Tensorflow Beam Search

tf_beam_decoder.py

"""
Beam decoder for tensorflow

Sample usage:

```
from tf_beam_decoder import  beam_decoder

decoded_sparse, decoded_logprobs = beam_decoder(
    cell=cell,
    beam_size=7,
    stop_token=2,
    initial_state=initial_state,
    initial_input=initial_input,
    tokens_to_inputs_fn=lambda tokens: tf.nn.embedding_lookup(my_embedding, tokens),
)
```

See the `beam_decoder` function for complete documentation. (Only the
`beam_decoder` function is part of the public API here.)
"""
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np

from tensorflow.python.util import nest

# %%

def nest_map(func, nested):
    if not nest.is_sequence(nested):
        return func(nested)
    flat = nest.flatten(nested)
    return nest.pack_sequence_as(nested, list(map(func, flat)))

# %%

def sparse_boolean_mask(tensor, mask):
    """
    Creates a sparse tensor from masked elements of `tensor`

    Inputs:
      tensor: a 2-D tensor, [batch_size, T]
      mask: a 2-D mask, [batch_size, T]

    Output: a 2-D sparse tensor
    """
    mask_lens = tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(mask, tf.int32), -1, keep_dims=True)
    mask_shape = tf.shape(mask)
    left_shifted_mask = tf.tile(
        tf.expand_dims(tf.range(mask_shape[1]), 0),
        [mask_shape[0], 1]
    ) < mask_lens
    return tf.SparseTensor(
        indices=tf.where(left_shifted_mask),
        values=tf.boolean_mask(tensor, mask),
        shape=tf.cast(tf.pack([mask_shape[0], tf.reduce_max(mask_lens)]), tf.int64) # For 2D only
    )

# %%

def flat_batch_gather(flat_params, indices, validate_indices=None,
    batch_size=None,
    options_size=None):
    """
    Gather slices from `flat_params` according to `indices`, separately for each
    example in a batch.

    output[(b * indices_size + i), :, ..., :] = flat_params[(b * options_size + indices[b, i]), :, ..., :]

    The arguments `batch_size` and `options_size`, if provided, are used instead
    of looking up the shape from the inputs. This may help avoid redundant
    computation (TODO: figure out if tensorflow's optimizer can do this automatically)

    Args:
      flat_params: A `Tensor`, [batch_size * options_size, ...]
      indices: A `Tensor`, [batch_size, indices_size]
      validate_indices: An optional `bool`. Defaults to `True`
      batch_size: (optional) an integer or scalar tensor representing the batch size
      options_size: (optional) an integer or scalar Tensor representing the number of options to choose from
    """
    if batch_size is None:
        batch_size = indices.get_shape()[0].value
        if batch_size is None:
            batch_size = tf.shape(indices)[0]

    if options_size is None:
        options_size = flat_params.get_shape()[0].value
        if options_size is None:
            options_size = tf.shape(flat_params)[0] // batch_size
        else:
            options_size = options_size // batch_size

    indices_offsets = tf.reshape(tf.range(batch_size) * options_size, [-1] + [1] * (len(indices.get_shape())-1))
    indices_into_flat = indices + tf.cast(indices_offsets, indices.dtype)
    flat_indices_into_flat = tf.reshape(indices_into_flat, [-1])

    return tf.gather(flat_params, flat_indices_into_flat, validate_indices=validate_indices)

def batch_gather(params, indices, validate_indices=None,
    batch_size=None,
    options_size=None):
    """
    Gather slices from `params` according to `indices`, separately for each
    example in a batch.

    output[b, i, ..., j, :, ..., :] = params[b, indices[b, i, ..., j], :, ..., :]

    The arguments `batch_size` and `options_size`, if provided, are used instead
    of looking up the shape from the inputs. This may help avoid redundant
    computation (TODO: figure out if tensorflow's optimizer can do this automatically)

    Args:
      params: A `Tensor`, [batch_size, options_size, ...]
      indices: A `Tensor`, [batch_size, ...]
      validate_indices: An optional `bool`. Defaults to `True`
      batch_size: (optional) an integer or scalar tensor representing the batch size
      options_size: (optional) an integer or scalar Tensor representing the number of options to choose from
    """
    if batch_size is None:
        batch_size = params.get_shape()[0].merge_with(indices.get_shape()[0]).value
        if batch_size is None:
            batch_size = tf.shape(indices)[0]

    if options_size is None:
        options_size = params.get_shape()[1].value
        if options_size is None:
            options_size = tf.shape(params)[1]

    batch_size_times_options_size = batch_size * options_size

    # TODO(nikita): consider using gather_nd. However as of 1/9/2017 gather_nd
    # has no gradients implemented.
    flat_params = tf.reshape(params, tf.concat(0,[[batch_size_times_options_size], tf.shape(params)[2:]]))

    indices_offsets = tf.reshape(tf.range(batch_size) * options_size, [-1] + [1] * (len(indices.get_shape())-1))
    indices_into_flat = indices + tf.cast(indices_offsets, indices.dtype)

    return tf.gather(flat_params, indices_into_flat, validate_indices=validate_indices)

# %%

class BeamFlattenWrapper(tf.nn.rnn_cell.RNNCell):
    def __init__(self, cell, beam_size):
        self.cell = cell
        self.beam_size = beam_size

    def merge_batch_beam(self, tensor):
        remaining_shape = tf.shape(tensor)[2:]
        res = tf.reshape(tensor, tf.concat(0, [[-1], remaining_shape]))
        res.set_shape(tf.TensorShape((None,)).concatenate(tensor.get_shape()[2:]))
        return res

    def unmerge_batch_beam(self, tensor):
        remaining_shape = tf.shape(tensor)[1:]
        res = tf.reshape(tensor, tf.concat(0, [[-1, self.beam_size], remaining_shape]))
        res.set_shape(tf.TensorShape((None,self.beam_size)).concatenate(tensor.get_shape()[1:]))
        return res

    def prepend_beam_size(self, element):
        return tf.TensorShape(self.beam_size).concatenate(element)

    def tile_along_beam(self, state):
        if nest.is_sequence(state):
            return nest_map(
                lambda val: self.tile_along_beam(val),
                state
            )

        if not isinstance(state, tf.Tensor):
            raise ValueError("State should be a sequence or tensor")

        tensor = state

        tensor_shape = tensor.get_shape().with_rank_at_least(1)
        new_tensor_shape = tensor_shape[:1].concatenate(self.beam_size).concatenate(tensor_shape[1:])

        dynamic_tensor_shape = tf.unpack(tf.shape(tensor))
        res = tf.expand_dims(tensor, 1)
        res = tf.tile(res, [1, self.beam_size] + [1] * (tensor_shape.ndims-1))
        res = tf.reshape(res, [-1, self.beam_size] + list(dynamic_tensor_shape[1:]))
        res.set_shape(new_tensor_shape)
        return res

    def __call__(self, inputs, state, scope=None):
        flat_inputs = nest_map(self.merge_batch_beam, inputs)
        flat_state = nest_map(self.merge_batch_beam, state)

        flat_output, flat_next_state = self.cell(flat_inputs, flat_state, scope=scope)

        output = nest_map(self.unmerge_batch_beam, flat_output)
        next_state = nest_map(self.unmerge_batch_beam, flat_next_state)

        return output, next_state

    @property
    def state_size(self):
        return nest_map(self.prepend_beam_size, self.cell.state_size)

    @property
    def output_size(self):
        return nest_map(self.prepend_beam_size, self.cell.output_size)

# %%

class BeamReplicateWrapper(tf.nn.rnn_cell.RNNCell):
    def __init__(self, cell, beam_size):
        self.cell = cell
        self.beam_size = beam_size

    def prepend_beam_size(self, element):
        return tf.TensorShape(self.beam_size).concatenate(element)

    def tile_along_beam(self, state):
        if nest.is_sequence(state):
            return nest_map(
                lambda val: self.tile_along_beam(val),
                state
            )

        if not isinstance(state, tf.Tensor):
            raise ValueError("State should be a sequence or tensor")

        tensor = state

        tensor_shape = tensor.get_shape().with_rank_at_least(1)
        new_tensor_shape = tensor_shape[:1].concatenate(self.beam_size).concatenate(tensor_shape[1:])

        dynamic_tensor_shape = tf.unpack(tf.shape(tensor))
        res = tf.expand_dims(tensor, 1)
        res = tf.tile(res, [1, self.beam_size] + [1] * (tensor_shape.ndims-1))
        res = tf.reshape(res, [-1, self.beam_size] + list(dynamic_tensor_shape[1:]))
        res.set_shape(new_tensor_shape)
        return res

    def __call__(self, inputs, state, scope=None):
        varscope = scope or tf.get_variable_scope()

        flat_inputs = nest.flatten(inputs)
        flat_state = nest.flatten(state)

        flat_inputs_unstacked = list(zip(*[tf.unstack(tensor, num=self.beam_size, axis=1) for tensor in flat_inputs]))
        flat_state_unstacked = list(zip(*[tf.unstack(tensor, num=self.beam_size, axis=1) for tensor in flat_state]))

        flat_output_unstacked = []
        flat_next_state_unstacked = []
        output_sample = None
        next_state_sample = None

        for i, (inputs_k, state_k) in enumerate(zip(flat_inputs_unstacked, flat_state_unstacked)):
            inputs_k = nest.pack_sequence_as(inputs, inputs_k)
            state_k = nest.pack_sequence_as(state, state_k)

            # TODO(nikita): is this scope stuff correct?
            if i == 0:
                output_k, next_state_k = self.cell(inputs_k, state_k, scope=scope)
            else:
                with tf.variable_scope(varscope, reuse=True):
                    output_k, next_state_k = self.cell(inputs_k, state_k, scope=varscope if scope is not None else None)

            flat_output_unstacked.append(nest.flatten(output_k))
            flat_next_state_unstacked.append(nest.flatten(next_state_k))

            output_sample = output_k
            next_state_sample = next_state_k


        flat_output = [tf.stack(tensors, axis=1) for tensors in zip(*flat_output_unstacked)]
        flat_next_state = [tf.stack(tensors, axis=1) for tensors in zip(*flat_next_state_unstacked)]

        output = nest.pack_sequence_as(output_sample, flat_output)
        next_state = nest.pack_sequence_as(next_state_sample, flat_next_state)

        return output, next_state

    @property
    def state_size(self):
        return nest_map(self.prepend_beam_size, self.cell.state_size)

    @property
    def output_size(self):
        return nest_map(self.prepend_beam_size, self.cell.output_size)

# %%

class BeamSearchHelper(object):
    # Our beam scores are stored in a fixed-size tensor, but sometimes the
    # tensor size is greater than the number of elements actually on the beam.
    # The invalid elements are assigned a highly negative score.
    # However, top_k errors if any of the inputs have a score of -inf, so we use
    # a large negative constant instead
    INVALID_SCORE = -1e18

    def __init__(self, cell, beam_size, stop_token, initial_state, initial_input,
            score_upper_bound=None,
            max_len=100,
            outputs_to_score_fn=None,
            tokens_to_inputs_fn=None,
            cell_transform='default',
            scope=None
            ):
        self.beam_size = beam_size
        self.stop_token = stop_token
        self.max_len = max_len
        self.scope = scope

        if score_upper_bound is None and outputs_to_score_fn is None:
            self.score_upper_bound = 0.0
        elif score_upper_bound is None or score_upper_bound > 3e38:
            # Note: 3e38 is just a little smaller than the largest float32
            # Second condition allows for Infinity as a synonym for None
            self.score_upper_bound = None
        else:
            self.score_upper_bound = float(score_upper_bound)

        if self.max_len is None and self.score_upper_bound is None:
            raise ValueError("Beam search needs a stopping criterion. Please provide max_len or score_upper_bound.")

        if cell_transform == 'default':
            if type(cell) in [tf.nn.rnn_cell.LSTMCell,
                              tf.nn.rnn_cell.GRUCell,
                              tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicLSTMCell,
                              tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicRNNCell]:
                cell_transform = 'flatten'
            else:
                cell_transform = 'replicate'

        if cell_transform == 'none':
            self.cell = cell
            self.initial_state = initial_state
            self.initial_input = initial_input
        elif cell_transform == 'flatten':
            self.cell = BeamFlattenWrapper(cell, self.beam_size)
            self.initial_state = self.cell.tile_along_beam(initial_state)
            self.initial_input = self.cell.tile_along_beam(initial_input)
        elif cell_transform == 'replicate':
            self.cell = BeamReplicateWrapper(cell, self.beam_size)
            self.initial_state = self.cell.tile_along_beam(initial_state)
            self.initial_input = self.cell.tile_along_beam(initial_input)
        else:
            raise ValueError("cell_transform must be one of: 'default', 'flatten', 'replicate', 'none'")

        self._cell_transform_used = cell_transform

        if outputs_to_score_fn is not None:
            self.outputs_to_score_fn = outputs_to_score_fn
        if tokens_to_inputs_fn is not None:
            self.tokens_to_inputs_fn = tokens_to_inputs_fn

        batch_size = tf.Dimension(None)
        if not nest.is_sequence(self.initial_state):
            batch_size = batch_size.merge_with(self.initial_state.get_shape()[0])
        else:
            for tensor in nest.flatten(self.initial_state):
                batch_size = batch_size.merge_with(tensor.get_shape()[0])

        if not nest.is_sequence(self.initial_input):
            batch_size = batch_size.merge_with(self.initial_input.get_shape()[0])
        else:
            for tensor in nest.flatten(self.initial_input):
                batch_size = batch_size.merge_with(tensor.get_shape()[0])

        self.inferred_batch_size = batch_size.value
        if self.inferred_batch_size is not None:
            self.batch_size = self.inferred_batch_size
        else:
            if not nest.is_sequence(self.initial_state):
                self.batch_size = tf.shape(self.initial_state)[0]
            else:
                self.batch_size = tf.shape(list(nest.flatten(self.initial_state))[0])[0]

        self.inferred_batch_size_times_beam_size = None
        if self.inferred_batch_size is not None:
            self.inferred_batch_size_times_beam_size = self.inferred_batch_size * self.beam_size

        self.batch_size_times_beam_size = self.batch_size * self.beam_size

    def outputs_to_score_fn(self, cell_output):
        return tf.nn.log_softmax(cell_output)

    def tokens_to_inputs_fn(self, symbols):
        return tf.expand_dims(symbols, -1)

    def beam_setup(self, time):
        emit_output = None
        next_cell_state = self.initial_state
        next_input = self.initial_input

        # Set up the beam search tracking state
        cand_symbols = tf.fill([self.batch_size, 0], tf.constant(self.stop_token, dtype=tf.int32))
        cand_logprobs = tf.ones((self.batch_size,), dtype=tf.float32) * -float('inf')

        first_in_beam_mask = tf.equal(tf.range(self.batch_size_times_beam_size) % self.beam_size, 0)

        beam_symbols = tf.fill([self.batch_size_times_beam_size, 0], tf.constant(self.stop_token, dtype=tf.int32))
        beam_logprobs = tf.select(
            first_in_beam_mask,
            tf.fill([self.batch_size_times_beam_size], 0.0),
            tf.fill([self.batch_size_times_beam_size], self.INVALID_SCORE)
        )

        # Set up correct dimensions for maintaining loop invariants.
        # Note that the last dimension (initialized to zero) is not a loop invariant,
        # so we need to clear it. TODO(nikita): is there a public API for clearing shape
        # inference so that _shape is not necessary?
        cand_symbols._shape = tf.TensorShape((self.inferred_batch_size, None))
        cand_logprobs._shape = tf.TensorShape((self.inferred_batch_size,))
        beam_symbols._shape = tf.TensorShape((self.inferred_batch_size_times_beam_size, None))
        beam_logprobs._shape = tf.TensorShape((self.inferred_batch_size_times_beam_size,))

        next_loop_state = (
            cand_symbols,
            cand_logprobs,
            beam_symbols,
            beam_logprobs,
        )

        emit_output = tf.zeros(self.cell.output_size)
        elements_finished = tf.zeros([self.batch_size], dtype=tf.bool)

        return (elements_finished, next_input, next_cell_state,
                emit_output, next_loop_state)

    def beam_loop(self, time, cell_output, cell_state, loop_state):
        (
            past_cand_symbols, # [batch_size, time-1]
            past_cand_logprobs,# [batch_size]
            past_beam_symbols, # [batch_size*beam_size, time-1], right-aligned
            past_beam_logprobs,# [batch_size*beam_size]
                ) = loop_state

        # We don't actually use this, but emit_output is required to match the
        # cell output size specfication. Otherwise we would leave this as None.
        emit_output = cell_output

        # 1. Get scores for all candidate sequences

        logprobs = self.outputs_to_score_fn(cell_output)

        try:
            num_classes = int(logprobs.get_shape()[-1])
        except:
            # Shape inference failed
            num_classes = tf.shape(logprobs)[-1]

        logprobs_batched = tf.reshape(logprobs + tf.expand_dims(tf.reshape(past_beam_logprobs, [self.batch_size, self.beam_size]), 2),
                                      [self.batch_size, self.beam_size * num_classes])

        # 2. Determine which states to pass to next iteration

        # TODO(nikita): consider using slice+fill+concat instead of adding a mask
        nondone_mask = tf.reshape(
            tf.cast(tf.equal(tf.range(num_classes), self.stop_token), tf.float32) * self.INVALID_SCORE,
            [1, 1, num_classes])

        nondone_mask = tf.reshape(tf.tile(nondone_mask, [1, self.beam_size, 1]),
            [-1, self.beam_size*num_classes])


        beam_logprobs, indices = tf.nn.top_k(logprobs_batched + nondone_mask, self.beam_size)
        beam_logprobs = tf.reshape(beam_logprobs, [-1])

        # For continuing to the next symbols
        symbols = indices % num_classes # [batch_size, self.beam_size]
        parent_refs = indices // num_classes # [batch_size, self.beam_size]

        symbols_history = flat_batch_gather(past_beam_symbols, parent_refs, batch_size=self.batch_size, options_size=self.beam_size)
        beam_symbols = tf.concat(1, [symbols_history, tf.reshape(symbols, [-1, 1])])

        # Handle the output and the cell state shuffling
        next_cell_state = nest_map(
            lambda element: batch_gather(element, parent_refs, batch_size=self.batch_size, options_size=self.beam_size),
            cell_state
        )


        next_input = self.tokens_to_inputs_fn(tf.reshape(symbols, [-1, self.beam_size]))

        # 3. Update the candidate pool to include entries that just ended with a stop token
        logprobs_done = tf.reshape(logprobs_batched, [-1, self.beam_size, num_classes])[:,:,self.stop_token]
        done_parent_refs = tf.argmax(logprobs_done, 1)
        done_symbols = flat_batch_gather(past_beam_symbols, done_parent_refs, batch_size=self.batch_size, options_size=self.beam_size)

        logprobs_done_max = tf.reduce_max(logprobs_done, 1)

        cand_symbols_unpadded = tf.select(logprobs_done_max > past_cand_logprobs,
                                done_symbols,
                                past_cand_symbols)
        cand_logprobs = tf.maximum(logprobs_done_max, past_cand_logprobs)

        cand_symbols = tf.concat(1, [cand_symbols_unpadded, tf.fill([self.batch_size, 1], self.stop_token)])

        # 4. Check the stopping criteria

        if self.max_len is not None:
            elements_finished_clip = (time >= self.max_len)

        if self.score_upper_bound is not None:
            elements_finished_bound = tf.reduce_max(tf.reshape(beam_logprobs, [-1, self.beam_size]), 1) < (cand_logprobs - self.score_upper_bound)

        if self.max_len is not None and self.score_upper_bound is not None:
            elements_finished = elements_finished_clip | elements_finished_bound
        elif self.score_upper_bound is not None:
            elements_finished = elements_finished_bound
        elif self.max_len is not None:
            # this broadcasts elements_finished_clip to the correct shape
            elements_finished = tf.zeros([self.batch_size], dtype=tf.bool) | elements_finished_clip
        else:
            assert False, "Lack of stopping criterion should have been caught in constructor"

        # 5. Prepare return values
        # While loops require strict shape invariants, so we manually set shapes
        # in case the automatic shape inference can't calculate these. Even when
        # this is redundant is has the benefit of helping catch shape bugs.

        for tensor in list(nest.flatten(next_input)) + list(nest.flatten(next_cell_state)):
            tensor.set_shape(tf.TensorShape((self.inferred_batch_size, self.beam_size)).concatenate(tensor.get_shape()[2:]))

        for tensor in [cand_symbols, cand_logprobs, elements_finished]:
            tensor.set_shape(tf.TensorShape((self.inferred_batch_size,)).concatenate(tensor.get_shape()[1:]))

        for tensor in [beam_symbols, beam_logprobs]:
            tensor.set_shape(tf.TensorShape((self.inferred_batch_size_times_beam_size,)).concatenate(tensor.get_shape()[1:]))

        next_loop_state = (
            cand_symbols,
            cand_logprobs,
            beam_symbols,
            beam_logprobs,
        )

        return (elements_finished, next_input, next_cell_state,
                emit_output, next_loop_state)

    def loop_fn(self, time, cell_output, cell_state, loop_state):
        if cell_output is None:
            return self.beam_setup(time)
        else:
            return self.beam_loop(time, cell_output, cell_state, loop_state)

    def decode_dense(self):
        emit_ta, final_state, final_loop_state = tf.nn.raw_rnn(self.cell, self.loop_fn, scope=self.scope)
        cand_symbols, cand_logprobs, beam_symbols, beam_logprobs = final_loop_state
        return cand_symbols, cand_logprobs

    def decode_sparse(self, include_stop_tokens=True):
        dense_symbols, logprobs = self.decode_dense()
        mask = tf.not_equal(dense_symbols, self.stop_token)
        if include_stop_tokens:
            mask = tf.concat(1, [tf.ones_like(mask[:,:1]), mask[:,:-1]])
        return sparse_boolean_mask(dense_symbols, mask), logprobs
# %%

def beam_decoder(
        cell,
        beam_size,
        stop_token,
        initial_state,
        initial_input,
        tokens_to_inputs_fn,
        outputs_to_score_fn=None,
        score_upper_bound=None,
        max_len=None,
        cell_transform='default',
        output_dense=False,
        scope=None
        ):
    """Beam search decoder

    Args:
        cell: tf.nn.rnn_cell.RNNCell defining the cell to use
        beam_size: the beam size for this search
        stop_token: the index of the symbol used to indicate the end of the
            output
        initial_state: initial cell state for the decoder
        initial_input: initial input into the decoder (typically the embedding
            of a START token)
        tokens_to_inputs_fn: function to go from token numbers to cell inputs.
            A typical implementation would look up the tokens in an embedding
            matrix.
            (signature: [batch_size, beam_size, num_classes] int32 -> [batch_size, beam_size, ...])
        outputs_to_score_fn: function to go from RNN cell outputs to scores for
            different tokens. If left unset, log-softmax is used (i.e. the cell
            outputs are treated as unnormalized logits).
            Inputs to the function are cell outputs, i.e. a possibly nested
            structure of items with shape [batch_size, beam_size, ...].
            Must return a single Tensor with shape [batch_size, beam_size, num_classes]
        score_upper_bound: (float or None). An upper bound on sequence scores.
            Used to determine a stopping criterion for beam search: the search
            stops if the highest-scoring complete sequence found so far beats
            anything on the beam by at least score_upper_bound. For typical
            sequence decoder models, outputs_to_score_fn returns normalized
            logits and this upper bound should be set to 0. Defaults to 0 if
            outputs_to_score_fn is not provided, otherwise defaults to None.
        max_len: (default None) maximum length after which to abort beam search.
            This provides an alternative stopping criterion.
        cell_transform: 'flatten', 'replicate', 'none', or 'default'. Most RNN
            primitives require inputs/outputs/states to have a shape that starts
            with [batch_size]. Beam search instead relies on shapes that start
            with [batch_size, beam_size]. This parameter controls how the arguments
            cell/initial_state/initial_input are transformed to comply with this.
            * 'flatten' creates a virtual batch of size batch_size*beam_size, and
              uses the cell with such a batch size. This transformation is only
              valid for cells that do not rely on the batch ordering in any way.
              (This is true of most RNNCells, but notably excludes cells that
              use attention.)
              The values of initial_state and initial_input are expanded and
              tiled along the beam_size dimension.
            * 'replicate' creates beam_size virtual replicas of the cell, each
              one of which is applied to batch_size elements. This should yield
              correct results (even for models with attention), but may not have
              ideal performance.
              The values of initial_state and initial_input are expanded and
              tiled along the beam_size dimension.
            * 'none' passes along cell/initial_state/initial_input as-is.
              Note that this requires initial_state and initial_input to already
              have a shape [batch_size, beam_size, ...] and a custom cell type
              that can handle this
            * 'default' selects 'flatten' for LSTMCell, GRUCell, BasicLSTMCell,
              and BasicRNNCell. For all other cell types, it selects 'replicate'
        output_dense: (default False) toggles returning the decoded sequence as
            dense tensor.
        scope: VariableScope for the created subgraph; defaults to "RNN".

    Returns:
        A tuple of the form (decoded, log_probabilities) where:
        decoded: A SparseTensor (or dense Tensor if output_dense=True), of
            underlying shape [batch_size, ?] that contains the decoded sequence
            for each batch element
        log_probability: a [batch_size] tensor containing sequence
            log-probabilities
    """
    with tf.variable_scope(scope or "RNN") as varscope:
        helper = BeamSearchHelper(
            cell=cell,
            beam_size=beam_size,
            stop_token=stop_token,
            initial_state=initial_state,
            initial_input=initial_input,
            tokens_to_inputs_fn=tokens_to_inputs_fn,
            outputs_to_score_fn=outputs_to_score_fn,
            score_upper_bound=score_upper_bound,
            max_len=max_len,
            cell_transform=cell_transform,
            scope=varscope
        )

        if output_dense:
            return helper.decode_dense()
        else:
            return helper.decode_sparse()

tf_beam_decoder_test.py

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.python.platform import test
import numpy as np
from tf_beam_decoder import beam_decoder, BeamSearchHelper

# %%

sess = tf.InteractiveSession()

# %%

class MarkovChainCell(tf.nn.rnn_cell.RNNCell):
    """
    This cell type is only used for testing the beam decoder.

    It represents a Markov chain characterized by a probability table p(x_t|x_{t-1},x_{t-2}).
    """
    def __init__(self, table):
        """
        table[a,b,c] = p(x_t=c|x_{t-1}=b,x_{t-2}=a)
        """
        assert len(table.shape) == 3 and table.shape[0] == table.shape[1] == table.shape[2]
        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'): # ignore warning for log(0)
            self.log_table = np.log(np.asarray(table, dtype=np.float32))
        self.log_table_var = None
        self._output_size = table.shape[0]

    def __call__(self, inputs, state, scope=None):
        """
        inputs: [batch_size, 1] int tensor
        state: [batch_size, 1] int tensor
        """
        # Simulate variable creation, to ensure scoping works correctly
        log_table = tf.get_variable('log_table',
            shape=(3,3,3),
            dtype=tf.float32,
            initializer=tf.constant_initializer(self.log_table))

        if self.log_table_var is None:
            self.log_table_var = log_table
        else:
            assert self.log_table_var == log_table

        logits = tf.reshape(log_table, [-1, self.output_size])
        indices = state[0] * self.output_size + inputs
        return tf.gather(logits, tf.reshape(indices, [-1])), (inputs,)

    @property
    def state_size(self):
        return (1,)

    @property
    def output_size(self):
        return self._output_size


class BeamSearchTest(test.TestCase):
    def test1(self):
        """
        test correct decode in sequence
        """
        with self.test_session() as sess:
            table = np.array([[[0.0, 0.6, 0.4],
                               [0.0, 0.4, 0.6],
                               [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]] * 3)

            for cell_transform in ['default', 'flatten', 'replicate']:
                cell = MarkovChainCell(table)
                initial_state = cell.zero_state(1, tf.int32)
                initial_input = initial_state[0]

                with tf.variable_scope('test1_{}'.format(cell_transform)):
                    best_sparse, best_logprobs = beam_decoder(
                        cell=cell,
                        beam_size=7,
                        stop_token=2,
                        initial_state=initial_state,
                        initial_input=initial_input,
                        tokens_to_inputs_fn=lambda x:tf.expand_dims(x, -1),
                        max_len=5,
                        cell_transform=cell_transform,
                        output_dense=False,
                        )

                    tf.variables_initializer([cell.log_table_var]).run()
                    assert all(best_sparse.eval().values == [2])
                    assert np.isclose(np.exp(best_logprobs.eval())[0], 0.4)

    def test2(self):
        """
        test correct intermediate beam states
        """
        with self.test_session() as sess:
            table = np.array([[[0.9, 0.1, 0],
                               [0, 0.9, 0.1],
                               [0, 0, 1.0]]] * 3)

            for cell_transform in ['default', 'flatten', 'replicate']:
                cell = MarkovChainCell(table)
                initial_state = cell.zero_state(1, tf.int32)
                initial_input = initial_state[0]

                with tf.variable_scope('test2_{}'.format(cell_transform)):
                    helper = BeamSearchHelper(
                        cell=cell,
                        beam_size=10,
                        stop_token=2,
                        initial_state=initial_state,
                        initial_input=initial_input,
                        tokens_to_inputs_fn=lambda x:tf.expand_dims(x, -1),
                        max_len=3,
                        cell_transform=cell_transform
                        )

                    _, _, final_loop_state = tf.nn.raw_rnn(helper.cell, helper.loop_fn)
                    _, _, beam_symbols, beam_logprobs = final_loop_state

                tf.variables_initializer([cell.log_table_var]).run()
                candidates, candidate_logprobs = sess.run((beam_symbols, beam_logprobs))

                assert all(candidates[0,:] == [0,0,0])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[0]), 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.9)
                # Note that these three candidates all have the same score, and the sort order
                # may change in the future
                assert all(candidates[1,:] == [0,0,1])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[1]), 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.1)
                assert all(candidates[2,:] == [0,1,1])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[2]), 0.9 * 0.1 * 0.9)
                assert all(candidates[3,:] == [1,1,1])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[3]), 0.1 * 0.9 * 0.9)
                assert all(np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[4:]), 0.0))

    def test3(self):
        """
        test that variable reuse works as expected
        """
        with self.test_session() as sess:
            table = np.array([[[0.0, 0.6, 0.4],
                               [0.0, 0.4, 0.6],
                               [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]]] * 3)

            for cell_transform in ['default', 'flatten', 'replicate']:
                cell = MarkovChainCell(table)
                initial_state = cell.zero_state(1, tf.int32)
                initial_input = initial_state[0]

                with tf.variable_scope('test3_{}'.format(cell_transform)) as scope:
                    best_sparse, best_logprobs = beam_decoder(
                        cell=cell,
                        beam_size=7,
                        stop_token=2,
                        initial_state=initial_state,
                        initial_input=initial_input,
                        tokens_to_inputs_fn=lambda x:tf.expand_dims(x, -1),
                        max_len=5,
                        cell_transform=cell_transform,
                        output_dense=False,
                        scope=scope
                        )

                tf.variables_initializer([cell.log_table_var]).run()

                with tf.variable_scope(scope, reuse=True) as varscope:
                    best_sparse_2, best_logprobs_2 = beam_decoder(
                        cell=cell,
                        beam_size=7,
                        stop_token=2,
                        initial_state=initial_state,
                        initial_input=initial_input,
                        tokens_to_inputs_fn=lambda x:tf.expand_dims(x, -1),
                        max_len=5,
                        cell_transform=cell_transform,
                        output_dense=False,
                        scope=varscope
                        )

                assert all(sess.run(tf.equal(best_sparse.values, best_sparse_2.values)))
                assert np.isclose(*sess.run((best_logprobs, best_logprobs_2)))

    def test4(self):
        """
        test batching, with statically unknown batch size
        """
        with self.test_session() as sess:
            table = np.array([[[0.9, 0.1, 0],
                               [0, 0.9, 0.1],
                               [0, 0, 1.0]]] * 3)

            for cell_transform in ['default', 'flatten', 'replicate']:
                cell = MarkovChainCell(table)
                initial_state = (tf.constant([[2],[0]]),)
                initial_input = initial_state[0]
                initial_input._shape = tf.TensorShape([None, 1])

                with tf.variable_scope('test4_{}'.format(cell_transform)):
                    helper = BeamSearchHelper(
                        cell=cell,
                        beam_size=10,
                        stop_token=2,
                        initial_state=initial_state,
                        initial_input=initial_input,
                        tokens_to_inputs_fn=lambda x:tf.expand_dims(x, -1),
                        max_len=3,
                        cell_transform=cell_transform
                        )

                    _, _, final_loop_state = tf.nn.raw_rnn(helper.cell, helper.loop_fn)
                    _, _, beam_symbols, beam_logprobs = final_loop_state

                tf.variables_initializer([cell.log_table_var]).run()
                candidates, candidate_logprobs = sess.run((beam_symbols, beam_logprobs))

                assert all(candidates[10,:] == [0,0,0])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[10]), 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.9)
                # Note that these three candidates all have the same score, and the sort order
                # may change in the future
                assert all(candidates[11,:] == [0,0,1])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[11]), 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.1)
                assert all(candidates[12,:] == [0,1,1])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[12]), 0.9 * 0.1 * 0.9)
                assert all(candidates[13,:] == [1,1,1])
                assert np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[13]), 0.1 * 0.9 * 0.9)
                assert all(np.isclose(np.exp(candidate_logprobs[14:]), 0.0))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    test.main()

@nikitakit Thank you for answers and improvements! I'll try again.

I would very much appreciate it if you could point me to a paper that does this, but I suspect that this is actually a bug in your model and that you would want to get rid of the ReLU layer.

I can't point a paper. I didn't think that it could hurt performance. Thank you that you noticed this.

@nikitakit
Can you provide an example on how to use this with the seq2seq interface provided with tensorflow?

seq2seq.py

@gidim There are usage instructions at the top of tf_beam_decoder.py about how to use beam search. Plugging it into your model should be extremely straightforward. If you are having issues, could you post a code snippet here? (I can try to help you debug)

there is a bug in calculating logprobs_done.
it has to be divided by time length.

it should be logprobs_done = tf.reshape(logprobs_batched, [-1, self.beam_size, num_classes])[:, :, self.stop_token] / tf.float(time)

@fodrh1201 Why do you say this is a bug? I've certainly seen people normalize scores by sequence length before, but as far as I know that's a non-standard modification of beam search. Vanilla beam search just finds the most-probable sequence without considering length at all.

@nikitakit
hi, I use your beam_decoder and find that when setting beam_size to 1, the predicted result is still different from that predicted by a model which uses greedy search. Is it a normal situation?
Here is the code for tokens_to_inputs_fn and outputs_to_score_fn:

1. tokens_to_inputs_fn

def tokens_to_intputs_fn(model_predictions): 
    _input = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, model_predictions)
    return _input

2. outputs_to_score_fn

def outputs_to_score_fn(model_output): 
    output_logits = tf.reshape(model_output, (-1, self.num_lstm_units)) 
    # fully connected layer to creat the probability ditribution over the vocabulary
    output_logits = tf.add(tf.matmul(output_logits, W), b) 
    output_logits = tf.reshape(output_logits, (-1, self.beam_size, self.vocab_size)) 
    return tf.nn.log_softmax(output_logits)

@wanpifeng4ever Maybe the difference has to do with handling of stop tokens?

Imagine a model that always outputs a 90% probability of CONTINUE token and 10% probability of STOP token. Under greedy decode the output will be an infinite sequence of CONTINUE tokens (though in practice will probably be a hard-enforced length limit), but under beam search the output will just be a single STOP token.

I recommend you find a case where the two behaviors aren't the same for your model and examine in more detail the outputs from greedy and beam decode, their scores, and the scores along the way to the outputs.

@nikitakit hey! does this work with TF 1.0? thanks!

@nikitakit I tried this with version 1.1.0. After modifying some api changes, I'm stuck with the error:
alueError: Attempt to reuse RNNCell <tensorflow.contrib.rnn.python.ops.core_rnn_cell_impl.BasicLSTMCell object at 0x7f16c0ca3588> with a different variable scope than its first use. First use of cell was with scope 'seq2seq_att/social_bot/Decoder/decoder/decoder/basic_lstm_cell', this attempt is with scope 'seq2seq_att/social_bot/Decoder/decoder/rnn/basic_lstm_cell'

at this line: output_k, next_state_k = self.cell(inputs_k, state_k,scope=scope)

@nikitakit I have some questions about outputs_to_score_fn and the return value.

1. what's the expect input shape and output shape of this function?
2. the output should be the log_softmax results instead of the logits before the softmax, right?
3. if I want to get n best list, what should I do ?
   Thanks!

@avostryakov did you solve your problem? I think I have exactly same problem with you. the cand_symbols is just sequence of stop tokens...