Basic Music Theory in ~200 Lines of Python

music_theory.py

# The code for my article with the same name. You can find it at the URL below:
# https://www.mvanga.com/blog/basic-music-theory-in-200-lines-of-python

# MIT License
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# Copyright (c) 2021 Manohar Vanga
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import pprint
import re

# The musical alphabet consists of seven letter from A through G
alphabet = ['C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'A', 'B']

# The twelve notes in Western music, along with their enharmonic equivalents
notes = [
    ['B#',  'C',  'Dbb'],
    ['B##', 'C#', 'Db'],
    ['C##', 'D',  'Ebb'],
    ['D#',  'Eb', 'Fbb'],
    ['D##', 'E',  'Fb'],
    ['E#',  'F',  'Gbb'],
    ['E##', 'F#', 'Gb'],
    ['F##', 'G',  'Abb'],
    ['G#',  'Ab'],
    ['G##', 'A',  'Bbb'],
    ['A#',  'Bb', 'Cbb'],
    ['A##', 'B',  'Cb'],
]


def find_note_index(scale, search_note):
    ''' Given a scale, find the index of a particular note '''
    for i, note in enumerate(scale):
        # Deal with situations where we have a list of enharmonic
        # equivalents, as well as just a single note as and str.
        if type(note) == list:
            if search_note in note:
                return i
        elif type(note) == str:
            if search_note == note:
                return i


def rotate(scale, n):
    ''' Left-rotate a scale by n positions. '''
    return scale[n:] + scale[:n]


def chromatic(key):
    ''' Generate a chromatic scale in a given key. '''
    # Figure out how much to rotate the notes list by and return
    # the rotated version.
    num_rotations = find_note_index(notes, key)
    return rotate(notes, num_rotations)


# Interval names that specify the distance between two notes
intervals = [
    ['P1', 'd2'],  # Perfect unison   Diminished second
    ['m2', 'A1'],  # Minor second     Augmented unison
    ['M2', 'd3'],  # Major second     Diminished third
    ['m3', 'A2'],  # Minor third      Augmented second
    ['M3', 'd4'],  # Major third      Diminished fourth
    ['P4', 'A3'],  # Perfect fourth   Augmented third
    ['d5', 'A4'],  # Diminished fifth Augmented fourth
    ['P5', 'd6'],  # Perfect fifth    Diminished sixth
    ['m6', 'A5'],  # Minor sixth      Augmented fifth
    ['M6', 'd7'],  # Major sixth      Diminished seventh
    ['m7', 'A6'],  # Minor seventh    Augmented sixth
    ['M7', 'd8'],  # Major seventh    Diminished octave
    ['P8', 'A7'],  # Perfect octave   Augmented seventh
]

# Interval names based off the notes of the major scale
intervals_major = [
    [ '1', 'bb2'],
    ['b2',  '#1'],
    [ '2', 'bb3',   '9'],
    ['b3',  '#2'],
    [ '3',  'b4'],
    [ '4',  '#3',  '11'],
    ['b5',  '#4', '#11'],
    [ '5', 'bb6'],
    ['b6',  '#5'],
    [ '6', 'bb7',  '13'],
    ['b7',  '#6'],
    [ '7',  'b8'],
    [ '8',  '#7'],
]


def find_note_by_root(notes, root):
    '''
    Given a list of notes, find it's alphabet. Useful for figuring out which
    enharmonic equivalent we must use in a particular scale.
    '''
    for note in notes:
        if note[0] == root:
            return note


def make_intervals(root):
    labeled = {}
    c = chromatic(root)
    start_index = find_note_index(alphabet, root[0])
    for i, interval in enumerate(intervals):
        for interval_name in interval:
            interval_index = int(interval_name[1]) - 1
            note = c[i % len(c)]
            note_root = alphabet[(start_index + interval_index) % len(alphabet)]
            if note_root is not None:
                labeled[interval_name] = find_note_by_root(note, note_root)
    return labeled


def make_intervals_major(root):
    labeled = {}
    c = chromatic(root)
    start_index = find_note_index(alphabet, root[0])
    for i, interval in enumerate(intervals_major):
        for interval_name in interval:
            interval_index = int(re.sub('[b#]', '', interval_name)) - 1
            note = c[i % len(c)]
            note_root = alphabet[(start_index + interval_index) % len(alphabet)]
            if note_root is not None:
                labeled[interval_name] = find_note_by_root(note, note_root)
    return labeled


def make_formula(formula, labeled):
    '''
    Given a comma-separated interval formula, and a set of labeled
    notes in a key, return the notes of the formula.
    '''
    return [labeled[x] for x in formula.split(',')]


intervs = make_intervals('C')
print('Major     :', ','.join(make_formula('P1,M2,M3,P4,P5,M6,M7,P8', intervs))) # Major
print('Minor     :', ','.join(make_formula('P1,M2,m3,P4,P5,m6,m7,P8', intervs))) # Natural Minor
print('Mel. Minor:', ','.join(make_formula('P1,M2,m3,P4,P5,M6,M7,P8', intervs))) # Melodic Minor
print('Har. Minor:', ','.join(make_formula('P1,M2,m3,P4,P5,m6,M7,P8', intervs))) # Harmonic Minor
print('Major     :', ','.join(make_formula('1,2,3,4,5,6,7', intervs))) # Major

formulas = {
    # Scale formulas
    'scales': {
        # Basic chromatic scale
        'chromatic':          '1,b2,2,b3,3,4,b5,5,b6,6,b7,7',
        # Major scale, its modes, and minor scale
        'major':              '1,2,3,4,5,6,7',
        'minor':              '1,2,b3,4,5,b6,b7',
        # Melodic minor and its modes
        'melodic_minor':      '1,2,b3,4,5,6,7',
        # Harmonic minor and its modes
        'harmonic_minor':     '1,2,b3,4,5,b6,7',
        # Blues scales
        'major_blues':        '1,2,b3,3,5,6',
        'minor_blues':        '1,b3,4,b5,5,b7',
        # Penatatonic scales
        'pentatonic_major':   '1,2,3,5,6',
        'pentatonic_minor':   '1,b3,4,5,b7',
        'pentatonic_blues':   '1,b3,4,b5,5,b7',
    },
    'chords': {
        # Major
        'major':              '1,3,5',
        'major_6':            '1,3,5,6',
        'major_6_9':          '1,3,5,6,9',
        'major_7':            '1,3,5,7',
        'major_9':            '1,3,5,7,9',
        'major_13':           '1,3,5,7,9,11,13',
        'major_7_#11':        '1,3,5,7,#11',
        # Minor
        'minor':              '1,b3,5',
        'minor_6':            '1,b3,5,6',
        'minor_6_9':          '1,b3,5,6,9',
        'minor_7':            '1,b3,5,b7',
        'minor_9':            '1,b3,5,b7,9',
        'minor_11':           '1,b3,5,b7,9,11',
        'minor_7_b5':         '1,b3,b5,b7',
        # Dominant
        'dominant_7':         '1,3,5,b7',
        'dominant_9':         '1,3,5,b7,9',
        'dominant_11':        '1,3,5,b7,9,11',
        'dominant_13':        '1,3,5,b7,9,11,13',
        'dominant_7_#11':     '1,3,5,b7,#11',
        # Diminished
        'diminished':         '1,b3,b5',
        'diminished_7':       '1,b3,b5,bb7',
        'diminished_7_half':  '1,b3,b5,b7',
        # Augmented
        'augmented':          '1,3,#5',
        # Suspended
        'sus2':               '1,2,5',
        'sus4':               '1,4,5',
        '7sus2':              '1,2,5,b7',
        '7sus4':              '1,4,5,b7',
    },
}


def dump(scale, separator=' '):
    '''
    Pretty-print the notes of a scale. Replaces b and # characters
    for unicode flat and sharp symbols.
    '''
    return separator.join(['{:<3s}'.format(x) for x in scale]) \
                    .replace('b', '\u266d') \
                    .replace('#', '\u266f')


intervs = make_intervals_major('C')
for key in formulas:
    print(key)
    for name, formula in formulas[key].items():
        v = make_formula(formula, intervs)
        print('\t', name, ':', dump(v))



major_mode_rotations = {
    'Ionian':     0,
    'Dorian':     1,
    'Phrygian':   2,
    'Lydian':     3,
    'Mixolydian': 4,
    'Aeolian':    5,
    'Locrian':    6,
}

def mode(scale, degree):
    return rotate(scale, degree)

intervs = make_intervals_major('C')
v = make_formula(formulas['scales']['major_I'], intervs)
print(dump(mode(v, major_mode_rotations['Phrygian'])))

print(find_note_index(notes, 'A'))
print(find_note_index(alphabet, 'A'))

def make_intervals(key, interval_type='standard'):
    # Our labeled set of notes mapping interval names to notes
    labels = {}

    # Step 1: Generate a chromatic scale in our desired key
    chromatic_scale = chromatic(key)

    # The alphabets starting at provided key
    alphabet_key = rotate(alphabet, find_note_index(alphabet, key[0]))

    intervs = intervals if interval_type == 'standard' else intervals_major
    # Iterate through all intervals (list of lists)
    for index, interval_list in enumerate(intervs):

        # Step 2: Find the notes to search through based on degree
        notes_to_search = chromatic_scale[index % len(chromatic_scale)]

        for interval_name in interval_list:
            # Get the interval degree
            if interval_type == 'standard':
                degree = int(interval_name[1]) - 1 # e.g. M3 --> 2, m7 --> 6
            elif interval_type == 'major':
                degree = int(re.sub('[b#]', '', interval_name)) - 1

            # Get the alphabet to look for
            alphabet_to_search = alphabet_key[degree % len(alphabet_key)]

            print('Interval {}, degree {}: looking for alphabet {} in notes {}'.format(interval_name, degree, alphabet_to_search, notes_to_search))
            try:
                note = [x for x in notes_to_search if x[0] == alphabet_to_search][0]
            except:
                note = notes_to_search[0]

            labels[interval_name] = note

    return labels

intervs = make_intervals('B#', 'major')

pprint.pprint(make_intervals_standard('C'), sort_dicts=False)

formula = 'P1,M2,M3,P4,P5,M6,M7,P8'
for key in alphabet:
   print(key, make_formula(formula, make_intervals_standard(key)))

for key in alphabet:
   scale = make_formula(formula, make_intervals_standard(key))
   print('{}: {}'.format(key, dump(scale)))

intervs = make_intervals('C', 'major')
for ftype in formulas:
    print(ftype)
    for name, formula in formulas[ftype].items():
        v = make_formula(formula, intervs)
        print('\t{}: {}'.format(name, dump(v)))

print('\n\n')
intervs = make_intervals('C', 'major')
c_major_scale = make_formula(formulas['scales']['major'], intervs)
for m in major_mode_rotations:
    v = mode(c_major_scale, major_mode_rotations[m])
    print('{} {}: {}'.format(dump([v[0]]), m, dump(v)))


keys = [
    'B#',  'C', 'C#', 'Db', 'D', 'D#',  'Eb', 'E',  'Fb', 'E#',  'F',
    'F#', 'Gb', 'G', 'G#',  'Ab', 'A', 'A#',  'Bb', 'B',  'Cb',
]

modes = {}

for key in keys:
    print(key)
    intervs = make_intervals(key, 'major')
    c_major_scale = make_formula(formulas['scales']['major'], intervs)
    for m in major_mode_rotations:
        v = mode(c_major_scale, major_mode_rotations[m])
        if v[0] not in modes:
            modes[v[0]] = {}
        modes[v[0]][m] = v
    
pprint.pprint(modes['C'])

The def make_intervals_standard() doesn't exist in this code. You have to copy it from the blog article... https://www.mvanga.com/blog/basic-music-theory-in-200-lines-of-python

or here...

def make_intervals_standard(key):
    # Our labeled set of notes mapping interval names to notes
    labels = {}
    
    # Step 1: Generate a chromatic scale in our desired key
    chromatic_scale = chromatic(key)
    
    # The alphabets starting at provided key's alphabet
    alphabet_key = rotate(alphabet, find_note_index(alphabet, key[0]))
    
    # Iterate through all intervals (list of lists)
    for index, interval_list in enumerate(intervals):
    
        # Step 2: Find the notes to search through based on degree
        notes_to_search = chromatic_scale[index % len(chromatic_scale)]
    
        for interval_name in interval_list:
            # Get the interval degree
            degree = int(interval_name[1]) - 1 # e.g. M3 --> 3, m7 --> 7
            
            # Get the alphabet to look for 
            alphabet_to_search = alphabet_key[degree % len(alphabet_key)]
    
            try:
                note = [x for x in notes_to_search if x[0] == alphabet_to_search][0]
            except:
                note = notes_to_search[0]
    
            labels[interval_name] = note

    return labels

Also you have to change

#print('Major     :', ','.join(make_formula('1,2,3,4,5,6,7', intervs))) # Major
print('Major     :', ','.join(make_formula('P1,M2,M3,P4,P5,M6,M7,P8', intervs))) # Major

I had to do this to get it to run...

#v = make_formula(formulas['scales']['major_I'], intervs)
v = make_formula(formulas['scales']['major'], intervs)