dev_dem_app

library(tidyverse)
library(fixest)
library(marginaleffects)
library(modelsummary)

ui <- fluidPage(
        titlePanel("Explore the relationship between development and democracy"),
        sidebarLayout(
                sidebarPanel(
                        sliderInput(
                                inputId = "year",
                                label = "Period",
                                value = c(1950, 1990),
                                min = 1800,
                                max = 2016,
                                sep = "",
                                step = 1,
                                ticks = FALSE,
                        ),
                        
                        selectInput(
                                inputId = "region",
                                label = "Region",
                                choices = c(
                                        "All regions" = 0,
                                        "Asia and Pacific" = 6,
                                        "Eastern Europe and Central Asia" = 1,
                                        "Middle East and North Africa" = 3,
                                        "Latin America and the Caribbean" = 2,
                                        "Sub-Saharan Africa" = 4,
                                        "Western Europe and North America" = 5
                                ),
                                selected = "All regions",
                                multiple = FALSE
                        ),
                        
                        selectInput(
                                inputId = "dv",
                                label = "Democracy Index",
                                choices = c(
                                        "Polity combined score" = "e_polity2",
                                        "Egalitarian democracy index" = "v2x_egaldem",
                                        "Electoral democracy index" = "v2x_polyarchy",
                                        "Deliberative democracy index" = "v2x_delibdem",
                                        "Liberal democracy index" = "v2x_libdem",
                                        "Participatory democracy index" = "v2x_partipdem"
                                ),
                                selected = "Polity combined score",
                                multiple = FALSE
                        ),
                        
                        selectInput(
                                inputId = "iv",
                                label = "Control Variable(s)",
                                choices = c(
                                        "Education" = "e_peaveduc",
                                        "Educational inequality" = "e_peedgini",
                                        "Exports" = "e_cow_exports",
                                        "Equal distribution of resources" = "v2xeg_eqdr",
                                        "Democratic diffusion" = "e_polity2_scale_geo",
                                        "Fertility rate" = "e_miferrat",
                                        "Fossil fuel income per capita" = "e_total_fuel_income_pc",
                                        "Land area" = "e_area",
                                        "Land inequality" = "land_inequality",
                                        "Life expectancy" = "e_pelifeex",
                                        "Natural resource dependence" = "e_resdep2",
                                        "Imports" = "e_cow_imports",
                                        "Infant mortality rate" = "e_peinfmor",
                                        "Inflation" = "e_miinflat",
                                        "Political corruption" = "v2x_corr",
                                        "Population" = "e_pop",
                                        "Urbanisation rate" = "e_miurbani"
                                ),
                                multiple = TRUE
                        )    
                ),
                
                mainPanel(tabsetPanel(
                        type = "tabs",
                        tabPanel("Adjusted Predictions", plotOutput("plot")),
                        tabPanel("Model Summary", htmlOutput("table")),
                        tabPanel("Data & Variables", htmlOutput('explanations'))
                ))
        )
)


# SERVER
server <- function(input, output) {
        model <- reactive({
                df <-  if (input$region == 0) {
                        read_rds("dev_dem_data.rds") %>%
                                filter(year >= input$year[1] &
                                               year <= input$year[2]) %>%
                                mutate(e_polity2 = if_else(e_polity2 < -10, NA_real_, e_polity2))
                        
                } else {
                        read_rds("dev_dem_data.rds") %>%
                                filter(
                                        year >= input$year[1] & year <= input$year[2] &
                                                e_regionpol_6C == input$region
                                ) %>%
                                mutate(e_polity2 = if_else(e_polity2 < -10, NA_real_, e_polity2))  
                }
                
                if (length(input$iv) == 0) {
                        current_formula <- paste0(input$dv,
                                                  " ~ e_migdppcln_ipo*e_mibmr ")
                } else if (length(input$iv) == 1) {
                        current_formula <-
                                paste0(input$dv,
                                       " ~ e_migdppcln_ipo*e_mibmr + ",
                                       input$iv)
                        
                } else {
                        current_formula <-
                                paste0(
                                        input$dv,
                                        " ~ e_migdppcln_ipo*e_mibmr + ",
                                        paste(input$iv, collapse = " + ")
                                )
                }
                
                current_formula <- as.formula(current_formula)
                
                tryCatch({
                        feols(
                                current_formula,
                                cluster = df$country_id,
                                data = df
                        )
                }
                , error = function(e) {
                        ""
                })
                
        })
        
        
        output$plot <- renderPlot({
                validate(
                        need(
                                model() != "",
                                "This model cannot be calculated. One or more variables might be unavailable for the time period and/or region. Please try a different specification."
                        )
                )
                
                plot_cap(model(),
                         condition = c("e_migdppcln_ipo", "e_mibmr")) +
                        labs(x = "\nGDP per capita (log)",
                             y = "Democracy index\n",
                             title = "\nAdjusted predictions, conditional on regime type") +
                        theme(
                                plot.title = element_text(
                                        size = 16,
                                        hjust = 0,
                                        face = "bold",
                                        margin = margin(0, 0, 30, 0)
                                ),
                                axis.title = element_text(size = 16),
                                legend.position = "bottom",
                                legend.text = element_text(size = 16)
                        ) +
                        scale_color_discrete(
                                name = "\n",
                                breaks = c("1", "0"),
                                labels = c("Democracies", "Autocracies")
                        ) +
                        scale_fill_discrete(
                                name = "\n",
                                breaks = c("1", "0"),
                                labels = c("Democracies", "Autocracies")
                        )
        })
        
        # model summary
        output$table <- renderPrint({
                validate(
                        need(
                                model() != "",
                                "This model cannot be calculated. One or more variables might be unavailable for the time period and/or region. Please try a different specification."
                        )
                )
                modelsummary(
                        model(),
                        output = "html",
                        estimate  = "{estimate}{stars}",
                        coef_rename = c(
                                "e_migdppcln_ipo" = "GDP per capita (log)",
                                "e_mibmr" = "Autocracy/Democracy",
                                "e_peaveduc" = "Education",
                                "e_peedgini" = "Educational inequality",
                                "e_cow_exports" = "Exports",
                                "v2xeg_eqdr" = "Equal distribution of resources",
                                "e_polity2_scale_geo" = "Democratic diffusion",
                                "e_miferrat" = "Fertility rate",
                                "e_total_fuel_income_pc" = "Fossil fuel income per capita",
                                "e_area" = "Land area",
                                "land_inequality" = "Land inequality",
                                "e_pelifeex" = "Life expectancy",
                                "e_resdep2" = "Natural resource dependence",
                                "e_cow_imports" = "Imports",
                                "e_peinfmor" = "Infant mortality rate",
                                "e_miinflat" = "Inflation",
                                "v2x_corr" = "Political corruption",
                                "e_pop" = "Population",
                                "e_miurbani" = "Urbanisation rate"    
                        ),
                        gof_map = c("nobs", "r.squared"),
                        stars = TRUE,
                        shape = term ~ statistic,
                        notes = list(
                                "Standard errors are clustered at the country level.",
                                "Notes: The results are estimated with ordinary least square regressions.",
                                "+ p &lt; 0.1, * p &lt; 0.05, ** p &lt; 0.01, *** p &lt; 0.001"
                        )
                )      
        })
        
        # data & variables
        output$explanations <- renderPrint({
                HTML(                     
'<br>
<p>The data in this app comes from two sources: Varieties of Democracy Project (<a href="https://www.v-dem.net/documents/1/codebookv12.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">V-Dem, version 12</a>) and
an article published by Knutsen et al. (<a href="https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1111%2F1475-6765.12282&file=ejpr12282-sup-0001-Appendix.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2019</a>)</p>.
<br>
<div>
<style type="text/css">
.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
  overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
  font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
.tg .tg-fymr{border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-za14{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}
.tg .tg-7zrl{text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}
</style>
<table class="tg">
<thead>
  <tr>
    <th class="tg-fymr">Variable label</th>
    <th class="tg-fymr">Data source</th>
    <th class="tg-fymr">Variable name in source</th>
  </tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Autocracy/Democracy</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Knutsen et al. (2019)</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_mibmr</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Deliberative democracy index</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">v2x_delibdem</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Democratic diffusion</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Knutsen et al. (2019)</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_polity2_scale_geo</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Education</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_peaveduc</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Educational inequality</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-za14"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_peedgini</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Egalitarian democracy index</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">v2x_egaldem</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Electoral democracy index</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">v2x_polyarchy</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Equal distribution of resources</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">v2xeg_eqdr</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Exports</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_cow_exports</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Fertility rate</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_miferrat</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Fossil fuel income per capita</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_total_fuel_income_pc</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">GDP per capita (log)</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Knutsen et al. (2019)</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_migdppcln_ipo</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Imports</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_cow_imports</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Infant mortality rate</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_peinfmor</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Inflation</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_miinflat</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Land area</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_area</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Land inequality</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Knutsen et al. (2019)</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">land_inequality</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Liberal democracy index</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">v2x_libdem</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Life expectancy</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_pelifeex</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Natural resource dependence</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Knutsen et al. (2019)</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_resdep2</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Participatory democracy index</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">v2x_partipdem</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Political corruption</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">v2x_corr</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Polity combined score</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_polity2</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Population</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_pop</span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">Urbanisation rate</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">V-Dem</span></td>
    <td class="tg-7zrl"><span style="font-weight:400;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;color:black">e_miurbani</span></td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
  </div>'          
                )
        })   
}

shinyApp(ui = ui, server = server)