rails_backend_component_controller.rb

class ComponentsController < ApplicationController
  def show
    render html: view_context.component(params[:component], html_attrs: JSON(params[:attributes]))
  end
end

vue_content_loader_component.js

Vue.component('content-loader', {
  props: ['content-url', 'props'],
  data() {
    return {
      template: undefined
    }
  },

  watch: {
    contentUrl(new_value){
      this.updateTemplate(new_value)
    }
  },

  methods: {
    updateTemplate(url){
      if(!url) return
      axios.get(url, {
        params: {
          remote: true,
          attributes: this.props
        },
      })
      .then(response => this.template = response.data)
    }
  },

  mounted(){
    this.updateTemplate(this.contentUrl)
  },

  created() {
    this.$options.render = function(createElement){
      return createElement(
        this.template
        ? Vue.compile(this.template)
        : this.$vnode.data.inlineTemplate
      )
    }
  }
})