucks, and motor convoys of various kinds remove danger signals from curves and intersections.
(2) When the enemy asks for directions, give him wrong information. Especially when enemy convoys are in the neighborhood, truck drivers can spread rumors and give false information about bridges being out, ferries closed, and detours lying ahead.
(3) If you can start damage to a heavily traveled road, passing traffic and the elements will do the rest. Construction gangs can see that too much sand or water is put in concrete or that the road foundation has soft spots. Anyone can scoop ruts in asphalt and macadam roads which turn soft in hot weather; passing trucks will accentuate the ruts to a point where substantial repair will be needed. Dirt roads also can be scooped out. If you are a road laborer, it will be only a few minutes work to divert a small stream from a sluice so that it runs over and eats away the road.
(4) 깨진 유리, 못, 날카로운 돌을 도로에 뿌려 타이어를 펑크 내라.
(1) 버스기사는 적이 내리길 원하는 정류장을 지나칠 수 있다. 택시기사는 적의 목적지로 가는 가장 먼 경로를 선택하여 적의 시간과 돈을 낭비하게 할 수 있다.
(1) 5 b. (2) (b) 참고.
(2) 기름 펌프를 끊어라. 50 마일도 운행하기 전에 주 베어링이 타버릴 것이다.
(1) 5 b. (2) (c) 참고.
(1) 5 b. (2) (d) 참고.
(1) Jam bits of wood into the ignition lock; loosen or exchange connections behind the switchboard; put dirt in spark plugs; damage distributor points.
(2) Turn on the lights in parked cars so that the battery will run down.
(3) Mechanics can ruin batteries in a number of undetectable ways: Take the valve cap off a cell, and drive a screw driver slantwise into the exposed water vent, shattering the plates of the cell; no damage will show when you put the cap back on. Iron or copper filings put into the cells i.e., dropped into the acid, will greatly shorten its life. Copper coins or a few pieces of iron will accomplish the same and more slowly.
One hundred to 150 cubic centimeters of vinegar in each cell greatly reduces the life of the battery, but the odor of the vinegar may reveal what has happened.
(1) Remove the lubricant from or put too light a lubricant in the transmission and other gears.
(2) In trucks, tractors, and other machines with heavy gears, fix the gear case insecurely, putting bolts in only half the bolt holes. The gears will be badly jolted in use and will soon need repairs.
(1) Slash or puncture tires of unguarded vehicles. Put a nail inside a match box or other small box, and set it vertically in front of the back tire of a stationary car; when the car starts off, the nail will go neatly through the tire.
(2) It is easy to damage a tire in a tire repair shop: In fixing flats, spill glass, benzine, caustic soda, or other material inside the casing which will puncture or corrode the tube. If you put a gummy substance inside the tube, the next flat will stick the tube to the casing and make it unusable. Or, when you fix a flat tire, you can simply leave between the tube and the casing the object which caused the flat in the first place.
(3) In assembling a tire after repair, pump the tube up as fast as you can. Instead of filling out smoothly, it may crease, in which case it will wear out quickly. Or, as you put a tire together, see if you can pinch the tube between the rim of the tire and the rim of the wheel, so that a blow-out will result.
(4) In putting air into tires, see that they are kept below normal pressure, so that more than an ordinary amount of wear will result. In filling tires on double wheels, inflate the inner tire to a much higher pressure than the outer one; both will wear out more quickly this way. Badly aligned wheels also wear tires out quickly; you can leave wheels out of alignment when they come in for adjustment, or you can spring them out of true with a strong kick, or by driving the car slowly and diagonally into a curb.
(5) If you have access to stocks of tires, you can rot them by spilling oil, gasoline, caustic acid, or benzine on them. Synthetic rubber, however, is less susceptible to these chemicals.
(1) Barge and river boat personnel should spread false rumors about the navigability and conditions of the waterways they travel. Tell other barge and boat captains to follow channels that will take extra time, or cause them to make canal detours.
(2) Barge and river boat captains should navigate with exceeding caution near locks and bridges, to waste their time and to waste the time of other craft which may have to wait on them. If you don't pump the bilges of ships and barges often enough, they will be slower and harder to navigate. Barges "accidentally" run aground are an efficient time waster too.
(3) Attendants on swing, draw, or bascule bridges can delay traffic over the bridge or in the waterway underneath by being slow. Boat captains can leave unattended draw bridges open in order to hold up road traffic.
(4) Add or subtract compensating magnets to the compass on cargo ships. Demagnetize the compass or maladjust it by concealing a large bar of steel or iron near to it.
(1) While loading or unloading, handle cargo carelessly in order to cause damage. Arrange the cargo so that the weakest and lightest crates and boxes will be at the bottom of the hold, while the heaviest ones are on top of them.
Put hatch covers and tarpaulins on sloppily, so that rain and deck wash will injure the cargo.
Tie float valves open so that storage tanks will overflow on perishable goods.
(1) At office, hotel and exchange switch boards delay putting enemy calls through, give them wrong numbers, cut them off "accidentally," or forget to disconnect them so that the line cannot be used again.
(2) Hamper official and especially military business by making at least one telephone call a day to an enemy headquarters; when you get them, tell them you have the wrong number. Call military or police offices and make anonymous false reports of fires, air raids, bombs.
(3) In offices and buildings used by the enemy, unscrew the earphone of telephone receivers and remove the diaphragm. Electricians and telephone repair men can make poor connections and damage insulation so that cross talk and other kinds of electrical interference will make conversations hard or impossible to understand.
(4) Put the batteries under automatic switchboards out of commission by dropping nails, metal filings, or coins into the cells. If you can treat half the batteries in this way, the switchboard will stop working. A whole telephone system can be disrupted if you can put 10 percent of the cells in half the batteries of the central battery room out of order.
(1) 적지로의 전보 전달을 지연시켜라.
(2) Garble telegrams to enemy destinations so that another telegram will have to be sent or a long distance call will have to be made. Sometimes it will be possible to do this by changing a single letter in a word -- for example, changing "minimum" to "maximum," so that the person receiving the telegram will not know whether "minimum" or "maximum" is meant.
(1) 전화 및 전신 통신선을 잘라라. 전력선의 피복을 망가뜨려 간섭을 발생시켜라.
(1) 우체국 직원은 적의 우편을 잘못된 행낭에 넣는 등의 행위를 통해 언제나 하루 이상 지연되도록 할 수 있다.
(1) 영사기 관리자는 초점을 흐리거나 필름을 빠르게 또는 느리게 돌리고 종종 멈추게 함으로써 뉴스와 적의 선전 영화를 망칠 수 있다.
(2) 관객들은 박수를 쳐 연사의 말을 묻히게 하거나, 큰 소리로 기침하거나, 잡담을 함으로써 적의 선전 영화를 망칠 수 있다.
(3) 누구든지 나방 20 ~ 30 마리를 종이백에 넣어 감으로써 적 선전 영화의 상영을 중단시킬 수 있다. 종이백을 가지고 들어가 영화관의 빈 바닥에 내려놓은 뒤 열어두어라. 나방들이 튀어나와 영사기의 빛으로 몰려들어 펄럭거리는 그림자로 화면을 뒤덮을 것이다.
(1) 방송국 기술자들은 목소리 송출을 과다 변조함으로써 손쉽게 적의 선전 방송이나 지시사항이 마치 두꺼운 솜이불 뒤에서 입안 가득 대리석을 넣은채 말하는 것처럼 들리게 할 수 있다.
(2) In your own apartment building, you can interfere with radio reception at times when the enemy wants everybody to listen. Take an electric light plug off the end of an electric light cord; take some wire out of the cord and tie it across two terminals of a two-prong plug or three terminals of a four-prong plug. Then take it around and put it into as many wall and floor outlets as you can find. Each time you insert the plug into a new circuit, you will blow out a fuse and silence all radios running on power from that circuit until a new fuse is put in.
(3) 어떤 전자 장비이든 절연체를 손상시킴으로써 이웃집, 거대 발전기, 네온사인, 형광등, 엑스레이 장치 및 송전선 등에 무선 간섭을 일으킬 수 있다. 만약 작업자가 적 비행장 근처 고압선의 절연체를 손상시킬 수 있다면, 지상에서 비행기로의 무선 통신이 장시간동안 어려워질 것이다.
(1) 5 b. (2) (e), (f), (g) 참고.
(1) Linesmen can loosen and dirty insulators to cause power leakage. It will be quite easy, too, for them to tie a piece of very heavy string several times back and forth between two parallel transmission lines, winding it several turns around the wire each time. Beforehand, the string should be heavily saturated with salt and then dried. When it rains, the string becomes a conductor, and a short-circuit will result.
(1) 모든 일은 "채널"을 통해 하자고 주장한다. 신속한 결정을 하기 위한 지름길은 절대 허용하지 않는다.
(2) "연설"을 하라. 가능한 자주 얘기하고 굉장히 길게 하라. 긴 일화와 개인 경험담에 대한 설명으로 "요점"을 장식하라. 적절한 "애국적" 코멘트를 추가하는 것을 절대 주저하지 말라.
(3) 가능하다면 "추가 연구 및 고려"를 위해 모든 내용을 위원회에 참조하라. 위원회는 가능한 크게 - 절대 5명보다 적어서는 안됨 - 만들라.
(4) 무의미한 이슈를 가능한 자주 끌어 올려라.
(5) 보도문, 의사록, 결의안을 정확한 표현으로 썼는지 들춰보라.
(6) 지난 회의에서 결정된 사항을 되돌아보고 그 결정의 타당성에 대해 다시 의문을 제기하라.
(7) "조심"하자고 주장하라. "합리적"이 되어, 다른 회의 참석자들에게도 "합리적"으로 생각하며 서두르지 말아야 나중에 당황하거나 어려움을 야기하지 않는다고 몰아 붙여라.
(8) 어떤 결정이든 그 타당성에 대해 걱정해라. 그 결정이 조직의 관할 내에서 숙고된 것인지, 다른 상위 조직의 정책과 상충하지는 않는지 의문을 제기하라.
(1) 서면으로 된 주문서를 요구하라.
(2) 주문을 "오해"하라. 그러한 주문에 대해 끝 없이 질문을 하거나 긴 서신을 주고 받아라. 거기에는 가능한 애매한 말을 써라.
(3) 주문 배달을 지연시킬 수 있는 모든 것을 행하라. 주문의 일부가 미리 준비 되었더라도, 전체가 준비될 때까지 전달하지 마라.
(4) 주문을 이행하는 중 조금의 지연도 전체 중단으로 이어질 수 있도록 현재 재고를 거의 다 써버릴 때까지 새로운 작업 재료를 주문하지 마라.
(5) 확보하기 어려운 고급 자재를 주문하라. 확보하지 못하면 그에 대해 따져라. 저급 자재는 저급 산출물로 이어진다고 경고하라.
(6) 작업 할당 시에는 항상 중요하지 않은 작업부터 나눠줘라. 중요한 작업은 볼품 없는 기계를 쓰는 실력 없는 노동자에게 할당되도록 하라.
(7) 상대적으로 덜 중요한 제품에 완벽한 작업이 필요하다고 고집 부려라. 결함이 가장 적은 것들은 다시 보완하도록 돌려보내라. 맨 눈으로는 볼 수 없는 결함을 가진 부품은 통과시켜라.
(8) 부품과 자재가 공장 내의 잘못된 곳으로 보내지도록 잘못된 경로 지정을 하라.
(9) 새로운 노동자를 훈련시킬 때는 불완전하거나 잘못된 지시를 하라.
(10) 사기를 낮춰 생산량을 감소시키기 위해, 실력 없는 노동자를 상냥히 대하고 부적절하게 승진시켜라. 실력 있는 노동자는 차별하고, 그들의 작업물에 대해 부당하게 불평하라.
(11) 더 중요한 일을 해야할 때 회의를 개최하라.
(12) 그럴 듯한 방법으로 서류 작업을 늘려라. 서류철을 중복으로 만들기 시작하라.
(13) 지침 발행, 수표 발행 등과 관련된 절차와 허가를 늘려라. 한 명이면 됐을 모든 일을 세 명이 승인해야 하게 만들어라.
(14) 모든 규정을 빼놓지 않고 다 적용하라.
(1) 주문을 받아 적을 때 자재의 수량을 틀려라. 비슷한 이름을 헷갈려라. 잘못된 주소를 사용해라.
(2) 정부 기관과의 의사소통을 늘어지게 하라.
(3) 중요 문서를 잘못 철하라.
(4) 사본을 만들 때 하나를 덜 만들어서 복사 작업이 추가로 필요하게 만들어라.
(5) 상관에게 중요한 전화가 오면 바쁘거나 통화 중이라고 말하라.
(6) 다음 번 수거 때까지 우편물을 보내지 말고 보관하고 있어라.
(7) 내부 정보처럼 위장된 흉흉한 소문을 퍼뜨려라.
(1) 천천히 일해라. 작업하는데 필요한 동작의 수를 늘릴 방법을 고안하라: 무거운 망치 대신 가벼운 망치를 쓰거나, 큰 렌치가 필요할 때 작은 렌치를 사용하거나, 충분한 힘이 필요할 때 힘을 거의 쓰지 않는다거나, 등등.
(2) 일할 때 가능한 많은 중단이 발생하도록 꾸며라: 선반이나 펀치머신 위에서 작업 중 자재를 바꿔야할 때, 쓸 데 없이 많은 시간을 들여라. 절단 작업 또는 치수 작업 중이라면, 필요한 것보다 두 배 더 자주 수치를 확인하라. 화장실을 갈 경우 쓸 데 없이 긴 시간을 소모하라. 도구를 잊어버리고 다녀, 다시 찾으러 다니도록 하라.
(3) 실제로는 이해할지라도, 외국어로 된 지시사항은 알아듣지 못하는 척 하라.
(4) 지시사항이 이해하기 어려운 척 하여 한 번 이상 더 반복하도록 물어보라. 또는 너의 작업에 특별히 걱정이 많은 척 하여 쓸데 없는 질문으로 관리자를 훼방 놓아라.
(5) 작업을 엉망으로 한 뒤 나쁜 도구, 기계, 또는 장비 탓을 하라. 이것들로 인해 내 일을 제대로 할 수 없다고 불평하라.
(6) 신입이나 미숙한 노동자에게 너의 기술과 경험을 전수하지 마라.
(7) 가능한 모든 방법으로 관리를 어렵게 하라. 양식을 이해하기 어렵게 작성하여 - 실수를 하거나 필수 정보를 빼먹어 - 다시 작성하게 만들어라.
(8) 가능하다면, 직원의 고충을 관리자에게 보고하는 조직에 가입하거나 창설을 도와라. 채택된 보고 절차가 관리자를 가능한 불편하게 하는지, 각 보고에 많은 수의 직원이 참여하는지, 각 고충에 대해 최소 하나 이상의 회의를 수반하는지, 대부분 상상의 문제를 제기하는지, 등등을 확인하라.
(9) 자재를 잘못 전달하라.
(10) 좋은 부품들을 못쓸 쓰레기나 불량 부품들과 함께 섞어 놓아라.
(a) 질문을 받으면 장황하고 이해할 수 없게 답변하라.
(b) 게슈타포나 경찰에게 가상의 스파이 또는 위협을 신고하라.
(c) 멍청하게 행동하라.
(d) 곤경에 빠지지 않는 선에서 가능한 짜증스럽게 싸워라.
(e) 배급, 운송, 교통 규제 등과 관련한 모든 종류의 규제 사항을 잘못 이해하라.
(f) 대체용품에 대해 불평하라.
(g) 주축국 국적자나 변절자를 공공연히 차갑게 대하라.
(h) 주축국 국적자 또는 변절자가 까페에 들어오면 모든 대화를 중단하라.
(i) 모든 상황에서 히스테릭하게 울고 흐느껴라, 특히 정부 사무원을 맞닥뜨렸을 때.
(j) 변절 권력과 연관된 모든 영화, 엔터테인먼트, 콘서트, 신문은 보지 마라.
(k) 구호활동에 협력하지 마라.