Data for Black Lives: Keynote transcript

transcript.md

these are some visionaries aren't they I mean really incredible incredible and I don't have all the answers so I'm just gonna say that but I might have some good questions going back to the president's welcome so when something is the first that means that there's no precedent there's no tradition that you have to follow so you can break up the traditional keynote and do it how you want to do so that's what I'm gonna do and I'm gonna ask you to give me your energy to participate to talk back you already started some of that already but don't be quiet get off your hands say it again that is your girl I love it that's what I'm asking for so can we do something a little more participatory all right top back holler interrupts because in part that's what we're doing we're interrupting a dominant narrative about technology and society and so one of the things we have to realize is that we're not gonna focus narrowly on data because that already circumscribes the conversation we're gonna zoom our lens out and we're going to talk about the fact that an interpretation is required to make sense of data stories narratives are important context is important we don't find the data we produce it right and so the context in which us produce matters who is doing the producing matters and so we're gonna get into all of that and so I'm not gonna be very disciplined in terms of focusing narrowly on data for a reason because that's part of the zooming the lens out so let me just start just to give you a little taste of the backdrop in which my own thinking around this formulated and I think something that we may take for granted is that not everyone is on board with this kind of conversation and intervention all right and it's not necessarily a malicious kind of antagonistic relationship to the conversation but a taking for granted about what good knowledge production means for many people the best knowledge is a social and a historical right so here you have an example from a part of my research where there's a group working on a genetic atlas mapping project and the way that it's reported not necessarily the way it's done but the way that it's reported by a notorious science journalist Nick Wade in which he says that in this case the the researchers hopes historians would find their work useful but that they had not collaborated with historians in some sense we don't want to talk to historians there's a great virtue in being objective you put the data in and get the history out we do think this is a way of reconstructing reconstructing history by just using DNA so here we want to think about how part of our conversation is troubling this idea of a social and a historic knowledge production or scientific research in part what we're getting at is this notion of technological determinism right and so here you have some headlines that give you a taste of that how genetic engineering will change everything is Facebook making us lonely and I could list probably a dozen headlines just from the last week in which the framing is one where technology is driving us we are ponds we are puppets but human agency human motivation and values and politics that is downstream that comes after the fact all right and so what part of what we're doing is we're questioning the framing of technological determinism and we're saying in fact human beings are developing are creating are imagining our technological infrastructure right and so if that's the case and only a small sliver of you Jannetty is taking part in that we are trying to broaden that and make it more participatory data for black lives I knew in a room full of geeks yahwah filming yahwah filming so what we're saying when we're questioning technological determinism is that we are partnering with our algorithms we are enrolling our robots we are in solidarity with this infrastructure right it's not something that we're on tagging istic - it's not something that we're against but we're thinking about what it means to actually be in partnership with technology enroll our androids in the struggle can you feel me all right so the the zooming out the larger context we also have to come to grips with the deadly underpinnings of so much data you talked about being a statistic in this case we're gonna put a face to the statistic we see here some images of Miami PDS target practice now what we're what we're talking about is the fact that well before the shooting that makes the headline that becomes a hashtag there is a simmering there is a substrate of violence of anti-black racism that gives rise to then what makes the headlines so what we're doing is we're peeling back the veneer we're looking backstage right we're not waiting for the spectacular what we in this room are interested in is the mundane the everyday the things we take for granted we're looking at the fine print right we're looking at the protocols we're looking at what's taken for granted because all of that simmering is what gives rise to whatever makes the headlines we're moving beyond only the kind of downstream police brutality and we're looking at where so much of this starts in the criminalization of young young people you have some students in the room here so we're talking before you can read we have preschool teachers who are already forming subconscious and in some cases conscious forms of bias and racism in which in this case the Yale study says they put some eye tracking technology the kids are engaged in the same behavior and their I their their vision keeps going to the little black boys in the class right and so we really can't talk about police without talking about preschool teachers it's on a continuum right one is not more egregious than the other and so here we have to zoom the lens out and we have to refuse the kind of circumscription the kind of inattention to this continuum that so many of the sound bites have us focus on the fine print does anyone know what this is that you're looking at it's the ambulance bill that the city of Cleveland sent the family of Tamir rice after that officer shot him the child is dead and the family receives a bill for his last ambulance ride so what we're talking about is low-key violence before the spectacular and after it the banal the bureaucratic the everyday the business is usual that's not only in our legal codes but in our financial codes and our computer codes we don't want to talk about one without the other we're going to employ some integrative thinking this evening and make connections where people don't want us to make connections the fine print and that's why we need people who are willing and able to look at this at fine grained detailed and not just be taken by the headlines right Black Death is intimately related to black debt in a recent survey of municipalities across the country they found that the one factor that explained the extent to which cities find their citizens to death was the proportion of african-americans in that municipality not class more impoverished places that were predominantly white and Hispanic didn't have this level of fining black citizens we have documentation now have been living with a form of economic terrorism that precedes the more violent physical displays of state sanctioned violence that we have become accustomed to paying attention to so when you wonder why why are the citizens protesting why are they so angry it was before Michael Brown got shot that this community was undergoing this form of economic terrorism so it shouldn't be surprised us the data bears it out right so we have to use this in order to create a different story about what is wrong and what needs to get fixed it isn't simply about firing a few cops because if entire city budgets are based on finding black people to debt then we need that as part of the conversation doing that cities most likely to exploit residents for fine revenue are those with the highest african-american populations so we can't just talk about black death without also talking about data for black life mapping what we want not only what we do not want right so when we're sort of broadening our cart of cartographic imaginary it's not enough only to heed the data points that demonstrate our immiseration or exploitation but also the data points that point to where we want to go how we want to live what our liberating technologies that we can design and who and what do we need in that journey to get there so we're we are going to balance out the the attention in terms of producing data for black life all right and so I want to ask you now to join with me in a kind of roll call we're gonna call some people in the room who may not be here physically but who we need on this journey because we have some skills here we have some talents we have some smart people you know we have some creative folks but there's a lot of people outside of this room that we need to call forth now and so will you join me in a bit of a roll call we're gonna start with some ancestors who were data scientists shall we say alright we go we don't we gonna call some people in the room who knew about some astronomy all right knew how to get free using the Stars and the rivers and you had a read and map their way to freedom fugitive scientists in the words of Britt Russell fugitive scientists all right any other ancestors you can think of you want to call in a room call him out who you want to call all right Maria store can we can we say what's up to I to be Wells all right now with those statistics on lynching she wasn't planned she was traveling all over traveling all over employing data for black lives anybody else you want to call in a room all right can we get the boys in the room all right now working around the corner prolific talk about some data visualizations before y'all had a word for it the boys was up there drawing and coloring and employing a whole team taking himself to the World Fair wherever he did with his data visualizations now there's a new book coming out next year by Brit Russert and colleagues that is about Du Bois and data visualizations showing how he was ahead of his time all right data scientists data for black lives anybody else you want to call in the room come on come on now come on all right ancestors now can we talk about activists and organizations that we want to call and acknowledge those past and those present all right bring them in the room come on come on exactly all right bring them in the room you have some more contemporary ones but you see there's a genealogy we're building on a tradition we not starting something new no we're building on a tradition we're calling it forth and reminding ourselves how we have always employed data for black lives all right and so now we're going to talk about some of the scholars these are some of the more contemporary ones we've talked about some of the you know the precedents can you recognize anybody on the screen anybody else you want to include I couldn't fit everybody all right bring her in the room dr. Cohen so anybody else scholars teachers and now let's not forget that there are people producing data all around us they might not have the fancy titles here's my grandma working at the El ala Department of adoptions and we want to think about who around us often is not recognized who's producing knowledge that has always sustained us right in our institutions in our communities is there anyone else any other your relatives you want to call in a room as we go forth all right so this is the roll call this is acknowledging that it's not just us because if we think about what we're up against if we think about what we're up against and we think it's just all little bit yes then we get disillusioned we don't know what we can do but we are legion there are so many who are waiting to aid us right both physical and spiritual and our artists and our storytellers are crucial our crucial this is too important to leave it just to those who have the technical proficiency right and so I'm gonna give you some examples just to show you how important it is around the framings and the narratives of data we can't they don't speak for themselves they're not transparent right and even when the people producing it don't acknowledge the stories that are embedded in it that they still exist right the narratives are there and so one of the things that I've come to is that the facts alone will not save us just producing statistics on black death and violence and disparities truly truly that's not gonna free us right just handing over the evidence as we see because that evidence is not interpreted the same way by everyone and I'm gonna share with you a few examples that just I know you know but I'm just gonna I just want to provide the data right just to show you that it's not gonna save us alone all right and so one thing I want us to do is expand our imagination right to think about imagination as a battlefield and imagination and data production go hand-in-hand there's not one without the other Claudia rankin's incisive line from citizen because white men can't police their imagination black men are dying and here I sense that she's really focused on you know the the words the testimony of the officer who shot Michael Brown who saw him as a monster that imagination of another human being justifies murder right and so imagination is a battleground we have to embolden and grow our own counter imaginary right we can't just sit and watch and call it out we have to have our own imagination of how we want the world to work and to be all right we can't leave it to others and I and my sense is that there's a growing acceptance that shall we say or at least acknowledgement at some level that there are various kind of values and assumptions and politics embedded in technology this often in the headlines gets the framing around racists to robots right thinking about the design decisions that go into so much machine learning and artificial intelligence so in some ways it's heartening that there's a kind of growing consensus that sort of started out like what and then was like yeah and that's like duh and so it's eat it like in the last couple years just kind of evolved like shock and then okay and then like everybody knows it now and so this is us in some ways heartening to see and what I want to suggest is that one way to think about our relationship to technology you know and what we can't take for granted in designing technology is the same kind of exercise that we might think about raising anti-racist children when you don't talk to your children about it they inhale the smog that exists they will be racist right the default setting of our society is among other things anti black racism right so if you don't process and and and design and and raise your children to constantly be you know countering that small that's what we're gonna have right in this case an Italian tech lab this is how they dress their resident robot right and you say you can see it's kind of all in good fun you know in the same way that dressing up as our indigenous brothers and sisters is all in good fun you taking it too seriously right and so we need to question the same way that we do around parenting right are the same way we need to start thinking about our relationship with our other designs our other creations so I created a little friend here Anna Lobby Wells she she down for the cause she likes to go by Anna for sure and Anna helps me reckon with the fact that we can design differently right we can embed new values into our designs and our technology right we can change the default settings if we don't think we can we're kind of adopting a techno deterministic view that we we have no say it's just going the way it's going we can't talk back and and us like no we gonna talk back right we're gonna stand with the sign and so I like to write with her by my side to remind me about the imagination I'm trying to cultivate so it's not all diagnosing what's wrong but also imagining what can be alright and she does that one of the stories that I often tell that illustrates for me the design possibilities and what it means to just accept the default settings except what we've inherited is the story of the bench right we think about the bench as a metaphor for other much more complex objects and technologies and so this bench is in Berkeley California which is where I went to grad school and since I moved I first moved to Boston and so I was here for a few years and getting used to those winners so when I would travel I would look for a little spot in the Sun anytime I was traveling and I was ended up on this bench on one work trip and I wanted to lay down on the bench just for like 30 minutes between meetings it's near one of the flea markets that I like to go to but I couldn't lay down on the bench couldn't get my vitamin D why couldn't I lay down on the bed armrest and I thought okay why are the armrests there why do you think they might be there okay that's what I thought trying to prevent home homeless people from laying down on it there might be other more functional reasons okay I think might help you prop up or when I was nine months pregnant helped me get down either way what else might be at play oh skateboarding okay and then also I was thinking maybe that kind of like air of privacy maybe you're more likely to sit down next to someone with that invisible wall of air there as opposed to just a bench with no armrests what you know I my my sociological imagination kicked in I said oh it's probably has to do with trying to deter loiters from using the bench right so I did a little digging Google is your friend and found that in fact it's a worldwide phenomenon this idea of designing public spaces right to try to keep people from not laying down and sleeping on it okay so I found single occupancy benches in Helsinki so only one booty at a time and don't let it be big because you would not be but you definitely not land down on that bench all right that I found caged benches in France alright so let me tell you about this one they put it out on Christmas Eve town-folks was so angry so angry they contacted the mayor and he had to have him removed within 24 hours so it shows you that there may be discriminatory design but the power of the people can get that design changed or removed or in this case and so you do not just accept what's there but you speak back right and you tell them how you want the public space to be but my favorite my favorite bench sitting on the data is the metered bench where you actually put a few coins to sit down on it and I believe it works for about 15 minutes so don't get lost in your favorite book because again your booty will be hurtin and so in this case the German artist created this bench he created the bench to just to get us thinking about the privatization of public life he wanted us to think okay you know what does it mean to design something in the public sphere that is you nominally for everyone but that in practice actually excludes and discriminates right and although it started as art it was adopted by a few municipalities as good public policy and so be careful what you create my artists please I know you want us to think but people are getting ideas from you but let's think about this metaphor of the metered bench because remember what I said before about finding black debts so we want to think about the metering of public life how there's this constant extraction extraction of economic value so we go back to that map of municipalities and the proportion of black folks in there we want to think about how our health is being metered in terms of public health we want to talk about how education is being meter we live in an apartheid system with our public education and so we want to take this provocation of the metered bench and try to think about how so many things in public life are being privatized and how people are being excluded and being exploited through the process even as things are nominally for everyone all right what are the values and assumptions and politics that are being embedded in these artifacts whether it's as simple as a bench or as complex as a scientific initiative right we want to think about how we can design differently it's not enough for us to discuss technology as the downstream as everyone having access to certain things when so few people have a say in what gets produced in the first place right so what we are doing is we're taking the conversation up to the design side of things right the backstage where people don't necessarily want you to look or have a say yes they want you to consume right but to have a say in what's produced in the first place this is where we want to begin the conversation all right there are people doing this work and I want to give a shout out to a number of organizations too many to list this is just one allied media conference right and so if there's anyone who goes to allied here in the room but people lots of people are theorizing and writing and and org and working you know in terms of organizations to try to think about how we can develop something like a design justice all right and so I just want to add to that conversation and share with you just a few of the things that I think should go in our toolkit right we think about is just data but just data right how to create just data what do we need in that toolkit all right and I'm just gonna share five things with you there are many more and I hope that's what we use the conference for is to add to the toolkit right so we all go home in a couple days having some things to work with in our various in our various capacities the acronym for the five tools I'm going to share with you or in some ways the five dispositions towards technology that I'm gonna share with you is shout okay they each stand for one of the one of the dispositions and the ideas that thou shalt use this toolkit alright so I'm sharing it with you in that light social literacy so I'm a sociologist so this comes first right this idea that we are constantly reading the world and technology as part of that reading we have different lenses that we're employing but not all lenses are necessarily created equally right if the world was designed for you you likely have rose tinted lenses you may not see the fault lines and the cracks and the earthquakes that are coming whereas those for whom the world was designed against it requires honing greater insight into how this thing was put together so you can avoid being shot or Boyd being expelled or harmed right and so these lenses that we have one of the things we have to begin to do is learn from each other and especially learn from those who have often been the targets of various kinds of violence's including those that employ technology right so we are learning from that experience abase of those who are often the underside of modernity quick example how many of you recognize the young man all right what's his name um ed Mohammed a few years ago you recall in Texas he was 14 at the time went to school very ingenious young man very resourceful took his pencil box and what did he make a clock very very resourceful but what did they think it was a bomb oh yeah I got you I got you yeah I got you yeah now if his name was Adam all right it would have been a great clock sure what he would have won like some award and assembly over the intercom right so here we have akhmad and what are the things that happens with stories like ahmed is we have this we have this phrase in popular discourse isolated incident right I think we need to take that needs to go and one in the dust pile right because what I'm talking about is attached incidents all right AI another thing for AI is attached incidents because it's connected to a larger pattern social literacy requires that we look at that larger pattern we look at the context in which something like our med story takes place all right part of that context is the fact that one in two Americans believe that Ava Arab Americans should carry special ID cards right this is the milieu that gives rise to our med right too often we're focused on the bad apples in this case the teacher who jumped to the conclusions the principal the five officers who interrogated him the fact that he got expelled his family had to go back to Kuwait they just came back last year so in all of that we could point to a bunch of bad apples and we could try to pluck them all out right then we were we would feign shock that it happens at another school the next month and another school the next month and all different ways in which the brilliance of young people is stamped out right it may not take the form of a clock but every single day in this country the brilliance and and ingenious of young people is miss recognized misconstrued and you know really crushed and so it we do ourselves a disservice not to employ social literacy with respect to reading the reality that we're living in another story you may recognize this photo less well publicized but do you remember where this happened Charleston South Carolina all right student Rosen's in class I believe she was on her cell phone having some issues with foster family etc and they called the officer in the school resource officer another euphemism and so in this case too we could point to a number of bad apples right the teacher the cop the principal not that they shouldn't be held accountable of course they should but let's not pretend that there's not a larger orchard that's been rotting away that gives rise to these apples okay and so in this case we would have to reckon with the fact of the the expulsion rate and suspension rate of young people in this country and the way that it's so racially skewed all right and so we have to reckon and use this and it's not a coincidence that both of these incidents these attached incidents has to do with young people in their relationship to technology right the clock the phone and so this idea that we our society that just Fosters and engenders technological prowess and we want our students to be connected and we want them to do all of these things not all students right and so even in the way that we sort of you know think about who gets to experiment remember the young girl in Florida who was doing an experiment in the fire yes Kiara Wilma again if if that was another she was a little white student right then that would have been seen as Oh unfortunate little mishap right and so we have to think about when young people are trying to experiment and grow their technological imaginary how that's often you know crushed in the process tool number two when we think about historical literacy we want to think about how the past is not past right so in many ways one of the one of the phrases I love I think Donna Haraway came up with it she talks about technology as frozen moments right where we can see our values in our histories congealed in an object and we can use that in order to read this more fluid process that we live with right in this case Hank Willis Thompson Thomas is getting us to think about what is the relationship between past and present is it a mirror perhaps not but there is a relationship a continuity that we want to explore and reckon with because when we don't reckon with how history becomes embedded in various kinds of technological efforts we get things like this where you know people can go and sign up for targeted advertisements on Facebook and it can seem very benign I'm just gonna choose the demographics that I want to see this targeted advertisement right in choosing that that means implicitly you can also exclude certain groups from seeing your advertisements and say if your advertisement has to do with housing then what you have is a high-tech form of redlining do we not and so in this case we have Congress having to write Zuckerberg and say you know these ethnic affinity labels there's a problem with that and so they had to get rid of it well what if we could have those conversations and begin to design differently from the beginning right and part of that has to do with what sensibilities what historical literacies do we have at the table again it's too important for only those who have the technological know-how to be the only ones making the decisions right without all of these other ways of reading and understanding the world the third tool that I'm going to add to our toolkit has to do with the role of our emotional and intelligence right a fancy way that academics talk about it is affect right so what does it mean to incorporate understand that our intelligence around all kinds of things including technology has to reckon with and take seriously how we feel about the world right in fact and this is a kind of footnote to this what we know now is that our hearts have all kinds of neural circuits that it speaks to our brain right that there's a two-way relationship with that right and so now we've even come to talk about as the heart brain right so we have to think about what we know in our hearts how that is a source of knowledge about the world that we have to reckon with it's not a separate conversation because when we don't reckon with that we get results like this Stanford study decided they wanted to find out what happens when you introduce white Americans to racial disparities around criminal justice right so a very simple scenario would say the more people understand these racial disparities the more they will understand the problem and want to change it right the data knowing the data makes you realize you're enlightened now you want to change it what they found when they approached people coming off of the BART first in California they wanted to see okay how would these people we're gonna show them images some people are gonna see images with a lower proportion of black faces mug shots some are gonna see a higher proportion the higher proportion is actually more in line with how many people are incarcerated in Calif mean black people are incarcerated in California so there's a deeply skewed you know ratio there and so they said let's see how these people respond how will they respond to signing a petition to get rid of or to somehow intervene in the three-strikes law right one two three strikes you're in jail for life so they said okay let's see maybe if they understand the greater you know disparity they would be willing to sign the petition and they found actually no the people the white individuals who were proposed for this survey the more that they saw the images that reflected reality which is a deep racial disparity in incarceration the less likely they were to sign the petition to get rid of three strikes right so the researchers are trying to understand what's going on here so they went to New York they said let's approach people you know about the stop and frisk law let's see if they're willing to try to change a stop-and-frisk law again they showed them you know some people saw the the the statistics that show that the deep racial disparity and some people saw a lower proportion and the more they were exposed to data about the racial disparity the less likely they were to support the law so we have to ask ourselves or change in the law we have to ask ourselves what are the interpretive lenses what are the stories they're telling themselves about why these people deserve to be in jail right because they're understanding that they're more likely to be locked up right and oppressed by this law but less likely to support it so it's not enough for us just to present statistics and say here now good now do something because people have all kinds of ways in which they make sense of that and often it just maintains the status quo right and it continues to underline the anti black racism that's part of this orchard that we live in so in this case the researchers say that exposure to extreme racial disparities may make the white public more punitive and less responsive to attempts to lessen the severity of policies that help maintain those disparities so what else do we need what else do we have to foster in addition to data that complements that frames that impresses perhaps even upon the heart brain that something is deeply wrong right and so this is why we have to develop things outside of just our so-called IQ around this so forth tool in the toolkit and I'm wrapping up linguistic reflexivity the language we use we have to reflect on how we label things how we classify things you know I mean in sociology we might focus say on the way that racial labels are deployed and the kinds of common-sense that then take shape around you know group making right I love this slide because homegirl is just like I don't care if you can't understand I'm out here in these streets all right say you figure it out and I just love her so much all right but in all seriousness you know the words we use the language we use we have to do some deeper reflection right on that this kind of that our starting point if we just go open our computer go to your word processor type in two words your computer knows one of those words and don't know another one of those words what is that red line and imply it's not a word that means it's not a thing if one thing we know from our studies in the social sciences is this principle of relationality if there's a up there's a down there's a rich there's a poor right that these things actually grow in relation to one another not in isolation right our black/white binary was created in direct relation to one another they they needed one another you know Baldwin said you need to figure out why you need a nigger right he said I'm not one but you need to figure out why you need one that is a relational question right and so we need to think about what it means that in our everyday speech in our public discourse we really have an impoverished language to understand one side of this phenomenon right that is those who are unduly benefiting from our unjust design right until we can develop a language around that it's gonna be very hard to study it much less produce data around it if we don't even have a word for it right and so let's call our linguists into into the conversation let's call our poets if we need words where are our poets and that's what I mean by saying we can't leave it just to the data scientists right we need our poets in the room we need our creative writers in the room we have to develop a vocabulary to even begin to study right and so this is what linguistic reflexivity brings to the conversation then we have technological humility right again pushing back against determinism you know some forms of determinism say we are just oppressed by technology we're just downloading it right and some forms of determinism say we are liberated by technology we just need more technology right whether it's the euphoric utopian version or the pessimistic dystopian version both are forms of determinism right and so what we want to do is cultivate a more a more reciprocal understanding of how this operates fancy jargon word from science and technology studies is co-production right that science us technology and society are co-produced they grow together one doesn't precede the other so to begin to in some ways challenge our certainty about the fact that we're gonna be taken over by robots or liberated by robots both sides of the same coin what we have to do is engender an openness to uncertainty we don't know how this is gonna go but we are going to employ our faculties or our agency our insights and cultivate this relationship with our with our androids ok and so we had this example if you all recall a year or two ago where we we people were trying to understand how did happen you type in three black teenagers and then what you see and the images are mug shots mug socks mug shots you type in three white teenagers you see images of like little gap stock images right and other other racial groups other forms of stereotype so we have to understand that in some forms of you know machine learning where people are using training sets and kind of teaching the robots how to make assessments and decision-making it's a little more straightforward perhaps in terms of what's happening but here where it's learning from us right it's taking the associations that exist that we are making there's so much uncertainty both and how to intervene and how this how this was produced now if you you type this in you're gonna see all the stories about this so it's a little skewed in terms of that but in any case the point is that you know technological humility doesn't mean that you kind of just feel like you have no power right it means that you are exploring the uncertainties involved and trying to experiment and challenge and produce new ways of designing and relating with with our technical infrastructure so here again thou shalt use this toolkit it's thinking about it's not just data we're trying to produce justice and equity as values that we're embedding in the bench right we're thinking ahead about who it can potentially exclude who it potentially includes and what vision of social life and public life do we want to engender through our designs and so designing differently right in many ways I've given you some big picture things to think about but really what what has to happen is we have to think about the details and that's why it's so crucial that we have these panels over the next day and a half because what we get a chance to do is to go into much closer detail and think through the problems and the possible solutions whether it has to do with healthcare finance media incarceration we have a whole host of individuals who've been thinking hard about these things have more answers than I do and so while I've been really happy to provide some of these more sort of big picture thoughts with you I'm gonna be taking notes over the next day and a half and I hope you'll join me in looking at the details of this together thank you so much for your attention [Applause] [Music] [Applause]