eksctl generates a UserData script in the Launch Template attached to the node group ASG. You can inspect this UserData for an instances using the following:
$ aws ec2 describe-instance-attribute \
--attribute userData \
--instance-id <instance-id> | jq -r .UserData.Value | base64 -d | gzip -dYou'll see the parameter being added into the kubelet.service.d unit files.
ExecStart=/usr/bin/kubelet
[...]
--max-pods=${MAX_PODS}
[...]
Custom Max Pods
You can set this parameter using eksctl when creating a cluster or nodegroup via the --max-pods-per-node parameter:
$ eksctl create ng --help | grep 'max-pods-per-node'
--max-pods-per-node int maximum number of pods per node (set automatically if unspecified)