An example of using pthread's condition variables, showing how to block a main thread while waiting for worker threads to finish their work, without joining the threads. This could be useful if you want to loop the threads, for example.

cond.c

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <assert.h>


/* Compile like this:

 gcc --std=c99 -lpthread cond.c -o cond

*/

const size_t NUMTHREADS = 20;

/* a global count of the number of threads finished working. It will
   be protected by mutex and changes to it will be signalled to the
   main thread via cond */

int done = 0;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;

/* Note: error checking on pthread_X calls ommitted for clarity - you
   should always check the return values in real code. */

/* Note: passing the thread id via a void pointer is cheap and easy,
 * but the code assumes pointers and long ints are the same size
 * (probably 64bits), which is a little hacky. */

void* ThreadEntry( void* id )
{
  const int myid = (long)id; // force the pointer to be a 64bit integer
  
  const int workloops = 5;
  for( int i=0; i<workloops; i++ )
    {
      printf( "[thread %d] working (%d/%d)\n", myid, i, workloops );
      sleep(1); // simulate doing some costly work
    }
  
  // we're going to manipulate done and use the cond, so we need the mutex
  pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex );

  // increase the count of threads that have finished their work.
  done++;
  printf( "[thread %d] done is now %d. Signalling cond.\n", myid, done );

  // wait up the main thread (if it is sleeping) to test the value of done  
  pthread_cond_signal( &cond ); 
  pthread_mutex_unlock( & mutex );

  return NULL;
}

int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
  puts( "[thread main] starting" );

  pthread_t threads[NUMTHREADS];

  for( int t=0; t<NUMTHREADS; t++ )
    pthread_create( &threads[t], NULL, ThreadEntry, (void*)(long)t );

  // we're going to test "done" so we need the mutex for safety
  pthread_mutex_lock( &mutex );

  // are the other threads still busy?
  while( done < NUMTHREADS )
    {
      printf( "[thread main] done is %d which is < %d so waiting on cond\n", 
	      done, (int)NUMTHREADS );
      
      /* block this thread until another thread signals cond. While
	 blocked, the mutex is released, then re-aquired before this
	 thread is woken up and the call returns. */ 
      pthread_cond_wait( & cond, & mutex ); 
      
      puts( "[thread main] wake - cond was signalled." ); 
      
      /* we go around the loop with the lock held */
    }
  
  printf( "[thread main] done == %d so everyone is done\n", (int)NUMTHREADS );
  
  pthread_mutex_unlock( & mutex );
  
  return 0;
}

It seems will deadlock?

@vineetgarc @js0701
pthread_cond_wait() implicitly releases the mutex it is passed when it is called, and implicitly re-aqcuires the mutex when it is returned.
That's why this function takes a condition and a mutex.
So what is happening is that main() acquires the lock, then immediately checks the condition (which hasn't been signaled yet).
Since it hasn't been signaled, pthread_cond_wait() releases the mutex and blocks the main() thread until the condition variable is signaled by another thread.

Is it OK in this example to put pthread_mutex_unlock( & mutex ) before pthread_cond_signal( &cond ); ?

No, bad things can happen if you call pthread_cond_signal() without holding the same mutex that waiting threads specifies in their pthread_cond_wait() call.

If pthread_cond_signal() is called without holding the mutex, then the waiting thread can get into an infinite wait because the thread signalling the condition might do it in-between the waiting thread decides if it needs to wait and blocking in pthread_cond_wait().

The pthread_cond_signal() will only wake a waiting thread. If no thread was waiting, then the signal condition was lost and a thread that later starts to wait may wait forever. The above code doesn't suffer from this because inside the mutex-protected critical section, it checks the state of 'done' before deciding if it should wait. With 'done' less than NUMTHREADS, the waiting thread knows that at least one thread have still not signalled - so it's safe to wait on the condition variable.

Zyxxel: If you use the same mutex before a pthread_cond_wait() call and pthread_cond_signal(), then they will be mutually exclusive, meaning you won't need to call pthread_cond_wait anyway, just use a flag.

Is the below message correct? I thought I read that threads can wake from a waiting on a condition for spurious reasons, so we can't assume a signal was received when waking

puts( "[thread main] wake - cond was signalled." );

Is the below message correct? I thought I read that threads can wake from a waiting on a condition for spurious reasons, so we can't assume a signal was received when waking

puts( "[thread main] wake - cond was signalled." );

The other thread signals before releasing the lock, maybe that guarantees to the waked thread that the signal was received?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_wakeup

Note that the condition is checked after cond returns. The worst that can happen is that the puts() is slightly misleading.