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Reverse-engineering the dynamic wallpaper file format in macOS Mojave.
Raw
Mojave-dynamic-wallpaper-notes.md

The dynamic wallpaper in MacOS Mojave is a single 114 MB .heic file that seems to contain 16 embedded images.

It also contains the following binary plist data in its metadata under the key "Solar". It's an array of 16 items, each with four keys:

  • i (integer). This seems to be the image index.
  • o (integer). This is always 1 or 0. Stephen Radford thinks it indicates dark mode (0) vs. light mode (1).
  • a (decimal). I’m pretty sure this is the angle of the sun over the horizon. 0º = sunset/sunrise. 90º = sun directly overhead. Negative values = sun below horizon.
  • z (decimal). This seems to be the cardinal position of the sun relative to the camera. 0º = sun is directly in front of the camera. 90º = sun is directly to the right of the camera. 180º = sun is directly behind the camera.
Raw
Solar.plist
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>si</key>
<array>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>0</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>270.9334057827345</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-0.3427528387535028</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>1</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>81.77588714480999</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-10.23975864472505</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>2</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>86.33545030477751</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-4.247734408075456</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>3</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>90.81267037496195</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>1.389086633100843</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>4</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>95.30740958876589</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>7.167168970526129</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>5</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>99.92062963268938</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>13.08619419164163</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>6</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>129.1865220819196</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>40.41563946490428</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>7</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>182.2330942549791</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>53.43347266172774</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>8</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>233.5515919580959</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>38.79312820063863</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>9</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>261.8715904657666</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>11.08942317126588</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>10</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>266.4432737071051</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>5.184575323673625</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>11</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>275.4420453669525</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-6.248309374122789</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>12</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>280.0703158940117</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-12.20770735214888</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>1</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>13</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>309.4185731874514</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-39.48933951993012</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>14</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>2.175096553867547</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-52.75318137879935</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
<dict>
<key>i</key>
<integer>15</integer>
<key>z</key>
<real>53.50908581251309</real>
<key>a</key>
<real>-38.04743388682423</real>
<key>o</key>
<integer>0</integer>
</dict>
</array>
</dict>
</plist>
@tim-hilt
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tim-hilt commented Nov 3, 2021 •
edited
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Can you tell me how you got the plist-output? I mainly use Linux and would love to build a small utility that acts like the MacOS dynamic background. There are no such utilities yet that incorporate solar positioning.

@ole
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ole commented Nov 4, 2021

@tim-hilt Paste the following code into an Xcode playground or turn it into a command-line script, this should get your started. Note that the code will not work on Linux since it uses Apple-proprietary APIs to parse the image's metadata. If you want to use another library for this, look for the apple_desktop:solar key in the image's XMP metadata.

// Extract and decode the apple_desktop:solar plist embedded in macOS Dynamic Wallpaper images.

import Foundation
import ImageIO

let imageFileURL = URL(fileURLWithPath: "/System/Library/Desktop Pictures/Monterey Graphic.heic")
let imageSource = CGImageSourceCreateWithURL(imageFileURL as CFURL, nil)!
let metadata = imageSource.metadataForImage(at: 0)!
let metadataTags = metadata.tags
let appleDesktopSolarTag = metadataTags.first { tag in
  tag.prefix == "apple_desktop" && tag.name == "solar"
}!
let binaryPlistBase64 = appleDesktopSolarTag.value as! String

let binaryPlistData = Data(base64Encoded: binaryPlistBase64)!
let plistContents = try PropertyListSerialization.propertyList(from: binaryPlistData, format: nil)
print(plistContents)

extension CGImageSource {
  var status: CGImageSourceStatus {
    return CGImageSourceGetStatus(self)
  }

  var uti: String? {
    return CGImageSourceGetType(self) as String?
  }

  var count: Int {
    return CGImageSourceGetCount(self)
  }

  var properties: [String: Any] {
    return CGImageSourceCopyProperties(self, nil) as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
  }

  func propertiesForImage(at index: Int) -> [String: Any] {
    return CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex(self, index, nil) as? [String: Any] ?? [:]
  }

  func metadataForImage(at index: Int) -> CGImageMetadata? {
    return CGImageSourceCopyMetadataAtIndex(self, index, nil)
  }
}

extension CGImageMetadata {
  var tags: [CGImageMetadataTag] {
    return (CGImageMetadataCopyTags(self) as? [CGImageMetadataTag]) ?? []
  }
}

extension CGImageMetadataTag {
  var namespace: String? {
    return CGImageMetadataTagCopyNamespace(self) as String?
  }

  var prefix: String? {
    return CGImageMetadataTagCopyPrefix(self) as String?
  }

  var name: String? {
    return CGImageMetadataTagCopyName(self) as String?
  }

  var value: Any? {
    return CGImageMetadataTagCopyValue(self)
  }

  var type: CGImageMetadataType {
    return CGImageMetadataTagGetType(self)
  }
}

extension CGImageSourceStatus: CustomStringConvertible {
  public var description: String {
    switch self {
    case .statusUnexpectedEOF: return "statusUnexpectedEOF"
    case .statusInvalidData: return "statusInvalidData"
    case .statusUnknownType: return "statusUnknownType"
    case .statusReadingHeader: return "statusReadingHeader"
    case .statusIncomplete: return "statusIncomplete"
    case .statusComplete: return "statusComplete"
    @unknown default: return "unknown"
    }
  }
}

extension CGImageMetadataType: CustomStringConvertible {
  public var description: String {
    switch self {
    case .invalid: return "invalid"
    case .default: return "default"
    case .string: return "string"
    case .arrayUnordered: return "arrayUnordered"
    case .arrayOrdered: return "arrayOrdered"
    case .alternateArray: return "alternateArray"
    case .alternateText: return "alternateText"
    case .structure: return "structure"
    @unknown default: return "unknown"
    }
  }
}

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