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---
language: uxntal
contributors:
- ["Devine Lu Linvega", "https://wiki.xxiivv.com"]
filename: learnuxn.tal
---
Uxntal is a stack-machine assembly language targetting the Uxn virtual machine.
Stack machine programming might look at bit odd, as it uses a postfix notation, which means that operators are always found at the end of an operation. For instance, one would write 3 4 + instead of 3 + 4.
The expression written (5 + 10) * 3 in conventional notation would be written 10 5 + 3 * in reverse Polish notation.
( This is a comment )
( All programming in Unxtal is done by manipulating the stack )
#12 ( push a byte )
#3456 ( push a short )
( Uxn has 32 opcodes, each opcode has 3 possible modes )
POP ( pop a byte )
POP2 ( pop a short )
( The modes are:
2 The short mode consumes two bytes from the stack.
k The keep mode does not consume items from the stack.
r The return mode makes the operator operate on the return-stack. )
#12 #34 ADD ( 46 )
#12 #34 ADDk ( 12 34 46 )
( The modes can be combined )
#1234 #5678 ADD2k ( 12 34 56 78 68 ac )
( The arithmetic/bitewise opcodes are:
ADD SUB MUL DIV
AND ORA EOR SFT )
( New opcodes can be created using macros )
%MOD2 { DIV2k MUL2 SUB2 }
#1234 #0421 MOD2 ( 01 b0 )
( ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- )
( A short is simply two bytes, each byte can be manipulated )
#1234 SWP ( 34 12 )
#1234 #5678 SWP2 ( 56 78 12 34 )
#1234 #5678 SWP ( 12 34 78 56 )
( Individual bytes of of a short can be removed from the stack )
#1234 POP ( 12 )
#1234 NIP ( 34 )
( The stack opcodes are:
POP DUP NIP SWP OVR ROT )
( ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- )
( To compare values on the stack with each other )
#12 #34 EQU ( 00 )
#12 #12 EQU ( 01 )
( Logic opcodes will put a flag with a value of either 00 or 01 )
#12 #34 LTH
#78 #56 GTH
#0101 EQU2 ( 01 )
( The logic opcodes are:
EQU NEQ GTH LTH )
( ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- )
( Uxn's accessible memory is as follow:
256 bytes of working stack
256 bytes of return stack
65536 bytes of memory
256 bytes of IO memory )
( The addressable memory is between 0000-ffff )
#12 #0200 STA ( stored 12 at 0200 in memory )
#3456 #0201 STA2 ( stored 3456 at 0201 in memory )
#0200 LDA2 ( 12 34 )
( The zero-page can be addressed with a single byte )
#1234 #80 STZ2 ( stored 12 at 0080 in memory )
#80 LDZ2 ( 12 34 )
( Devices are ways for Uxn to communicate with the outside world
There is a maximum of 16 devices connected to Uxn at once
Device bytes are called ports, the Console device uses the 10-1f ports
The console's port 18 is called /write )
%EMIT { #18 DEO }
#31 EMIT ( print "1" to console )
( A label is equal to a position in the program )
@parent ( defines a label "parent" )
&child ( defines a sublabel "parent/child" )
( Label positions can be pushed on stack )
;parent ( push the absolute position, 2 bytes )
,parent ( push the relative position, 1 byte )
.parent ( push the zero-page position, 1 byte )
( The memory opcodes are:
LDZ STZ LDR STR
LDA STA DEI DEO )
( ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- )
( Logic allows to create conditionals )
#12 #34 NEQ ,skip JCN
#31 EMIT
@skip
( Logic also allows to create for-loops )
#3a #30
@loop
DUP EMIT ( print "123456789" to console )
INC GTHk ,loop JCN
POP2
( Logic also allows to create while-loops )
;word
@while
LDAk EMIT
INC2 LDAk ,while JCN
POP2
BRK
@word "vermillion $1
( Subroutines can be jumped to and returned from with the JSR opcode )
;word ,print-word JSR
BRK
@print-word ( word* -- )
@while
LDAk EMIT
INC2 LDAk ,while JCN
POP2
JMP2r
@word "cerulean
( The jump opcodes are:
JMP JCN JSR )