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static_dynamic_ios_inspection.md

Static / Dynamic iOS app inspection

Make apps from AppStore inspectable

Get App Store iPAs

  • Install Apple's utility Apple Configurator 2 from macOS store
  • Install the target iOS app on the target device
  • Then open Apple Configurator 2 and "sign in" with the same Apple account used on the target device
  • Sign-out and sign-in to refresh the known app list
  • Right click on device and select Add/Apps
  • Don't install the app - go to Finder and:

~/Library/Group Containers/K36BKF7T3D.group.com.apple.configurator/Caches/Assets/TemporaryItems/MobileApps/

Referenced article.

Unzip the IPA file to reveal the Payload folder

unzip myApp.ipa

Decrypt iPA

Mandatory if you want to find good strings, debug the app or repackage the iPA.

frida-ios-dump

Check AppStore binary is encrypted

otool -l foobar | grep -i LC_ENCRYPTION -B1 -A4
Load command 12
          cmd LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO
      cmdsize 20
     cryptoff 16384
    cryptsize 12910592
      cryptid 1
--
--
Load command 12
          cmd LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64
      cmdsize 24
     cryptoff 16384
    cryptsize 14041088
      cryptid 1

Logs

Simulator filter on Debug String

xcrun simctl spawn booted log stream --level=debug | grep App_Debug_String

Simulator filter on App Name

xcrun simctl spawn booted log stream --predicate 'processImagePath endswith "MyAppName"'

Real device

idevicesyslog -u <DeviceID> | myPipedProgram

Files inside IPA

Files big files inside unzipped IPA

find Payload -size +2M

Files that were mistakingly shipped inside of App Bundle

find . -name '*.json' -or -name '*.txt'

Check for ReactNative

find . -name main.jsbundle

Check for Certificates

find . -name '*.crt' -or -name '*.cer' -or -name '*.der'

Property lists in Payload. Recursive search

find Payload/ -name '*.plist'

Provisioning Profiles

find . -name '*.mobileprovision'

Dynamically linked frameworks

find . -name '*.framework'

Locally linked javascript

find Payload -name '*.js'

Search all plist files for a value

find . -name '*.plist' | xargs grep "LSApplicationQueriesSchemes"

Search all plist files for Device Permissions or App Transport Security

find . -name '*.plist' | xargs grep "NS"

Search all files using only grep

grep "LSApplicationQueriesSchemes" . -R

Recursive search all files using grep inside an .app folder

grep "Requires" foobar.app -R
foobar.app/Info.plist:    <key>UIRequiresFullScreen</key>
foobar.app/Info.plist:    <key>LSRequiresIPhoneOS</key>

Inspect any device logs you find

grep -i -B 10 'error'

Files on iOS device

iOS file structure

# Sandbox. Look here for Cookies, json files, etc
/var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/[GUID given at install time]/

# Folder of App Bundle that was installed. Executables, frameworks, fonts, CSS, html. NIB files.
/private/var/containers/Bundle/Application/[GUID given at app install]/foo.app

# App executable
/private/var/containers/Bundle/Application/[GUID given at app install]/foo.app/foo

Inspect sandboxed data

cd /private/var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/
ls -lrt  // Your freshly installed IPA is at the bottom of list
cd [app guid]/Documents/
cd [app guid]/Library/

Databases to pull off a device

/private/var/Keychains
TrustStore.sqlite3
keychain-2.db
pinningrules.sqlite3

File sharing

# Extract IPA (whether App Store encrypted or not)
scp -r -P 2222 root@localhost:/var/containers/Bundle/Application/<app GUID>/hitme.app ~/hitme.app

# Different to SSH, the uppercase P for Port with SCP. Order important.
scp -P 2222 root@localhost:/var/root/overflow.c localfilename.c

# from Jailbroken device to local machine
# Caution:no space after the root@localhost: Otherwise you copy the entire filesystem!
scp -P 2222 root@localhost:/private/var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/<App GUID>/Library/Caches/Snapshots/com.my.app

# from local machine to remote Jailbroken device
scp -P 2222 hello.txt root@localhost:/var/root/

Build information

Check platform

lipo -info libprogressbar.a

Check for build errors

jtool -arch arm64 -L <binary inside app bundle>

Check minimum iOS version & restrict linker flag

jtool -arch arm64 -l <binary inside app bundle>

Check Load Commands

rabin2 -H playground

Sections of the Binary

objdump -macho -section-headers Payload/myApp.app/myApp

iOS app entitlements

codesign -d --entitlements :- Payload/MyApp.app
jtool -arch arm64 --ent <binary inside app bundle>

Simple Permissions check

cat Payload/*/Info.plist | grep -i NS

Device Support

https://gist.github.com/adamawolf/3048717

Check binary was stripped

rabin2 -I -a arm_64 <binary inside app bundle> | grep -E 'stripped|canary'

Check Position Independent Code set

rabin2 -I -a arm_64 <binary inside app bundle> | grep -E 'pic|bits

Check for Bitcode enabled

otool -l libprogressbar.a | grep __LLVM
otool -arch arm64 -l tinyDynamicFramework | grep __LLVM
// Remember this command won't work on a locally built Simulator / iPhone app. Bitcode happens after setting `Archive`

Symbols

nm

nm libprogressbar.a | less

rabin2

rabin2 -s file

radare2

is~FUNC

Strings

Check URLs

strings <binary inside app bundle>  | grep -E 'session|https'
strings <binary inside app bundle>  | grep -E 'pinning'
rabin2 -qz <binary inside app bundle>                                   // in Data Section
rabin2 -qzz <binary inside app bundle>                                  // ALL strings in binary
​
jtool -dA __TEXT.__cstring c_playground
Dumping C-Strings from address 0x100000f7c (Segment: __TEXT.__cstring)..
Address : 0x100000f7c = Offset 0xf7c
0x100000f7c: and we have a winner @ %ld\r
0x100000f98: and that's a wrap folks!\r

Applesign

Applesign is a wrapper around Codesigning tools from Apple.

npm install -g applesign

#### Create provisioning file

First, you want to get hold of an `embedded.mobileprovision` file.  Fear not, this step is simple.

Open `Xcode` and select `File/New/Project/Swift` and call it `foobar`.  Select `build` for Generic (ARM) Device.  Do not select a simulator. This is normally enough.  

You don’t need to `run` the app unless want to automagically add your device’s UUID to the Provisioning Profile.  

Now right click on the `/Product/foobar.app` - in the left hand view pane - and select "show in finder".  If you look inside the folder ( remember `foobar.app` is a folder ) you will find a fresh `embedded.mobileprovision`.  This contains the uniques IDs and an expiry date for the developer profile associated to the app.

#### Read the Provisioning Profile

Ensure your device ID is in the profile and the profile is fresh.

`security cms -D -i embedded.mobileprovision`

#### List all of your Code signing identities

```bash
security find-identity -v -p codesigning
export CODESIGNID=<GUID>

Resign iPA: change bundle ID

applesign -7 -i ${CODESIGNID} --bundleid funky-chicken.resigned

Resign iPA: set app to debuggable with custom provisioning file ( default )

applesign -7 -i ${CODESIGNID} -m embedded.mobileprovision unsigned.ipa -o ready.ipa

Resign the iPA: set output IPA name. Won't be debuggable, if it is a App Store app

applesign -7 -i ${CODESIGNID} myapp.ipa -o resigned.ipa

Speed up repackaging

rm -v unsigned.ipa | rm -v ready.ipa | 7z a unsigned.ipa Payload

// Keep original Bundle ID
applesign -7 -i ${CODESIGNID} -m embedded.mobileprovision unsigned.ipa -o ready.ipa

// Set Bundle ID
// applesign -7 -i ${CODESIGNID} -b yd.com.rusty.repackaged -m embedded.mobileprovision unsigned.ipa -o ready.ipa

ios-deploy -b ready.ipa

Sideload iOS app

ios-deploy -b myapp-resigned.ipa        // defaults to send over wifi
ios-deploy -b -W myapp-resigned.ipa     // uses USB
ios-deploy -B | grep -i funky           // list Bundle IDs

Troubleshoot codesign / iOS Deploy

Title Detail
Missing Device ID Check Provisioning Profile (embedded.mobileprovision) included device's UUID
Check code sign key has not expired Code Signing keys expire. The timeframe for the paid iOS Developer license is one-year. For the free developer signing key, it is much shorter.
Wrong Code-Signing Key check the Code Signing Key was NOT an iPhone Distribution key
Code Signing Keys Match check the Code Signing Key used when creating the Provisioning Profile matched the Code Signing Key selected when repackaging and code signing.
XCode check When generating an app - to get hold of embedded.mobileprovision file - remember the Code signing options are different for each Project Target and ProjectTests.
Delete Old Apps check no old app is installed on the phone [ that was signed with a different key ] but has the same Bundle ID.
Entitlements overload You can have a Provisioning Profile (embedded.mobileprovision) that contained more Capabilities than the app you are re-signing.
Clone Entitlements When the app is complicated, with many entitlements, sometimes it is easier just to --clone-entitlements with Applesign.
Wrong Bundle ID When you add specific Entitlments you need a unique Bundle ID. Check whether you need to change Bundle ID when re-signing.
Network settings Settings\General\Profiles and Device Management to trust the Developer Profile and App. This won't happen if you are manually proxying or setting a local DNS server., when installing with iOS-deploy.

If none of the above work open Console.app on macOS. Select your device and set process:mobile_installation_proxy in the Search Bar. This will give details behind the sideloaded IPA error message.

Frida-Server

list available devices

frida-ls-devices

connect to cat by name

frida -n cat

Force open foobar

frida -f foobar

open foobar over usb and force start. starts app running

frida -U -f foobar --no-pause

list processes and bundle ID from USB connected device

frida-ps -Uai

keep updated

pip3 install --upgrade frida

get the target app's process ID from USB connected device

frida-ps -U | grep -i myapp

Run script and quit Frida

frida -U -f foobar --no-pause -q --eval 'console.log("Hi Frida");'

Frida-Gadget

Since Frida version ~12.7, it was quick and simple to Frida on a Jailed device:

Get Frida-Gadget

https://github.com/frida/frida/releases

Unzip

gunzip frida-gadget-12.xx.xx-ios-universal.dylib.gz

Create directory for Frida-Gadget

mkdir -p ~/.cache/frida

Move Frida-Gadget

cp frida-gadget-12.xx.xx-ios-universal.dylib ~/.cache/frida/gadget-ios.dylib

Invoke Frida-Gadget on Clean device

frida -U -f funky-chicken.debugger-challenge

Frida basics

frida -U "My App"               // Attach Frida to app over USB

Process.id
419

Process.getCurrentThreadId()
3843

var b = "hello frida"

console.log(b)
"hello frida"

c = Memory.allocUtf8String(b)
"0x1067ec510"

Memory.readUtf8String(c)
"hello frida"

console.log(c)
0x1067ec510

console.log(c.readUtf8String(5))
hello

console.log(c.readUtf8String(11))
hello frida

ptrToC = new NativePointer(c);
"0x1067ec510"

console.log(ptrToC)
0x1067ec510

console.log(ptrToC.readCString(8))
hello fr

Memory.readUtf8String(ptrToC)
"hello frida"

Frida - Objective-C

Objective-C's syntax includes the : and @ characters. These characters were not used in the Frida Javascript API.

// Attach to playground process ID
frida -p $(ps -ax | grep -i -m1 playground |awk '{print $1}')

ObjC.available
true

ObjC.classes.UIDevice.currentDevice().systemVersion().toString()
"11.1"

ObjC.classes.NSBundle.mainBundle().executablePath().UTF8String()

ObjC.classes.UIWindow.keyWindow().toString()
RET: <WKNavigation: 0x106e165c0>

// shows Static Methods and Instance Methods
ObjC.classes.NSString.$ownMethods

ObjC.classes.NSString.$ivars

var myDate = ObjC.classes.NSDate.alloc().init()

console.log(myDate)
2019-04-19 19:03:46 +0000

myDate.timeIntervalSince1970()
1555700626.021566

myDate.description().toString()
"2019-04-19 19:03:46 +0000"

var a = ObjC.classes.NSUUID.alloc().init()

console.log(a)
4645BFD2-94EE-413D-9CE5-8982D41ED6AE

a.UUIDString()
{
    "handle": "0x7ff3b2403b20"
}
a.UUIDString().toString()
"4645BFD2-94EE-413D-9CE5-8982D41ED6AE"

NSString

var b = ObjC.classes.NSString.stringWithString_("foo");

b.isKindOfClass_(ObjC.classes.NSString)
true

b.isKindOfClass_(ObjC.classes.NSUUID)
false

b.isEqualToString_("foo")
true

b.description().toString()
"foo"

var c = ObjC.classes.NSString.stringWithFormat_('foo ' + 'bar ' + 'lives');

console.log(c)
foo bar lives

NSURL

var url = ObjC.classes.NSURL.URLWithString_('www.foobar.com')

console.log(url)
www.foobar.com

url.isKindOfClass_(ObjC.classes.NSURL)
true

console.log(url.$class)
NSURL

Frida from NSString to NSData back to Hex String

var b = ObjC.classes.NSString.stringWithString_("foo");

var d = ObjC.classes.NSData
d = b.dataUsingEncoding_(1)			//	NSASCIIStringEncoding = 1, NSUTF8StringEncoding = 4,

console.log(d)
<666f6f>					//	This prints the Hex value "666f6f = foo"

d.$className
"NSConcreteMutableData"

var x = d.CKHexString()				//	get you the Byte array as a Hex string

console.log(x)
666f6f

x.$className
"NSTaggedPointerString"

var newStr = ObjC.classes.NSString.stringWithUTF8String_[d.bytes]

Frida with xCode Simulator

// demoapp is the iOS app name
myapp=$(ps x | grep -i -m1 demoapp | awk '{print $1}')
frida-trace -i "getfsent*" -p $myapp

// Connect to process with Frida script
frida --codeshare mrmacete/objc-method-observer -p 85974

Frida find Modules

Process.enumerateModules()      
// this will print all loaded Modules

Process.findModuleByName("libboringssl.dylib")
{
    "base": "0x1861e2000",
    "name": "libboringssl.dylib",
    "path": "/usr/lib/libboringssl.dylib",
    "size": 712704
}

Process.findModuleByAddress("0x1c1c4645c")
{
    "base": "0x1c1c2a000",
    "name": "libsystem_kernel.dylib",
    "path": "/usr/lib/system/libsystem_kernel.dylib",
    "size": 200704
}

Find Address and Module of function name ( Export )

DebugSymbol.fromAddress(Module.findExportByName(null, 'strstr'))
{
    "address": "0x183cb81e8",
    "fileName": "",
    "lineNumber": 0,
    "moduleName": "libsystem_c.dylib",
    "name": "strstr"
}

Find Address of Export and use Address to find Module

Module.findExportByName(null, 'strstr')
"0x183cb81e8"

Module.getExportByName(null,'strstr')
"0x183cb81e8"

Process.findModuleByAddress("0x183cb81e8")
{
    "base": "0x183cb6000",
    "name": "libsystem_c.dylib",
    "path": "/usr/lib/system/libsystem_c.dylib",
    "size": 516096
}

Exports inside a Module

a = Process.findModuleByName("Reachability")
a.enumerateExports()
....
{
    "address": "0x102fab020",
    "name": "ReachabilityVersionString",
    "type": "variable"
},
{
    "address": "0x102fab058",
    "name": "ReachabilityVersionNumber",
    "type": "variable"
}
....
...
..

Frida's --eval flag

Enumerate all Exports, grepping for one function, and quit

frida -U -f funky-chicken.debugger-challenge --no-pause -q --eval 'var x={};Process.enumerateModulesSync().forEach(function(m){x[m.name] = Module.enumerateExportsSync(m.name)});' | grep -B 1 -A 1 task_threads

            "address": "0x1c1c4645c",
            "name": "task_threads",
            "type": "function"

Search for Module, with the Exports' Address

frida -U -f funky-chicken.debugger-challenge --no-pause -q --eval 'var x={};Process.findModuleByAddress("0x1c1c4645c");'

{
    "base": "0x1c1c2a000",
    "name": "libsystem_kernel.dylib",
    "path": "/usr/lib/system/libsystem_kernel.dylib",
    "size": 200704
}

Frida Intercepter

[objc_playground]-> var a = ObjC.classes.NSString.stringWithString_("foo");

[objc_playground]-> a.superclass().toString()
"NSString"

[objc_playground]-> a.class().toString()
"NSTaggedPointerString"

// PASTE THIS CODE INTO THE FRIDA INTERFACE...
Interceptor.attach(ObjC.classes.NSTaggedPointerString['- isEqualToString:'].implementation, {
    onEnter: function (args) {
      var str = new ObjC.Object(ptr(args[2])).toString()
      console.log('[+] Hooked NSTaggedPointerString[- isEqualToString:] ->' , str);
    }
});

// TRIGGER YOUR INTERCEPTOR
[objc_playground_2]-> a.isEqualToString_("foo")
[+] Hooked NSTaggedPointerString[- isEqualToString:] -> foo
1   // TRUE
[objc_playground_2]-> a.isEqualToString_("bar")
[+] Hooked NSTaggedPointerString[- isEqualToString:] -> bar
0   // FALSE

Frida Intercepter - monitor file open

// frida -U -l open.js --no-pause -f com.yd.demoapp

// the below javascript code is the contents of open.js

var targetFunction = Module.findExportByName("libsystem_kernel.dylib", "open");

Interceptor.attach(targetFunction, {
    onEnter: function (args) {
        const path = Memory.readUtf8String(this.context.x0);
        console.log("[+] " + path)
    }
});

Frida Intercepter - monitor Swift Mangled function

try {

    var targetFunctPtr = Module.findExportByName("YDAppModule", "$s9YDAppModule17ConfigC33publicKeyVerifyCertsSayypGvpfi");
    if (targetFunctPtr == null) {
        throw "[*] Target function not found";
    }
    Interceptor.attach(targetFunctPtr, {
        onLeave: function(retval) {
            var array = new ObjC.Object(retval);
            console.log('[*]ObjC Class Type:\t' + array.$className);
            return retval;
        }
    });
    console.log("[*] publicKeyVerifyCertificates called ");
}
catch(err){
    console.log("[!] Exception: " + err.message);
}

Frida-Trace

frida-trace --v                                                                   // check it works
frida-trace --help                                                                // excellent place to read about Flags
frida-trace -f objc_playground                                                    // spawn and NO trace
frida-trace -m "+[NSUUID UUID]" -U "Debug CrackMe"                                // trace ObjC UUID static Class Method
frida-trace -m "*[ComVendorDebugger* *]" -U -f com.robot.demo.app                 // ObjC wildcard trace on Classes
frida-trace -m "*[YDDummyApp.UserProfileMngr *]" -U -f com.robot.demo.app         //  Trace mangled Swift functions
Instrumenting functions...                                                                
           /* TID 0x403 */
  1128 ms  -[YDDummyApp.UserProfileMngr init]
  1130 ms  -[YDDummyApp.UserProfileMngr .cxx_destruct]


frida-trace -i "getaddrinfo" -i "SSLSetSessionOption" -U -f com.robot.demo        // trace C function on iOS
frida-trace -m "*[*URLProtection* *]" -U -f com.robot.demo                        // for https challenge information
frida-trace -m "*[NSURLSession* *didReceiveChallenge*]" -U -f com.robot.demo      // check whether https check delegate used
frida-trace -U -f com.robot.demo.app -I libsystem_c.dylib                         // Trace entire Module.  Bad idea!
frida-trace -p $myapp -I UIKit                                                    // Trace UIKit Module.  Bad idea.
frida-trace -f objc_playground -I CoreFoundation                                  // Trace CoreFoundation Module.  Terrible idea.
frida-trace -I YDRustyKit -U -f com.yd.mobile                                     // Trace my own module.
frida-trace -m "-[NSURLRequest initWithURL:]" -U -f com.robot.demo                // Get app files and APIs
frida-trace -m "-[NSURL initWithString:]" -U -f com.robot.demo                    // find the API endpoints
frida-trace -m "*[NSURL absoluteString]" -U -f com.robot.demo                     // my favorite of these

Edit the Frida-Trace auto-generated, template file.

onEnter: function (log, args, state) {
  log("-[NSURLRequest initWithURL:" + args[2] + "]");
  var str = new ObjC.Object(ptr(args[2])).toString()
  console.log('[*] ' , str);
},

// results
[*] https://secretserver.nl/SignIn

Frida-Trace strcpy()

frida-trace -i "*strcpy" -f hitme aaaa bbbb
Instrumenting functions...                                              
_platform_strcpy: Loaded handler at "/.../__handlers__/libSystem.B.dylib/_platform_strcpy.js"
Started tracing 1 function. Press Ctrl+C to stop.

Edit the auto-generated, template Javascript file.

-----------
onEnter: function (log, args, state) {
  // strcpy()  arg1 is the Source. arg0 is the Destination.
  console.log('\n[+] _platform_strcpy()');
  var src_ptr  = args[1].toString()
  var src_string = Memory.readCString(args[1]);
  var src_byte_array = Memory.readByteArray(args[1],4);
  var textDecoder = new TextDecoder("utf-8");
  var decoded = textDecoder.decode(src_byte_array);
  console.log('[+] src_ptr\t-> ' , src_ptr);
  console.log('[+] src_string\t-> ' + src_string);
  console.log('[+] src_byte_array\t-> ' + src_byte_array);
  console.log('[+] src_byte_array size\t-> ' + src_byte_array.byteLength);
  console.log('[+] src_byte_array decoded\t-> ' + decoded);
},

The results:

[+] _platform_strcpy()
[+] src_ptr	->  0x7ffeefbffaa6
[+] src_string	-> aaaa
[+] src_byte_array	-> [object ArrayBuffer]
[+] src_byte_array size	-> 4
[+] decoded	-> aaaa

[+] _platform_strcpy()
[+] src_ptr	->  0x7ffeefbffaab
[+] src_string	-> bbbb
[+] src_byte_array	-> [object ArrayBuffer]
[+] src_byte_array size	-> 4
[+] decoded	-> bbbb

Frida Objective-C Observer

frida-ps -Uai  // get your bundle ID

frida --codeshare mrmacete/objc-method-observer -U -f funky-chicken.push-demo

[+] At the Frida prompt...
// Method isJailbroken
observeSomething('*[* isJail*]')

// Observe String compares
observeSomething('*[* isEqualToString*]');    

// A Class ( ObjC ) or Module (Symbol ). The first asterix indicates it can be eith Instance or Class method
observeSomething('*[ABC* *]');                                

// Watch Cookies
observeSomething('-[WKWebsiteDataStore httpCookieStore]');
observeSomething('-[WKWebAllowDenyPolicyListener *]');

// dump the URL to hit
observeSomething('-[WKWebView loadRequest:]');                

// you get all HTML, js, css, etc
observeSomething('-[WKWebView load*]');        

// Read the entire request
observeSomething('-[WKWebView loadHTMLString:baseURL:]') 

// Check for a custom UserAgent
observeSomething('-[WKWebView *Agent]');

Bypass anti-Frida checks

Rename Frida process

bash -c "exec -a YDFooBar ./frida-server &"

Set Frida-Server on host to a specific interface and port

frida-server -l 0.0.0.0:19999 &

Call Frida-server from Host

frida-ps -ai -H 192.168.0.38:19999

Trace on custom port

frida-trace -m "*[NSURLSession* *didReceiveChallenge*]" -H 192.168.0.38:19999 -f com.youdog.rusty.tinyDormant

Cookies

Find Persisted Cookies

/private/var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/<app guid, given at install time>/Library/Cookies/Cookies.binarycookies

Extract

scp -P 2222 root@localhost:/private/var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/<App GUID>/Library/Cookies/Cookies.binarycookies cookies.bin

BinaryCookieReader: Written By Satishb3 (http://www.securitylearn.net
python BinaryCookieReader.py Cookie.Binarycookies-FilePath

Cookie : s_fid=0BBD745EA9BCF67F-366EC6EDEFA2A0E6; domain=.apple.com; path=/; expires=Thu, 14 Dec 2023;
Cookie : s_pathLength=homepage%3D2%2C; domain=.apple.com; path=/; expires=Fri, 14 Dec 2018;
Cookie : s_vi=[CS]v1|2E09D702852E4ACE-60002D37A0008393[CE]; domain=.apple.com; path=/; expires=Sun, 13 Dec 2020;
............
............

Find Cookies in Memory with Frida ( on real device & iOS Simulator )

$) ps -ax | grep -i WebKit.Networking
29163 ??         <longPath>/.../com.apple.WebKit.Networking

$) frida --codeshare mrmacete/objc-method-observer -p 29163

[PID::29163]-> %resume                           
[PID::29163]-> observeSomething('*[* cookiesWithResponseHeaderFields:forURL:]');

Results:

+[NSHTTPCookie cookiesWithResponseHeaderFields:forURL:]
 cookiesWithResponseHeaderFields: {
     "Set-Cookie" = "EuConsent=<removed for brevity>; path=/; expires=Sat, 16 Nov 2019 14:51:01 GMT;";
 } (__NSSingleEntryDictionaryI)
 forURL: https://uk.yahoo.com/?p=us&guccounter=1 (NSURL)

 RET: (
     "<NSHTTPCookie
 	version:0
 	name:EuConsent
 	value:<removed for brevity>
 	expiresDate:'2019-11-16 14:51:01 +0000'
 	created:'2019-11-15 14:51:01 +0000'
 	sessionOnly:FALSE
 	domain:yahoo.com
 	partition:none
 	sameSite:none
 	path:/
 	isSecure:FALSE
  path:"/" isSecure:FALSE>"
 )

Change iOS Version

WARNING: only change the minimum iOS version of a specific app's plist and not for the entire device. Things start to break - like calls into C libraries - when you change the device's read-only iOS version.

ssh onto device
root# cd /System/Library/CoreServices/
root# cat SystemVersion.plist
root# nano SystemVersion.plist
EDIT THE VALUE.  KEEP THE OLD VALUE!

LLVM Instrumentation

https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1964/_index.html
otool -l -arch all my_framework | grep __llvm_prf  
nm -m -arch all my_app | grep gcov
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