Database benchmark

README.md

Recommended settings for RAID

• RAID 10
• Stripe size 512K
• Enable write-back cache
• Disable read-ahead
• Disable read cache
• Disable drive write cache

Recommended settings for filesystems, etc.

• Align the partitions to the RAID stripes (check with "fdisk -c -u" if the start sector of the partitions is divisible by 1024).
• Don't use LVM (it's usually OK to use, but more complex to setup correctly for striping and data alignment, etc.)
• Mount filesystems with "nobarrier" (because we have a BBU) and "noatime" (for performance)
• Set I/O scheduler to deadline: echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
• Setup the filesystem according to the RAID stripe size:

In case of RAID10, the number of data disks disks is "number of drives" / 2. In our case, we'd get n = 2. For a stripe size of 512k, we thus need to use this command to create an XFS filesystem:

mkfs.xfs -f -d su=512k,sw=2 /dev/sda3

Preparations

• Test if the RAID has reasonable sequential I/O speed: time dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/data/test bs=1M count=2048 oflag=direct

If this is slow (in my tests I usually got around 400 MB/Sec), something is really wrong with the RAID. (Maybe write cache is off.)

Install databases

Install MySQL

• Download RPMs from http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/#downloads and install manually.
• Note: You can't install MariaDB and MySQL at the same time.

Install MariaDB

rpm --import http://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo <<'EOF'
[mariadb]
name = MariaDB
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/5.5/centos5-x86
gpgcheck=1
EOF
yum -y install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client

Install PostgreSQL 9.2

yum -y install http://yum.postgresql.org/9.2/redhat/rhel-6-x86_64/pgdg-centos92-9.2-5.noarch.rpm
yum -y install postgresql92-server

Create databases

Initialize new MySQL database directory

mkdir /mnt/data/mysql; chown mysql:mysql /mnt/data/mysql
mysql_install_db --user=mysql --basedir=/usr --datadir=/mnt/data/mysql
mysqladmin create benchmark

Initialize new PostgreSQL database

mkdir -p /etc/sysconfig/pgsql
cat > /etc/sysconfig/pgsql/postgresql-9.2 <<'EOF'
PGDATA=/mnt/data/pgsql
EOF

psql -Upostgres -d template1 -c "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS benchmark"
psql -Upostgres -d template1 -c "CREATE DATABASE benchmark WITH OWNER=postgres"
psql -Upostgres -d template1 -c "GRANT ALL ON DATABASE benchmark TO postgres WITH GRANT OPTION"

Prepare oltpbenchmark

cd /root/
yum -y install subversion
svn checkout http://oltpbenchmark.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/ oltpbenchmark

cd /root/oltpbenchmark
yum -y install ant
ant

# Increase heap size for oltpbenchmark, because else it crashes with a
# "out of memory" exception after long benchmark runs...
sed -i 's/Xmx4000m/Xmx8000m/g' /root/oltpbenchmark/oltpbenchmark

cat > /root/oltpbenchmark/tpcc_config_pg.xml <<'EOF'
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<parameters>
    <!-- Connection details -->
    <dbtype>postgres</dbtype>
    <driver>org.postgresql.Driver</driver>
    <DBUrl>jdbc:postgresql://localhost/benchmark</DBUrl>
    <username>postgres</username>
    <password></password>
    <isolation>TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ</isolation>

    <!-- Scale factor is the number of warehouses in TPCC -->
    <scalefactor>32</scalefactor>

    <!-- The workload -->
    <terminals>64</terminals>
    <works>
        <work>
          <time>28800</time>
          <rate>10000</rate>
          <weights>45,43,4,4,4</weights>
        </work>
    </works>

    <!-- TPCC specific -->
    <transactiontypes>
        <transactiontype>
            <name>NewOrder</name>
        </transactiontype>
        <transactiontype>
            <name>Payment</name>
        </transactiontype>
        <transactiontype>
            <name>OrderStatus</name>
        </transactiontype>
        <transactiontype>
            <name>Delivery</name>
        </transactiontype>
        <transactiontype>
            <name>StockLevel</name>
        </transactiontype>
    </transactiontypes>
</parameters>
EOF

Start the benchmark

service postgresql-9.2 restart
echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
./oltpbenchmark -b tpcc -c tpcc_config_pg.xml --execute=true -s 5 -o tpcc_pg_report

my.cnf

#
# This is a MariaDB 5.5 configuration optimized for XtraDB / InnoDB
# on a server with 64 - 96 GB of RAM and a RAID-10 consisting of 4
# disks, running nothing else.
#

[client]
port		= 3306
socket		= /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock

[mysqld]
port		= 3306
socket		= /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
datadir     = /mnt/data/mysql

# back_log is the number of connections the operating system can keep in
# the listen queue, before the MariaDB connection manager thread has
# processed them.
back_log = 50

# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MariaDB server will
# allow.
max_connections = 300

# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_open_cache = 2048

# The maximum size of a query packet the server can handle as well as
# maximum query size server can process (Important when working with
# large BLOBs).  enlarged dynamically, for each connection.
max_allowed_packet = 16M

# Maximum allowed size for a single HEAP (in memory) table. This option
# is a protection against the accidential creation of a very large HEAP
# table which could otherwise use up all memory resources.
max_heap_table_size = 64M

# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans.
# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.
read_buffer_size = 2M

# When reading rows in sorted order after a sort, the rows are read
# through this buffer to avoid disk seeks. You can improve ORDER BY
# performance a lot, if set this to a high value.
# Allocated per thread, when needed.
read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M

# Sort buffer is used to perform sorts for some ORDER BY and GROUP BY
# queries. If sorted data does not fit into the sort buffer, a disk
# based merge sort is used instead - See the "Sort_merge_passes"
# status variable. Allocated per thread if sort is needed.
sort_buffer_size = 8M

# This buffer is used for the optimization of full JOINs (JOINs without
# indexes). Such JOINs are very bad for performance in most cases
# anyway, but setting this variable to a large value reduces the
# performance impact. See the "Select_full_join" status variable for a
# count of full JOINs. Allocated per thread if full join is found
join_buffer_size = 8M

# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client
# disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't
# more than thread_cache_size threads from before.  This greatly reduces
# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new
# connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance
# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)
thread_cache_size = 8

# Disable the query cache.
query_cache_size = 0
query_cache_type = 0

# Table type which is used by default when creating new tables, if not
# specified differently during the CREATE TABLE statement.
#default-storage-engine = MYISAM
default-storage-engine = INNODB

# Thread stack size to use. This amount of memory is always reserved at
# connection time. MariaDB itself usually needs no more than 64K of
# memory, while if you use your own stack hungry UDF functions or your
# OS requires more stack for some operations, you might need to set this
# to a higher value.
thread_stack = 256K

# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table
# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk
# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many
# of them.
tmp_table_size = 64M

# The directory used by MySQL for storing temporary files. For example,
# it is used to perform disk based large sorts, as well as for internal
# and explicit temporary tables. It might be good to put it on a
# swapfs/tmpfs filesystem, if you do not create very large temporary
# files. Alternatively you can put it on dedicated disk. You can
# specify multiple paths here by separating them by ";" - they will then
# be used in a round-robin fashion.
tmpdir = /tmp

#*** MyISAM Specific options

key_buffer_size = 64M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
myisam_recover

# *** INNODB Specific options ***

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 32G
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 8
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
innodb_write_io_threads = 8
innodb_read_io_threads = 8
innodb_thread_concurrency = 0
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
innodb_log_file_size = 2500M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_flush_method=O_DIRECT
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120

# This should be adequate for a RAID-10 array consisting of 4 SAS 15K disks.
innodb_io_capacity = 400

[mysqldump]
max_allowed_packet = 16M

[mysql]
no-auto-rehash

[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 512M
sort_buffer_size = 512M
read_buffer = 8M
write_buffer = 8M

[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout

[mysqld_safe]
open-files-limit = 8192

pg_hba.conf

# PostgreSQL Client Authentication Configuration File
# ===================================================
#
# Refer to the "Client Authentication" section in the PostgreSQL
# documentation for a complete description of this file.  A short
# synopsis follows.
#
# This file controls: which hosts are allowed to connect, how clients
# are authenticated, which PostgreSQL user names they can use, which
# databases they can access.  Records take one of these forms:
#
# local      DATABASE  USER  METHOD  [OPTIONS]
# host       DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS  METHOD  [OPTIONS]
# hostssl    DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS  METHOD  [OPTIONS]
# hostnossl  DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS  METHOD  [OPTIONS]
#
# (The uppercase items must be replaced by actual values.)
#
# The first field is the connection type: "local" is a Unix-domain
# socket, "host" is either a plain or SSL-encrypted TCP/IP socket,
# "hostssl" is an SSL-encrypted TCP/IP socket, and "hostnossl" is a
# plain TCP/IP socket.
#
# DATABASE can be "all", "sameuser", "samerole", "replication", a
# database name, or a comma-separated list thereof. The "all"
# keyword does not match "replication". Access to replication
# must be enabled in a separate record (see example below).
#
# USER can be "all", a user name, a group name prefixed with "+", or a
# comma-separated list thereof.  In both the DATABASE and USER fields
# you can also write a file name prefixed with "@" to include names
# from a separate file.
#
# ADDRESS specifies the set of hosts the record matches.  It can be a
# host name, or it is made up of an IP address and a CIDR mask that is
# an integer (between 0 and 32 (IPv4) or 128 (IPv6) inclusive) that
# specifies the number of significant bits in the mask.  A host name
# that starts with a dot (.) matches a suffix of the actual host name.
# Alternatively, you can write an IP address and netmask in separate
# columns to specify the set of hosts.  Instead of a CIDR-address, you
# can write "samehost" to match any of the server's own IP addresses,
# or "samenet" to match any address in any subnet that the server is
# directly connected to.
#
# METHOD can be "trust", "reject", "md5", "password", "gss", "sspi",
# "krb5", "ident", "peer", "pam", "ldap", "radius" or "cert".  Note that
# "password" sends passwords in clear text; "md5" is preferred since
# it sends encrypted passwords.
#
# OPTIONS are a set of options for the authentication in the format
# NAME=VALUE.  The available options depend on the different
# authentication methods -- refer to the "Client Authentication"
# section in the documentation for a list of which options are
# available for which authentication methods.
#
# Database and user names containing spaces, commas, quotes and other
# special characters must be quoted.  Quoting one of the keywords
# "all", "sameuser", "samerole" or "replication" makes the name lose
# its special character, and just match a database or username with
# that name.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the postmaster receives
# a SIGHUP signal.  If you edit the file on a running system, you have
# to SIGHUP the postmaster for the changes to take effect.  You can
# use "pg_ctl reload" to do that.

# Put your actual configuration here
# ----------------------------------
#
# If you want to allow non-local connections, you need to add more
# "host" records.  In that case you will also need to make PostgreSQL
# listen on a non-local interface via the listen_addresses
# configuration parameter, or via the -i or -h command line switches.



# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD

# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local   all             all                                     trust
# IPv4 local connections:
host    all             all             127.0.0.1/32            trust
# IPv6 local connections:
host    all             all             ::1/128                 trust

host    all             all             10.0.0.0/8              trust
host    all             all             fd00::/16               trust

# Allow replication connections from localhost, by a user with the
# replication privilege.
#local   replication     postgres                                peer
#host    replication     postgres        127.0.0.1/32            ident
#host    replication     postgres        ::1/128                 ident

postgresql.conf

#
# This is a PostgreSQL 9.2 configuration optimized for a server with
# 96 GB of RAM and a RAID-10 consisting of 4 disks, running nothing else.
#

# -----------------------------
# PostgreSQL configuration file
# -----------------------------
#
# This file consists of lines of the form:
#
#   name = value
#
# (The "=" is optional.)  Whitespace may be used.  Comments are introduced with
# "#" anywhere on a line.  The complete list of parameter names and allowed
# values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation.
#
# The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.
# Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value;
# you need to reload the server.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP
# signal.  If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the
# server for the changes to take effect, or use "pg_ctl reload".  Some
# parameters, which are marked below, require a server shutdown and restart to
# take effect.
#
# Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g.,
# "postgres -c log_connections=on".  Some parameters can be changed at run time
# with the "SET" SQL command.
#
# Memory units:  kB = kilobytes        Time units:  ms  = milliseconds
#                MB = megabytes                     s   = seconds
#                GB = gigabytes                     min = minutes
#                                                   h   = hours
#                                                   d   = days


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FILE LOCATIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line
# option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir.

#data_directory = 'ConfigDir'		# use data in another directory
					# (change requires restart)
#hba_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_hba.conf'	# host-based authentication file
					# (change requires restart)
#ident_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_ident.conf'	# ident configuration file
					# (change requires restart)

# If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written.
#external_pid_file = ''			# write an extra PID file
					# (change requires restart)


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Connection Settings -

listen_addresses = '*'			# what IP address(es) to listen on;
					# comma-separated list of addresses;
					# defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all
					# (change requires restart)
#port = 5432				# (change requires restart)
max_connections = 300			# (change requires restart)
# Note:  Increasing max_connections costs ~400 bytes of shared memory per
# connection slot, plus lock space (see max_locks_per_transaction).
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3	# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_directory = ''		# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_group = ''			# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777		# begin with 0 to use octal notation
					# (change requires restart)
#bonjour = off				# advertise server via Bonjour
					# (change requires restart)
#bonjour_name = ''			# defaults to the computer name
					# (change requires restart)

# - Security and Authentication -

#authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
#ssl = off				# (change requires restart)
#ssl_ciphers = 'ALL:!ADH:!LOW:!EXP:!MD5:@STRENGTH'	# allowed SSL ciphers
					# (change requires restart)
#ssl_renegotiation_limit = 512MB	# amount of data between renegotiations
#ssl_cert_file = 'server.crt'		# (change requires restart)
#ssl_key_file = 'server.key'		# (change requires restart)
#ssl_ca_file = ''			# (change requires restart)
#ssl_crl_file = ''			# (change requires restart)
#password_encryption = on
#db_user_namespace = off

# Kerberos and GSSAPI
#krb_server_keyfile = ''
#krb_srvname = 'postgres'		# (Kerberos only)
#krb_caseins_users = off

# - TCP Keepalives -
# see "man 7 tcp" for details

#tcp_keepalives_idle = 0		# TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds;
					# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_interval = 0		# TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds;
					# 0 selects the system default
#tcp_keepalives_count = 0		# TCP_KEEPCNT;
					# 0 selects the system default


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RESOURCE USAGE (except WAL)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Memory -

shared_buffers = 32GB			# min 128kB
					# (change requires restart)
#temp_buffers = 8MB			# min 800kB
#max_prepared_transactions = 0		# zero disables the feature
					# (change requires restart)
# Note:  Increasing max_prepared_transactions costs ~600 bytes of shared memory
# per transaction slot, plus lock space (see max_locks_per_transaction).
# It is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless you
# actively intend to use prepared transactions.
work_mem = 16MB					# min 64kB
maintenance_work_mem = 256MB	# min 1MB
#max_stack_depth = 2MB			# min 100kB

# - Disk -

#temp_file_limit = -1			# limits per-session temp file space
					# in kB, or -1 for no limit

# - Kernel Resource Usage -

#max_files_per_process = 1000		# min 25
					# (change requires restart)
#shared_preload_libraries = ''		# (change requires restart)

# - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay -

#vacuum_cost_delay = 0ms		# 0-100 milliseconds
#vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1		# 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10		# 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20		# 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_limit = 200		# 1-10000 credits

# - Background Writer -

#bgwriter_delay = 200ms			# 10-10000ms between rounds
#bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100		# 0-1000 max buffers written/round
#bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0		# 0-10.0 multipler on buffers scanned/round

# - Asynchronous Behavior -

effective_io_concurrency = 4		# 1-1000; 0 disables prefetching


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WRITE AHEAD LOG
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Settings -

#wal_level = minimal			# minimal, archive, or hot_standby
					# (change requires restart)
#fsync = on				# turns forced synchronization on or off
synchronous_commit = on			# synchronization level;
					# off, local, remote_write, or on
#wal_sync_method = fsync		# the default is the first option
					# supported by the operating system:
					#   open_datasync
					#   fdatasync (default on Linux)
					#   fsync
					#   fsync_writethrough
					#   open_sync
#full_page_writes = on			# recover from partial page writes
#wal_buffers = -1			# min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
					# (change requires restart)
#wal_writer_delay = 200ms		# 1-10000 milliseconds

#commit_delay = 0			# range 0-100000, in microseconds
#commit_siblings = 5			# range 1-1000

# - Checkpoints -

checkpoint_segments = 128		# in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each
checkpoint_timeout = 15min		# range 30s-1h
checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9	# checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0
#checkpoint_warning = 30s		# 0 disables

# - Archiving -

#archive_mode = off		# allows archiving to be done
				# (change requires restart)
#archive_command = ''		# command to use to archive a logfile segment
				# placeholders: %p = path of file to archive
				#               %f = file name only
				# e.g. 'test ! -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f && cp %p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f'
#archive_timeout = 0		# force a logfile segment switch after this
				# number of seconds; 0 disables


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# REPLICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Sending Server(s) -

# Set these on the master and on any standby that will send replication data.

#max_wal_senders = 0		# max number of walsender processes
				# (change requires restart)
#wal_keep_segments = 0		# in logfile segments, 16MB each; 0 disables
#replication_timeout = 60s	# in milliseconds; 0 disables

# - Master Server -

# These settings are ignored on a standby server.

#synchronous_standby_names = ''	# standby servers that provide sync rep
				# comma-separated list of application_name
				# from standby(s); '*' = all
#vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0	# number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed

# - Standby Servers -

# These settings are ignored on a master server.

#hot_standby = off			# "on" allows queries during recovery
					# (change requires restart)
#max_standby_archive_delay = 30s	# max delay before canceling queries
					# when reading WAL from archive;
					# -1 allows indefinite delay
#max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s	# max delay before canceling queries
					# when reading streaming WAL;
					# -1 allows indefinite delay
#wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s	# send replies at least this often
					# 0 disables
#hot_standby_feedback = off		# send info from standby to prevent
					# query conflicts


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUERY TUNING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Planner Method Configuration -

#enable_bitmapscan = on
#enable_hashagg = on
#enable_hashjoin = on
#enable_indexscan = on
#enable_indexonlyscan = on
#enable_material = on
#enable_mergejoin = on
#enable_nestloop = on
#enable_seqscan = on
#enable_sort = on
#enable_tidscan = on

# - Planner Cost Constants -

#seq_page_cost = 1.0			# measured on an arbitrary scale
#random_page_cost = 4.0			# same scale as above
#cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01			# same scale as above
#cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005		# same scale as above
#cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025		# same scale as above
effective_cache_size = 60GB

# - Genetic Query Optimizer -

#geqo = on
#geqo_threshold = 12
#geqo_effort = 5			# range 1-10
#geqo_pool_size = 0			# selects default based on effort
#geqo_generations = 0			# selects default based on effort
#geqo_selection_bias = 2.0		# range 1.5-2.0
#geqo_seed = 0.0			# range 0.0-1.0

# - Other Planner Options -

#default_statistics_target = 100	# range 1-10000
#constraint_exclusion = partition	# on, off, or partition
#cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1		# range 0.0-1.0
#from_collapse_limit = 8
#join_collapse_limit = 8		# 1 disables collapsing of explicit
					# JOIN clauses


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR REPORTING AND LOGGING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Where to Log -

log_destination = 'stderr'		# Valid values are combinations of
					# stderr, csvlog, syslog, and eventlog,
					# depending on platform.  csvlog
					# requires logging_collector to be on.

# This is used when logging to stderr:
logging_collector = on			# Enable capturing of stderr and csvlog
					# into log files. Required to be on for
					# csvlogs.
					# (change requires restart)

# These are only used if logging_collector is on:
log_directory = 'pg_log'		# directory where log files are written,
					# can be absolute or relative to PGDATA
log_filename = 'postgresql-%a.log'	# log file name pattern,
					# can include strftime() escapes
#log_file_mode = 0600			# creation mode for log files,
					# begin with 0 to use octal notation
log_truncate_on_rotation = on		# If on, an existing log file with the
					# same name as the new log file will be
					# truncated rather than appended to.
					# But such truncation only occurs on
					# time-driven rotation, not on restarts
					# or size-driven rotation.  Default is
					# off, meaning append to existing files
					# in all cases.
log_rotation_age = 1d			# Automatic rotation of logfiles will
					# happen after that time.  0 disables.
log_rotation_size = 0			# Automatic rotation of logfiles will
					# happen after that much log output.
					# 0 disables.

# These are relevant when logging to syslog:
#syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0'
#syslog_ident = 'postgres'

# This is only relevant when logging to eventlog (win32):
#event_source = 'PostgreSQL'

# - When to Log -

#client_min_messages = notice		# values in order of decreasing detail:
					#   debug5
					#   debug4
					#   debug3
					#   debug2
					#   debug1
					#   log
					#   notice
					#   warning
					#   error

#log_min_messages = warning		# values in order of decreasing detail:
					#   debug5
					#   debug4
					#   debug3
					#   debug2
					#   debug1
					#   info
					#   notice
					#   warning
					#   error
					#   log
					#   fatal
					#   panic

#log_min_error_statement = error	# values in order of decreasing detail:
				 	#   debug5
					#   debug4
					#   debug3
					#   debug2
					#   debug1
				 	#   info
					#   notice
					#   warning
					#   error
					#   log
					#   fatal
					#   panic (effectively off)

#log_min_duration_statement = -1	# -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements
					# and their durations, > 0 logs only
					# statements running at least this number
					# of milliseconds


# - What to Log -

#debug_print_parse = off
#debug_print_rewritten = off
#debug_print_plan = off
#debug_pretty_print = on
#log_checkpoints = off
#log_connections = off
#log_disconnections = off
#log_duration = off
#log_error_verbosity = default		# terse, default, or verbose messages
#log_hostname = off
#log_line_prefix = ''			# special values:
					#   %a = application name
					#   %u = user name
					#   %d = database name
					#   %r = remote host and port
					#   %h = remote host
					#   %p = process ID
					#   %t = timestamp without milliseconds
					#   %m = timestamp with milliseconds
					#   %i = command tag
					#   %e = SQL state
					#   %c = session ID
					#   %l = session line number
					#   %s = session start timestamp
					#   %v = virtual transaction ID
					#   %x = transaction ID (0 if none)
					#   %q = stop here in non-session
					#        processes
					#   %% = '%'
					# e.g. '<%u%%%d> '
#log_lock_waits = off			# log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout
#log_statement = 'none'			# none, ddl, mod, all
#log_temp_files = -1			# log temporary files equal or larger
					# than the specified size in kilobytes;
					# -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files
log_timezone = 'Japan'


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RUNTIME STATISTICS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Query/Index Statistics Collector -

#track_activities = on
#track_counts = on
#track_io_timing = off
#track_functions = none			# none, pl, all
#track_activity_query_size = 1024 	# (change requires restart)
#update_process_title = on
#stats_temp_directory = 'pg_stat_tmp'


# - Statistics Monitoring -

#log_parser_stats = off
#log_planner_stats = off
#log_executor_stats = off
#log_statement_stats = off


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# AUTOVACUUM PARAMETERS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#autovacuum = on			# Enable autovacuum subprocess?  'on'
					# requires track_counts to also be on.
#log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1	# -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and
					# their durations, > 0 logs only
					# actions running at least this number
					# of milliseconds.
#autovacuum_max_workers = 3		# max number of autovacuum subprocesses
					# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_naptime = 1min		# time between autovacuum runs
#autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
					# vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
					# analyze
#autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
#autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000	# maximum XID age before forced vacuum
					# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms	# default vacuum cost delay for
					# autovacuum, in milliseconds;
					# -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1	# default vacuum cost limit for
					# autovacuum, -1 means use
					# vacuum_cost_limit


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Statement Behavior -

#search_path = '"$user",public'		# schema names
#default_tablespace = ''		# a tablespace name, '' uses the default
#temp_tablespaces = ''			# a list of tablespace names, '' uses
					# only default tablespace
#check_function_bodies = on
#default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed'
#default_transaction_read_only = off
#default_transaction_deferrable = off
#session_replication_role = 'origin'
#statement_timeout = 0			# in milliseconds, 0 is disabled
#vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000
#vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000
#bytea_output = 'hex'			# hex, escape
#xmlbinary = 'base64'
#xmloption = 'content'

# - Locale and Formatting -

datestyle = 'iso, mdy'
#intervalstyle = 'postgres'
timezone = 'Japan'
#timezone_abbreviations = 'Default'     # Select the set of available time zone
					# abbreviations.  Currently, there are
					#   Default
					#   Australia
					#   India
					# You can create your own file in
					# share/timezonesets/.
#extra_float_digits = 0			# min -15, max 3
#client_encoding = sql_ascii		# actually, defaults to database
					# encoding

# These settings are initialized by initdb, but they can be changed.
lc_messages = 'en_US.UTF-8'			# locale for system error message
					# strings
lc_monetary = 'en_US.UTF-8'			# locale for monetary formatting
lc_numeric = 'en_US.UTF-8'			# locale for number formatting
lc_time = 'en_US.UTF-8'				# locale for time formatting

# default configuration for text search
default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'

# - Other Defaults -

#dynamic_library_path = '$libdir'
#local_preload_libraries = ''


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# LOCK MANAGEMENT
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#deadlock_timeout = 1s
#max_locks_per_transaction = 64		# min 10
					# (change requires restart)
# Note:  Each lock table slot uses ~270 bytes of shared memory, and there are
# max_locks_per_transaction * (max_connections + max_prepared_transactions)
# lock table slots.
#max_pred_locks_per_transaction = 64	# min 10
					# (change requires restart)


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# VERSION/PLATFORM COMPATIBILITY
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Previous PostgreSQL Versions -

#array_nulls = on
#backslash_quote = safe_encoding	# on, off, or safe_encoding
#default_with_oids = off
#escape_string_warning = on
#lo_compat_privileges = off
#quote_all_identifiers = off
#sql_inheritance = on
#standard_conforming_strings = on
#synchronize_seqscans = on

# - Other Platforms and Clients -

#transform_null_equals = off


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR HANDLING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#exit_on_error = off			# terminate session on any error?
#restart_after_crash = on		# reinitialize after backend crash?


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CUSTOMIZED OPTIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Add settings for extensions here