A static and thread safe cryptographic Random Number Generator (RNG)

SecureStaticRandom.cs

using System;

namespace System.Security.Cryptography
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents a static and thread safe cryptographic Random Number Generator (RNG) using the implementation provided by the cryptographic service provider (CSP).
    /// </summary>
    public static class SecureStaticRandom
    {
        private const long MAX_EXCLUSIVE_UINT = 1 + (long)uint.MaxValue;
        private const double MAX_EXCLUSIVE_UINT_DOUBLE = 1.0d + uint.MaxValue;

        [ThreadStatic] private static RNGCryptoServiceProvider random;
        [ThreadStatic] private static byte[] uintBuffer;

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a non-negative random integer.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A 32-bit signed integer that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than <see cref="F:System.Int32.MaxValue" />.</returns>
        public static int Next()
        {
            return (int)GetRandomUInt32() & 0x7FFFFFFF;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a non-negative random integer that is less than the specified maximum.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="maxValue">The exclusive upper bound of the random number to be generated. <paramref name="maxValue" /> must be greater than or equal to 0.</param>
        /// <returns>A 32-bit signed integer that is greater than or equal to 0, and less than <paramref name="maxValue" />; that is, the range of return values ordinarily includes 0 but not <paramref name="maxValue" />. However, if <paramref name="maxValue" /> equals 0, <paramref name="maxValue" /> is returned.</returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException"><paramref name="maxValue" /> is less than 0. </exception>
        public static int Next(int maxValue)
        {
            return Next(0, maxValue);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a random integer that is within a specified range.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="minValue">The inclusive lower bound of the random number returned.</param>
        /// <param name="maxValue">The exclusive upper bound of the random number returned. <paramref name="maxValue" /> must be greater than or equal to <paramref name="minValue" />.</param>
        /// <returns>A 32-bit signed integer greater than or equal to <paramref name="minValue" /> and less than <paramref name="maxValue" />; that is, the range of return values includes <paramref name="minValue" /> but not <paramref name="maxValue" />. If <paramref name="minValue" /> equals <paramref name="maxValue" />, <paramref name="minValue" /> is returned.</returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException"><paramref name="minValue" /> is greater than <paramref name="maxValue" />. </exception>
        public static int Next(int minValue, int maxValue)
        {
            if (minValue > maxValue) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(minValue));
            if (maxValue < 1) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(maxValue));

            if (minValue == maxValue) return minValue;

            long delta = maxValue - minValue;

            while (true)
            {
                uint number = GetRandomUInt32();

                long remainder = MAX_EXCLUSIVE_UINT % delta;

                if (number < MAX_EXCLUSIVE_UINT - remainder)
                {
                    return (int)(minValue + (number % delta));
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Fills an array of bytes with a cryptographically strong sequence of random values.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="data">An array of bytes to contain random numbers.</param>
        /// /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="data" /> is <see langword="null" />. </exception>
        public static void GetBytes(byte[] data)
        {
            if (random == null) InitThreadStaticFields();

            random.GetBytes(data);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a random boolean.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A boolean value.</returns>
        public static bool NextBool()
        {
            return NextDouble() >= 0.5;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a random floating-point number that is greater than or equal to 0.0, and less than 1.0.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A double-precision floating point number that is greater than or equal to 0.0, and less than 1.0.</returns>
        public static double NextDouble()
        {
            return GetRandomUInt32() / MAX_EXCLUSIVE_UINT_DOUBLE;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a random floating-point number that is greater than or equal to 0.0, and less than <paramref name="maxValue" />.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="maxValue">The exclusive upper bound of the random number returned.</param>
        /// <returns>A double-precision floating point number that is greater than or equal to 0, and less than <paramref name="maxValue" />; that is, the range of return values ordinarily includes 0 but not <paramref name="maxValue" />.</returns>
        public static double NextDouble(int maxValue)
        {
            if (double.IsInfinity(maxValue)
                || double.IsNaN(maxValue)
                || maxValue < 1.0d) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(maxValue));

            return NextDouble() * maxValue;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a random floating-point number that is within a specified range.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="minValue">The inclusive lower bound of the random number returned.</param>
        /// <param name="maxValue">The exclusive upper bound of the random number returned.</param>
        /// <returns>A double-precision floating point number that is greater than or equal to <paramref name="minValue" />, and less than <paramref name="maxValue" />; that is, the range of return values ordinarily includes 0 but not <paramref name="maxValue" />.</returns>
        public static double NextDouble(double minValue, double maxValue)
        {
            if (double.IsInfinity(minValue)
                || double.IsNaN(minValue)
                || minValue >= maxValue) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(maxValue));

            if (double.IsInfinity(maxValue)
                || double.IsNaN(maxValue)
                || maxValue < 1.0d) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(maxValue));

            return minValue + NextDouble() * (maxValue - minValue);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Fills the elements of a specified array of bytes with a cryptographically strong sequence of random nonzero values.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="data">An array of bytes to contain random numbers.</param>
        /// /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="data" /> is <see langword="null" />. </exception>
        public static void GetNonZeroBytes(byte[] data)
        {
            if (random == null) InitThreadStaticFields();

            random.GetNonZeroBytes(data);
        }

        private static uint GetRandomUInt32()
        {
            if (random == null) InitThreadStaticFields();

            random.GetBytes(uintBuffer);

            return BitConverter.ToUInt32(uintBuffer, 0);
        }

        private static void InitThreadStaticFields()
        {
            random = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();

            uintBuffer = new byte[4];
        }
    }
}