A simple, thread-safe Base62 codec for hiding the real ID and its incresing trend. No dependencies other than JDK are required. It can encode and decode 250k+ IDs per thread per second on [email protected].

Base62IdCodec.java

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;

import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.DESKeySpec;

/**
 * A simple, thread-safe Base62 codec for hiding the real ID and its incresing trend.
 * <p>
 * DES Encryption is used. In a same ID system, the key must be the same.
 * <p>
 * No dependencies other than JDK are required.
 * It can encode and decode 250k+ IDs per thread per second on [email protected].
 */
public class Base62IdCodec {

    private final ThreadLocal<MessageDigest> digest;
    private final ThreadLocal<Cipher> cipher;
    private final ThreadLocal<Key> key;

    /**
     * @param key the key used to encrypt and decrypt
     */
    public Base62IdCodec(String key) {
        this(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    }

    /**
     * @param key the key used to encrypt and decrypt
     */
    public Base62IdCodec(byte[] key) {
        digest = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> {
            try {
                return MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
            } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("MD5 MessageDigest is not supported!", e);
            }
        });
        cipher = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> {
            try {
                return Cipher.getInstance("DES/ECB/NoPadding");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("DES/ECB/NoPadding Cipher is not supported!", e);
            }
        });

        final MessageDigest digest = this.digest.get();
        this.key = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> {
            final DESKeySpec keySpec;
            try {
                keySpec = new DESKeySpec(digest.digest(key));
            } catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Should never happen!", e);
            }

            final SecretKeyFactory keyFactory;
            try {
                keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("DES");
            } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("DES SecretKeyFactory is not supported!", e);
            }

            try {
                return keyFactory.generateSecret(keySpec);
            } catch (InvalidKeySpecException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Should never happen!", e);
            }
        });
    }

    public String encodeId(long idLong) {
        final Cipher cipher = this.cipher.get();
        final Key key = this.key.get();
        try {
            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);
        } catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Should never happen!", e);
        }

        final byte[] resultBytes;
        try {
            resultBytes = cipher.doFinal(LongUtils.toByteArray(idLong));
        } catch (IllegalBlockSizeException | BadPaddingException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Should never happen!", e);
        }
        return Base62Utils.encode(LongUtils.fromByteArray(resultBytes));
    }

    public long decodeId(String idStr) {
        final Cipher cipher = this.cipher.get();
        final Key key = this.key.get();
        try {
            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key);
        } catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Should never happen!", e);
        }

        final byte[] resultBytes;
        try {
            resultBytes = cipher.doFinal(LongUtils.toByteArray(Base62Utils.decode(idStr)));
        } catch (IllegalBlockSizeException | BadPaddingException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Should never happen!", e);
        }
        return LongUtils.fromByteArray(resultBytes);
    }

    private static final class Base62Utils {

        private static final String R = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

        private static final char[] RADIX = R.toCharArray();
        private static final BigInteger RADIX_N = BigInteger.valueOf(RADIX.length);
        private static final BigInteger[] REVERSE;

        private static final BigInteger MAX_VALUE = new BigInteger(1, LongUtils.toByteArray(0xFFFFFFFF));
        private static final String MAX_STR = encode(MAX_VALUE.longValue());
        private static final int MAX_LENGTH = MAX_STR.length();

        static {
            REVERSE = new BigInteger[128];
            for (int i = 0; i < RADIX.length; ++i) {
                if (RADIX[i] >= REVERSE.length) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid radix string for char: " + RADIX[i]);
                }
                REVERSE[RADIX[i]] = BigInteger.valueOf(i);
            }
        }

        private static String encode(long l) {
            BigInteger i = new BigInteger(1, LongUtils.toByteArray(l));
            if (i.equals(BigInteger.ZERO)) {
                return String.valueOf(RADIX[0]);
            }
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            while (i.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) > 0) {
                sb.append(RADIX[i.mod(RADIX_N).intValue()]);
                i = i.divide(RADIX_N);
            }
            return sb.reverse().toString();
        }

        private static long decode(String str) {
            if (str.length() > MAX_LENGTH) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid input length, the max is: " + MAX_LENGTH);
            }
            char[] chars = str.toCharArray();
            for (int i = 0; i < chars.length / 2; ++i) {
                int j = chars.length - 1 - i;
                char c = chars[i];
                chars[i] = chars[j];
                chars[j] = c;
            }
            BigInteger ret = BigInteger.ZERO;
            BigInteger e = BigInteger.ONE;
            for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; ++i) {
                BigInteger r;
                if (chars[i] >= REVERSE.length || (r = REVERSE[chars[i]]) == null) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid input for char: " + chars[i]);
                }
                ret = ret.add(r.multiply(e));
                e = e.multiply(RADIX_N);
            }
            if (ret.compareTo(MAX_VALUE) > 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid input exceeding the max(" + MAX_STR + "): " + str);
            }
            return ret.longValue();
        }
    }

    private static final class LongUtils {

        private static byte[] toByteArray(long value) {
            return new byte[]{(byte) ((value >> 56) & 255L), (byte) ((value >> 48) & 255L),
                    (byte) ((value >> 40) & 255L), (byte) ((value >> 32) & 255L), (byte) ((value >> 24) & 255L),
                    (byte) ((value >> 16) & 255L), (byte) ((value >> 8) & 255L), (byte) (value & 255L)};
        }

        private static long fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {
            if (bytes.length != 8) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("bytes.length must be 8");
            }
            return ((long) bytes[0] & 255L) << 56 | ((long) bytes[1] & 255L) << 48 | ((long) bytes[2] & 255L) << 40 |
                    ((long) bytes[3] & 255L) << 32 | ((long) bytes[4] & 255L) << 24 | ((long) bytes[5] & 255L) << 16 |
                    ((long) bytes[6] & 255L) << 8 | (long) bytes[7] & 255L;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Base62IdCodec base62IdCodec = new Base62IdCodec("abcdefg");
        final long startId = System.currentTimeMillis();
        final int N = 1000000;
        final long endId = startId + N;

        final long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (long id = startId; id < endId; ++id) {
            base62IdCodec.encodeId(id);
        }
        final long cost = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;

        System.out.println(N + " id used: " + cost / 1000.0 + "s");
    }
}