See: https://computers-are-fast.github.io/
Create a file system in RAM:
$ mkdir ramdir
$ mount -t tmpfs -o size=500m tmpfs ramdir
dd if=debian-10.1.0-amd64-virtualbox.box bs=1MB of=ramdir/a
1056+1 records in
1056+1 records out
1056625836 bytes (1.1 GB, 1008 MiB) copied, 0.408706 s, 2.6 GB/s
dd if=debian-10.1.0-amd64-virtualbox.box bs=1MB > /dev/null
1056+1 records in
1056+1 records out
1056625836 bytes (1.1 GB, 1008 MiB) copied, 0.157488 s, 6.7 GB/s
At the time of writing, the latest commit of coreutils' seq.c
is
https://github.com/coreutils/coreutils/commit/1c8050cc4d862a905ba4e91ac6df2f3c1e501649
It contains a comment that shows that one way to determine the throughput of seq
is
$ seq 0 200 inf | pv > /dev/null
171MiB 0:00:08 [21.6MiB/s] [ <=> ]