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postgresのio_uringを有効にした時のパフォーマンスを見てみる
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| 注意:まだベータにもなっていない段階のコードベースで、設定も精査せず、ベンチマーククライアントも同一マシンに置いて、とりあえず測定をしてみた、というだけのものなので、その程度のものであり、結果であるというところは、ご承知おき下さい。 | |
| ●前提情報 | |
| ■実施日 | |
| 2025/4/5 | |
| ■測定環境（自作デスクトップ） | |
| AMD Ryzen 7 5700X 8-Core Processor 4.50 GHz | |
| Memory 64GB | |
| WD_Black SN770 NVMe WDS100T3X0E 1TB M.2 PCI-Express Gen4 | |
| （マザボはGen3までのサポート...） | |
| Windows 11 Pro x64 24H2 | |
| WSL2 | |
| Ubuntu 22.04 | |
| - liburingのdebパッケージが20.04ではインストールできても postgres のビルドが失敗したため、 do-release-upgrade コマンドで 22.04 にアップグレードした | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~$ uname -a | |
| Linux DESKTOP-IOASPN6 5.15.167.4-microsoft-standard-WSL2 #1 SMP Tue Nov 5 00:21:55 UTC 2024 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/$ cat /etc/os-release | |
| PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 22.04.5 LTS" | |
| NAME="Ubuntu" | |
| VERSION_ID="22.04" | |
| VERSION="22.04.5 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)" | |
| VERSION_CODENAME=jammy | |
| ID=ubuntu | |
| ID_LIKE=debian | |
| HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/" | |
| SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/" | |
| BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/" | |
| PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy" | |
| UBUNTU_CODENAME=jammy | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/$ sudo apt-cache show liburing2 | |
| Package: liburing2 | |
| Status: install ok installed | |
| Priority: optional | |
| Section: libs | |
| Installed-Size: 96 | |
| Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]> | |
| Architecture: amd64 | |
| Multi-Arch: same | |
| Source: liburing | |
| Version: 2.5-1build1 | |
| Depends: libc6 (>= 2.4) | |
| Description-en: Linux kernel io_uring access library - shared library | |
| This library provides helpers to setup and teardown io_uring instances, | |
| and also a simplified interface for applications that do not need (or | |
| want) to deal with the full kernel side implementation. | |
| . | |
| This package contains the shared library. | |
| Description-md5: c13d0621ef06a82a3a071dc62bd6e7a3 | |
| Homepage: https://github.com/axboe/liburing | |
| Original-Maintainer: Guillem Jover <[email protected]> | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/$ sudo apt-cache show liburing-dev | |
| Package: liburing-dev | |
| Status: install ok installed | |
| Priority: optional | |
| Section: libdevel | |
| Installed-Size: 479 | |
| Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]> | |
| Architecture: amd64 | |
| Multi-Arch: same | |
| Source: liburing | |
| Version: 2.5-1build1 | |
| Depends: liburing2 (= 2.5-1build1), libc6-dev | libc-dev, linux-libc-dev (>= 5.1) | |
| Description-en: Linux kernel io_uring access library - development files | |
| This library provides helpers to setup and teardown io_uring instances, | |
| and also a simplified interface for applications that do not need (or | |
| want) to deal with the full kernel side implementation. | |
| . | |
| This package contains the static library and the header files. | |
| Description-md5: 920173f8b04b2b4fddbbff6162ef6c52 | |
| Homepage: https://github.com/axboe/liburing | |
| Original-Maintainer: Guillem Jover <[email protected]> | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ gcc --version | |
| gcc (Ubuntu 11.4.0-2ubuntu1~20.04) 11.4.0 | |
| Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
| This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO | |
| warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ g++ --version | |
| g++ (Ubuntu 11.4.0-2ubuntu1~20.04) 11.4.0 | |
| Copyright (C) 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
| This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO | |
| warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. | |
| ■測定に利用したコードベース | |
| 以下のコミットがHEADである時点のmasterのコードベースを用いた。 | |
| commit 5db3bf7391d77ae86bc9b5f580141e022803b744 (HEAD -> master, origin/master, origin/HEAD) | |
| Author: Andrew Dunstan <[email protected]> | |
| Date: Sat Apr 5 08:00:24 2025 -0400 | |
| Clean up from commit 1495eff7bdb | |
| Fix some comments, and remove the hacky way of quoting database names in | |
| favor of appendStringLiteralConn. | |
| ■ビルドと測定時のコマンドライン他 | |
| ./configure --with-liburing --prefix=/home/ryo/work/postgres/local_install | |
| max_connection は500に変更 | |
| create database benchdb; | |
| pgbench -i -s 2000 benchdb -U postgres | |
| pgbench -c 300 -j 16 -T 600 benchdb -U postgres | |
| スケールファクター 2000 | |
| 300クライアントが全力でトランザクション投げる（1つ終わったら次）状態を模擬 | |
| pgbench自体は16スレッドで動作 | |
| 測定時間10分 | |
| ワークロードはTPC-B（相当のもの） | |
| - 金融機関での入出金をモデルしたSELECT、INSERT、UPDATEから成るショートトランザクション | |
| - writeヘビー | |
| ■測定方法 | |
| pgbenchとpostgresを同一マシンのWSL2環境で実行 | |
| ■（ほぼ）デフォルト設定で測定 | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -i -s 2000 benchdb -U postgres | |
| dropping old tables... | |
| NOTICE: table "pgbench_accounts" does not exist, skipping | |
| NOTICE: table "pgbench_branches" does not exist, skipping | |
| NOTICE: table "pgbench_history" does not exist, skipping | |
| NOTICE: table "pgbench_tellers" does not exist, skipping | |
| creating tables... | |
| generating data (client-side)... | |
| vacuuming... | |
| creating primary keys... | |
| done in 283.03 s (drop tables 0.00 s, create tables 0.00 s, client-side generate 212.85 s, vacuum 0.66 s, primary keys 69.51 s) | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -c 300 -j 16 -T 600 benchdb -U postgres | |
| pgbench (18devel) | |
| starting vacuum...end. | |
| transaction type: <builtin: TPC-B (sort of)> | |
| scaling factor: 2000 | |
| query mode: simple | |
| number of clients: 300 | |
| number of threads: 16 | |
| maximum number of tries: 1 | |
| duration: 600 s | |
| number of transactions actually processed: 4518782 | |
| number of failed transactions: 0 (0.000%) | |
| latency average = 39.829 ms | |
| initial connection time = 157.999 ms | |
| tps = 7532.117944 (without initial connection time) | |
| ●測定結果 | |
| ■io_uringを有効化して測定 | |
| 設定されていなかった io_method を io_uring に変更。 | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -i -s 2000 benchdb -U postgres | |
| dropping old tables... | |
| creating tables... | |
| generating data (client-side)... | |
| vacuuming... | |
| creating primary keys... | |
| done in 371.86 s (drop tables 3.75 s, create tables 0.01 s, client-side generate 273.86 s, vacuum 0.48 s, primary keys 93.76 s). | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -c 300 -j 16 -T 600 benchdb -U postgres | |
| pgbench (18devel) | |
| starting vacuum...end. | |
| transaction type: <builtin: TPC-B (sort of)> | |
| scaling factor: 2000 | |
| query mode: simple | |
| number of clients: 300 | |
| number of threads: 16 | |
| maximum number of tries: 1 | |
| duration: 600 s | |
| number of transactions actually processed: 4380907 | |
| number of failed transactions: 0 (0.000%) | |
| latency average = 41.076 ms | |
| initial connection time = 378.667 ms | |
| tps = 7303.471992 (without initial connection time) | |
| ■io_method指定を無しの状態に戻して3回目の測定 | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -i -s 2000 benchdb -U postgres | |
| dropping old tables... | |
| creating tables... | |
| generating data (client-side)... | |
| vacuuming... | |
| creating primary keys... | |
| done in 335.85 s (drop tables 3.77 s, create tables 0.01 s, client-side generate 250.83 s, vacuum 0.53 s, primary keys 80.72 s). | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -c 300 -j 16 -T 600 benchdb -U postgres | |
| pgbench (18devel) | |
| starting vacuum...end. | |
| transaction type: <builtin: TPC-B (sort of)> | |
| scaling factor: 2000 | |
| query mode: simple | |
| number of clients: 300 | |
| number of threads: 16 | |
| maximum number of tries: 1 | |
| duration: 600 s | |
| number of transactions actually processed: 4267862 | |
| number of failed transactions: 0 (0.000%) | |
| latency average = 42.187 ms | |
| initial connection time = 133.108 ms | |
| tps = 7111.139640 (without initial connection time) | |
| ■io_methodの指定無しのまま checkpoint_flush_after = 0、checkpoint_timeout = 1d、 max_wal_size = 1000GBとしてチェックポイント止める | |
| 注: 初期化時は設定変更前だったのでチェックポイントが起きている | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -i -s 2000 benchdb -U postgres | |
| dropping old tables... | |
| creating tables... | |
| generating data (client-side)... | |
| vacuuming... | |
| creating primary keys... | |
| done in 385.32 s (drop tables 3.79 s, create tables 0.01 s, client-side generate 292.35 s, vacuum 0.61 s, primary keys 88.56 s). | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -c 300 -j 16 -T 600 benchdb -U postgres | |
| pgbench (18devel) | |
| starting vacuum...end. | |
| transaction type: <builtin: TPC-B (sort of)> | |
| scaling factor: 2000 | |
| query mode: simple | |
| number of clients: 300 | |
| number of threads: 16 | |
| maximum number of tries: 1 | |
| duration: 600 s | |
| number of transactions actually processed: 5117739 | |
| number of failed transactions: 0 (0.000%) | |
| latency average = 35.309 ms | |
| initial connection time = 155.324 ms | |
| tps = 8496.444458 (without initial connection time) | |
| ■チェックポイントを止めたまま io_method を io_uring へ | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -i -s 2000 benchdb -U postgres | |
| dropping old tables... | |
| creating tables... | |
| generating data (client-side)... | |
| vacuuming... | |
| creating primary keys... | |
| done in 436.67 s (drop tables 4.33 s, create tables 0.02 s, client-side generate 335.94 s, vacuum 0.54 s, primary keys 95.84 s). | |
| ryo@DESKTOP-IOASPN6:~/work/postgres/local_install$ bin/pgbench -c 300 -j 16 -T 600 benchdb -U postgres | |
| pgbench (18devel) | |
| starting vacuum...end. | |
| transaction type: <builtin: TPC-B (sort of)> | |
| scaling factor: 2000 | |
| query mode: simple | |
| number of clients: 300 | |
| number of threads: 16 | |
| maximum number of tries: 1 | |
| duration: 600 s | |
| number of transactions actually processed: 6802246 | |
| number of failed transactions: 0 (0.000%) | |
| latency average = 26.702 ms | |
| initial connection time = 366.445 ms | |
| tps = 11235.286581 (without initial connection time) |
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| # ***最後の測定の時のもの*** | |
| # ----------------------------- | |
| # PostgreSQL configuration file | |
| # ----------------------------- | |
| # | |
| # This file consists of lines of the form: | |
| # | |
| # name = value | |
| # | |
| # (The "=" is optional.) Whitespace may be used. Comments are introduced with | |
| # "#" anywhere on a line. The complete list of parameter names and allowed | |
| # values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation. | |
| # | |
| # The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values. | |
| # Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value; | |
| # you need to reload the server. | |
| # | |
| # This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP | |
| # signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the | |
| # server for the changes to take effect, run "pg_ctl reload", or execute | |
| # "SELECT pg_reload_conf()". Some parameters, which are marked below, | |
| # require a server shutdown and restart to take effect. | |
| # | |
| # Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g., | |
| # "postgres -c log_connections=all". Some parameters can be changed at run time | |
| # with the "SET" SQL command. | |
| # | |
| # Memory units: B = bytes Time units: us = microseconds | |
| # kB = kilobytes ms = milliseconds | |
| # MB = megabytes s = seconds | |
| # GB = gigabytes min = minutes | |
| # TB = terabytes h = hours | |
| # d = days | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # FILE LOCATIONS | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line | |
| # option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir. | |
| #data_directory = 'ConfigDir' # use data in another directory | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #hba_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_hba.conf' # host-based authentication file | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #ident_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_ident.conf' # ident configuration file | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written. | |
| #external_pid_file = '' # write an extra PID file | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Connection Settings - | |
| #listen_addresses = 'localhost' # what IP address(es) to listen on; | |
| # comma-separated list of addresses; | |
| # defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #port = 5432 # (change requires restart) | |
| max_connections = 500 # (change requires restart) | |
| #reserved_connections = 0 # (change requires restart) | |
| #superuser_reserved_connections = 3 # (change requires restart) | |
| #unix_socket_directories = '/tmp' # comma-separated list of directories | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #unix_socket_group = '' # (change requires restart) | |
| #unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # begin with 0 to use octal notation | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #bonjour = off # advertise server via Bonjour | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #bonjour_name = '' # defaults to the computer name | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # - TCP settings - | |
| # see "man tcp" for details | |
| #tcp_keepalives_idle = 0 # TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds; | |
| # 0 selects the system default | |
| #tcp_keepalives_interval = 0 # TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds; | |
| # 0 selects the system default | |
| #tcp_keepalives_count = 0 # TCP_KEEPCNT; | |
| # 0 selects the system default | |
| #tcp_user_timeout = 0 # TCP_USER_TIMEOUT, in milliseconds; | |
| # 0 selects the system default | |
| #client_connection_check_interval = 0 # time between checks for client | |
| # disconnection while running queries; | |
| # 0 for never | |
| # - Authentication - | |
| #authentication_timeout = 1min # 1s-600s | |
| #password_encryption = scram-sha-256 # scram-sha-256 or md5 | |
| #scram_iterations = 4096 | |
| #md5_password_warnings = on | |
| # GSSAPI using Kerberos | |
| #krb_server_keyfile = 'FILE:${sysconfdir}/krb5.keytab' | |
| #krb_caseins_users = off | |
| #gss_accept_delegation = off | |
| # - SSL - | |
| #ssl = off | |
| #ssl_ca_file = '' | |
| #ssl_cert_file = 'server.crt' | |
| #ssl_crl_file = '' | |
| #ssl_crl_dir = '' | |
| #ssl_key_file = 'server.key' | |
| #ssl_ciphers = 'HIGH:MEDIUM:+3DES:!aNULL' # allowed TLSv1.2 ciphers | |
| #ssl_tls13_ciphers = '' # allowed TLSv1.3 cipher suites, blank for default | |
| #ssl_prefer_server_ciphers = on | |
| #ssl_groups = 'X25519:prime256v1' | |
| #ssl_min_protocol_version = 'TLSv1.2' | |
| #ssl_max_protocol_version = '' | |
| #ssl_dh_params_file = '' | |
| #ssl_passphrase_command = '' | |
| #ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload = off | |
| # OAuth | |
| #oauth_validator_libraries = '' # comma-separated list of trusted validator modules | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # RESOURCE USAGE (except WAL) | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Memory - | |
| shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #huge_pages = try # on, off, or try | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #huge_page_size = 0 # zero for system default | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #temp_buffers = 8MB # min 800kB | |
| #max_prepared_transactions = 0 # zero disables the feature | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # Caution: it is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless | |
| # you actively intend to use prepared transactions. | |
| #work_mem = 4MB # min 64kB | |
| #hash_mem_multiplier = 2.0 # 1-1000.0 multiplier on hash table work_mem | |
| #maintenance_work_mem = 64MB # min 64kB | |
| #autovacuum_work_mem = -1 # min 64kB, or -1 to use maintenance_work_mem | |
| #logical_decoding_work_mem = 64MB # min 64kB | |
| #max_stack_depth = 2MB # min 100kB | |
| #shared_memory_type = mmap # the default is the first option | |
| # supported by the operating system: | |
| # mmap | |
| # sysv | |
| # windows | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix # the default is usually the first option | |
| # supported by the operating system: | |
| # posix | |
| # sysv | |
| # windows | |
| # mmap | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #min_dynamic_shared_memory = 0MB # (change requires restart) | |
| #vacuum_buffer_usage_limit = 2MB # size of vacuum and analyze buffer access strategy ring; | |
| # 0 to disable vacuum buffer access strategy; | |
| # range 128kB to 16GB | |
| # SLRU buffers (change requires restart) | |
| #commit_timestamp_buffers = 0 # memory for pg_commit_ts (0 = auto) | |
| #multixact_offset_buffers = 16 # memory for pg_multixact/offsets | |
| #multixact_member_buffers = 32 # memory for pg_multixact/members | |
| #notify_buffers = 16 # memory for pg_notify | |
| #serializable_buffers = 32 # memory for pg_serial | |
| #subtransaction_buffers = 0 # memory for pg_subtrans (0 = auto) | |
| #transaction_buffers = 0 # memory for pg_xact (0 = auto) | |
| # - Disk - | |
| #temp_file_limit = -1 # limits per-process temp file space | |
| # in kilobytes, or -1 for no limit | |
| #max_notify_queue_pages = 1048576 # limits the number of SLRU pages allocated | |
| # for NOTIFY / LISTEN queue | |
| # - Kernel Resources - | |
| #max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 64 | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # - Background Writer - | |
| #bgwriter_delay = 200ms # 10-10000ms between rounds | |
| #bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100 # max buffers written/round, 0 disables | |
| #bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0 # 0-10.0 multiplier on buffers scanned/round | |
| #bgwriter_flush_after = 512kB # measured in pages, 0 disables | |
| # - I/O - | |
| #backend_flush_after = 0 # measured in pages, 0 disables | |
| #effective_io_concurrency = 16 # 1-1000; 0 disables issuing multiple simultaneous IO requests | |
| #maintenance_io_concurrency = 16 # 1-1000; same as effective_io_concurrency | |
| #io_max_combine_limit = 128kB # usually 1-128 blocks (depends on OS) | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #io_combine_limit = 128kB # usually 1-128 blocks (depends on OS) | |
| #io_method = worker # worker, io_uring, sync | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| io_method = io_uring | |
| #io_max_concurrency = -1 # Max number of IOs that one process | |
| # can execute simultaneously | |
| # -1 sets based on shared_buffers | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #io_workers = 3 # 1-32; | |
| # - Worker Processes - | |
| #max_worker_processes = 8 # (change requires restart) | |
| #max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 2 # limited by max_parallel_workers | |
| #max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 2 # limited by max_parallel_workers | |
| #max_parallel_workers = 8 # number of max_worker_processes that | |
| # can be used in parallel operations | |
| #parallel_leader_participation = on | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # WRITE-AHEAD LOG | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Settings - | |
| #wal_level = replica # minimal, replica, or logical | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #fsync = on # flush data to disk for crash safety | |
| # (turning this off can cause | |
| # unrecoverable data corruption) | |
| #synchronous_commit = on # synchronization level; | |
| # off, local, remote_write, remote_apply, or on | |
| #wal_sync_method = fsync # the default is the first option | |
| # supported by the operating system: | |
| # open_datasync | |
| # fdatasync (default on Linux and FreeBSD) | |
| # fsync | |
| # fsync_writethrough | |
| # open_sync | |
| #full_page_writes = on # recover from partial page writes | |
| #wal_log_hints = off # also do full page writes of non-critical updates | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #wal_compression = off # enables compression of full-page writes; | |
| # off, pglz, lz4, zstd, or on | |
| #wal_init_zero = on # zero-fill new WAL files | |
| #wal_recycle = on # recycle WAL files | |
| #wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #wal_writer_delay = 200ms # 1-10000 milliseconds | |
| #wal_writer_flush_after = 1MB # measured in pages, 0 disables | |
| #wal_skip_threshold = 2MB | |
| #commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds | |
| #commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000 | |
| # - Checkpoints - | |
| #checkpoint_timeout = 5min # range 30s-1d | |
| checkpoint_timeout = 1d | |
| #checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0 | |
| #checkpoint_flush_after = 256kB # measured in pages, 0 disables | |
| checkpoint_flush_after = 0 | |
| #checkpoint_warning = 30s # 0 disables | |
| #max_wal_size = 1GB | |
| max_wal_size = 1000GB | |
| min_wal_size = 80MB | |
| # - Prefetching during recovery - | |
| #recovery_prefetch = try # prefetch pages referenced in the WAL? | |
| #wal_decode_buffer_size = 512kB # lookahead window used for prefetching | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # - Archiving - | |
| #archive_mode = off # enables archiving; off, on, or always | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #archive_library = '' # library to use to archive a WAL file | |
| # (empty string indicates archive_command should | |
| # be used) | |
| #archive_command = '' # command to use to archive a WAL file | |
| # placeholders: %p = path of file to archive | |
| # %f = file name only | |
| # e.g. 'test ! -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f && cp %p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f' | |
| #archive_timeout = 0 # force a WAL file switch after this | |
| # number of seconds; 0 disables | |
| # - Archive Recovery - | |
| # These are only used in recovery mode. | |
| #restore_command = '' # command to use to restore an archived WAL file | |
| # placeholders: %p = path of file to restore | |
| # %f = file name only | |
| # e.g. 'cp /mnt/server/archivedir/%f %p' | |
| #archive_cleanup_command = '' # command to execute at every restartpoint | |
| #recovery_end_command = '' # command to execute at completion of recovery | |
| # - Recovery Target - | |
| # Set these only when performing a targeted recovery. | |
| #recovery_target = '' # 'immediate' to end recovery as soon as a | |
| # consistent state is reached | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_target_name = '' # the named restore point to which recovery will proceed | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_target_time = '' # the time stamp up to which recovery will proceed | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_target_xid = '' # the transaction ID up to which recovery will proceed | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_target_lsn = '' # the WAL LSN up to which recovery will proceed | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_target_inclusive = on # Specifies whether to stop: | |
| # just after the specified recovery target (on) | |
| # just before the recovery target (off) | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_target_timeline = 'latest' # 'current', 'latest', or timeline ID | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_target_action = 'pause' # 'pause', 'promote', 'shutdown' | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # - WAL Summarization - | |
| #summarize_wal = off # run WAL summarizer process? | |
| #wal_summary_keep_time = '10d' # when to remove old summary files, 0 = never | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # REPLICATION | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Sending Servers - | |
| # Set these on the primary and on any standby that will send replication data. | |
| #max_wal_senders = 10 # max number of walsender processes | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #max_replication_slots = 10 # max number of replication slots | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #wal_keep_size = 0 # in megabytes; 0 disables | |
| #max_slot_wal_keep_size = -1 # in megabytes; -1 disables | |
| #idle_replication_slot_timeout = 0 # in minutes; 0 disables | |
| #wal_sender_timeout = 60s # in milliseconds; 0 disables | |
| #track_commit_timestamp = off # collect timestamp of transaction commit | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # - Primary Server - | |
| # These settings are ignored on a standby server. | |
| #synchronous_standby_names = '' # standby servers that provide sync rep | |
| # method to choose sync standbys, number of sync standbys, | |
| # and comma-separated list of application_name | |
| # from standby(s); '*' = all | |
| #synchronized_standby_slots = '' # streaming replication standby server slot | |
| # names that logical walsender processes will wait for | |
| # - Standby Servers - | |
| # These settings are ignored on a primary server. | |
| #primary_conninfo = '' # connection string to sending server | |
| #primary_slot_name = '' # replication slot on sending server | |
| #hot_standby = on # "off" disallows queries during recovery | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #max_standby_archive_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries | |
| # when reading WAL from archive; | |
| # -1 allows indefinite delay | |
| #max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries | |
| # when reading streaming WAL; | |
| # -1 allows indefinite delay | |
| #wal_receiver_create_temp_slot = off # create temp slot if primary_slot_name | |
| # is not set | |
| #wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s # send replies at least this often | |
| # 0 disables | |
| #hot_standby_feedback = off # send info from standby to prevent | |
| # query conflicts | |
| #wal_receiver_timeout = 60s # time that receiver waits for | |
| # communication from primary | |
| # in milliseconds; 0 disables | |
| #wal_retrieve_retry_interval = 5s # time to wait before retrying to | |
| # retrieve WAL after a failed attempt | |
| #recovery_min_apply_delay = 0 # minimum delay for applying changes during recovery | |
| #sync_replication_slots = off # enables slot synchronization on the physical standby from the primary | |
| # - Subscribers - | |
| # These settings are ignored on a publisher. | |
| #max_active_replication_origins = 10 # max number of active replication origins | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #max_logical_replication_workers = 4 # taken from max_worker_processes | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #max_sync_workers_per_subscription = 2 # taken from max_logical_replication_workers | |
| #max_parallel_apply_workers_per_subscription = 2 # taken from max_logical_replication_workers | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # QUERY TUNING | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Planner Method Configuration - | |
| #enable_async_append = on | |
| #enable_bitmapscan = on | |
| #enable_gathermerge = on | |
| #enable_hashagg = on | |
| #enable_hashjoin = on | |
| #enable_incremental_sort = on | |
| #enable_indexscan = on | |
| #enable_indexonlyscan = on | |
| #enable_material = on | |
| #enable_memoize = on | |
| #enable_mergejoin = on | |
| #enable_nestloop = on | |
| #enable_parallel_append = on | |
| #enable_parallel_hash = on | |
| #enable_partition_pruning = on | |
| #enable_partitionwise_join = off | |
| #enable_partitionwise_aggregate = off | |
| #enable_presorted_aggregate = on | |
| #enable_seqscan = on | |
| #enable_sort = on | |
| #enable_tidscan = on | |
| #enable_group_by_reordering = on | |
| #enable_distinct_reordering = on | |
| # - Planner Cost Constants - | |
| #seq_page_cost = 1.0 # measured on an arbitrary scale | |
| #random_page_cost = 4.0 # same scale as above | |
| #cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # same scale as above | |
| #cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005 # same scale as above | |
| #cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # same scale as above | |
| #parallel_setup_cost = 1000.0 # same scale as above | |
| #parallel_tuple_cost = 0.1 # same scale as above | |
| #min_parallel_table_scan_size = 8MB | |
| #min_parallel_index_scan_size = 512kB | |
| #effective_cache_size = 4GB | |
| #jit_above_cost = 100000 # perform JIT compilation if available | |
| # and query more expensive than this; | |
| # -1 disables | |
| #jit_inline_above_cost = 500000 # inline small functions if query is | |
| # more expensive than this; -1 disables | |
| #jit_optimize_above_cost = 500000 # use expensive JIT optimizations if | |
| # query is more expensive than this; | |
| # -1 disables | |
| # - Genetic Query Optimizer - | |
| #geqo = on | |
| #geqo_threshold = 12 | |
| #geqo_effort = 5 # range 1-10 | |
| #geqo_pool_size = 0 # selects default based on effort | |
| #geqo_generations = 0 # selects default based on effort | |
| #geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0 | |
| #geqo_seed = 0.0 # range 0.0-1.0 | |
| # - Other Planner Options - | |
| #default_statistics_target = 100 # range 1-10000 | |
| #constraint_exclusion = partition # on, off, or partition | |
| #cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1 # range 0.0-1.0 | |
| #from_collapse_limit = 8 | |
| #jit = on # allow JIT compilation | |
| #join_collapse_limit = 8 # 1 disables collapsing of explicit | |
| # JOIN clauses | |
| #plan_cache_mode = auto # auto, force_generic_plan or | |
| # force_custom_plan | |
| #recursive_worktable_factor = 10.0 # range 0.001-1000000 | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # REPORTING AND LOGGING | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Where to Log - | |
| #log_destination = 'stderr' # Valid values are combinations of | |
| # stderr, csvlog, jsonlog, syslog, and | |
| # eventlog, depending on platform. | |
| # csvlog and jsonlog require | |
| # logging_collector to be on. | |
| # This is used when logging to stderr: | |
| #logging_collector = off # Enable capturing of stderr, jsonlog, | |
| # and csvlog into log files. Required | |
| # to be on for csvlogs and jsonlogs. | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| # These are only used if logging_collector is on: | |
| #log_directory = 'log' # directory where log files are written, | |
| # can be absolute or relative to PGDATA | |
| #log_filename = 'postgresql-%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S.log' # log file name pattern, | |
| # can include strftime() escapes | |
| #log_file_mode = 0600 # creation mode for log files, | |
| # begin with 0 to use octal notation | |
| #log_rotation_age = 1d # Automatic rotation of logfiles will | |
| # happen after that time. 0 disables. | |
| #log_rotation_size = 10MB # Automatic rotation of logfiles will | |
| # happen after that much log output. | |
| # 0 disables. | |
| #log_truncate_on_rotation = off # If on, an existing log file with the | |
| # same name as the new log file will be | |
| # truncated rather than appended to. | |
| # But such truncation only occurs on | |
| # time-driven rotation, not on restarts | |
| # or size-driven rotation. Default is | |
| # off, meaning append to existing files | |
| # in all cases. | |
| # These are relevant when logging to syslog: | |
| #syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0' | |
| #syslog_ident = 'postgres' | |
| #syslog_sequence_numbers = on | |
| #syslog_split_messages = on | |
| # This is only relevant when logging to eventlog (Windows): | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #event_source = 'PostgreSQL' | |
| # - When to Log - | |
| #log_min_messages = warning # values in order of decreasing detail: | |
| # debug5 | |
| # debug4 | |
| # debug3 | |
| # debug2 | |
| # debug1 | |
| # info | |
| # notice | |
| # warning | |
| # error | |
| # log | |
| # fatal | |
| # panic | |
| #log_min_error_statement = error # values in order of decreasing detail: | |
| # debug5 | |
| # debug4 | |
| # debug3 | |
| # debug2 | |
| # debug1 | |
| # info | |
| # notice | |
| # warning | |
| # error | |
| # log | |
| # fatal | |
| # panic (effectively off) | |
| #log_min_duration_statement = -1 # -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements | |
| # and their durations, > 0 logs only | |
| # statements running at least this number | |
| # of milliseconds | |
| #log_min_duration_sample = -1 # -1 is disabled, 0 logs a sample of statements | |
| # and their durations, > 0 logs only a sample of | |
| # statements running at least this number | |
| # of milliseconds; | |
| # sample fraction is determined by log_statement_sample_rate | |
| #log_statement_sample_rate = 1.0 # fraction of logged statements exceeding | |
| # log_min_duration_sample to be logged; | |
| # 1.0 logs all such statements, 0.0 never logs | |
| #log_transaction_sample_rate = 0.0 # fraction of transactions whose statements | |
| # are logged regardless of their duration; 1.0 logs all | |
| # statements from all transactions, 0.0 never logs | |
| #log_startup_progress_interval = 10s # Time between progress updates for | |
| # long-running startup operations. | |
| # 0 disables the feature, > 0 indicates | |
| # the interval in milliseconds. | |
| # - What to Log - | |
| #debug_print_parse = off | |
| #debug_print_rewritten = off | |
| #debug_print_plan = off | |
| #debug_pretty_print = on | |
| #log_autovacuum_min_duration = 10min # log autovacuum activity; | |
| # -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and | |
| # their durations, > 0 logs only | |
| # actions running at least this number | |
| # of milliseconds. | |
| #log_checkpoints = on | |
| #log_connections = '' # log aspects of connection setup | |
| # options include receipt, authentication, authorization, | |
| # setup_durations, and all to log all of these aspects | |
| #log_disconnections = off | |
| #log_duration = off # log statement duration | |
| #log_error_verbosity = default # terse, default, or verbose messages | |
| #log_hostname = off | |
| #log_line_prefix = '%m [%p] ' # special values: | |
| # %a = application name | |
| # %u = user name | |
| # %d = database name | |
| # %r = remote host and port | |
| # %h = remote host | |
| # %b = backend type | |
| # %p = process ID | |
| # %P = process ID of parallel group leader | |
| # %t = timestamp without milliseconds | |
| # %m = timestamp with milliseconds | |
| # %n = timestamp with milliseconds (as a Unix epoch) | |
| # %Q = query ID (0 if none or not computed) | |
| # %i = command tag | |
| # %e = SQL state | |
| # %c = session ID | |
| # %l = session line number | |
| # %s = session start timestamp | |
| # %v = virtual transaction ID | |
| # %x = transaction ID (0 if none) | |
| # %q = stop here in non-session | |
| # processes | |
| # %% = '%' | |
| # e.g. '<%u%%%d> ' | |
| #log_lock_waits = off # log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout | |
| #log_lock_failure = off # log lock failures | |
| #log_recovery_conflict_waits = off # log standby recovery conflict waits | |
| # >= deadlock_timeout | |
| #log_parameter_max_length = -1 # when logging statements, limit logged | |
| # bind-parameter values to N bytes; | |
| # -1 means print in full, 0 disables | |
| #log_parameter_max_length_on_error = 0 # when logging an error, limit logged | |
| # bind-parameter values to N bytes; | |
| # -1 means print in full, 0 disables | |
| #log_statement = 'none' # none, ddl, mod, all | |
| #log_replication_commands = off | |
| #log_temp_files = -1 # log temporary files equal or larger | |
| # than the specified size in kilobytes; | |
| # -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files | |
| log_timezone = 'Asia/Tokyo' | |
| # - Process Title - | |
| #cluster_name = '' # added to process titles if nonempty | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #update_process_title = on | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # STATISTICS | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Cumulative Query and Index Statistics - | |
| #track_activities = on | |
| #track_activity_query_size = 1024 # (change requires restart) | |
| #track_counts = on | |
| #track_cost_delay_timing = off | |
| #track_io_timing = off | |
| #track_wal_io_timing = off | |
| #track_functions = none # none, pl, all | |
| #stats_fetch_consistency = cache # cache, none, snapshot | |
| # - Monitoring - | |
| #compute_query_id = auto | |
| #log_statement_stats = off | |
| #log_parser_stats = off | |
| #log_planner_stats = off | |
| #log_executor_stats = off | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # VACUUMING | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Automatic Vacuuming - | |
| #autovacuum = on # Enable autovacuum subprocess? 'on' | |
| # requires track_counts to also be on. | |
| autovacuum_worker_slots = 16 # autovacuum worker slots to allocate | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #autovacuum_max_workers = 3 # max number of autovacuum subprocesses | |
| #autovacuum_naptime = 1min # time between autovacuum runs | |
| #autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before | |
| # vacuum | |
| #autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold = 1000 # min number of row inserts | |
| # before vacuum; -1 disables insert | |
| # vacuums | |
| #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before | |
| # analyze | |
| #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum | |
| #autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor = 0.2 # fraction of unfrozen pages | |
| # before insert vacuum | |
| #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze | |
| #autovacuum_vacuum_max_threshold = 100000000 # max number of row updates | |
| # before vacuum; -1 disables max | |
| # threshold | |
| #autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000 # maximum XID age before forced vacuum | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 400000000 # maximum multixact age | |
| # before forced vacuum | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 2ms # default vacuum cost delay for | |
| # autovacuum, in milliseconds; | |
| # -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay | |
| #autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1 # default vacuum cost limit for | |
| # autovacuum, -1 means use | |
| # vacuum_cost_limit | |
| # - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay - | |
| #vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # 0-100 milliseconds (0 disables) | |
| #vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits | |
| #vacuum_cost_page_miss = 2 # 0-10000 credits | |
| #vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits | |
| #vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits | |
| # - Default Behavior - | |
| #vacuum_truncate = on # enable truncation after vacuum | |
| # - Freezing - | |
| #vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000 | |
| #vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000 | |
| #vacuum_failsafe_age = 1600000000 | |
| #vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 150000000 | |
| #vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age = 5000000 | |
| #vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age = 1600000000 | |
| #vacuum_max_eager_freeze_failure_rate = 0.03 # 0 disables eager scanning | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Statement Behavior - | |
| #client_min_messages = notice # values in order of decreasing detail: | |
| # debug5 | |
| # debug4 | |
| # debug3 | |
| # debug2 | |
| # debug1 | |
| # log | |
| # notice | |
| # warning | |
| # error | |
| #search_path = '"$user", public' # schema names | |
| #row_security = on | |
| #default_table_access_method = 'heap' | |
| #default_tablespace = '' # a tablespace name, '' uses the default | |
| #default_toast_compression = 'pglz' # 'pglz' or 'lz4' | |
| #temp_tablespaces = '' # a list of tablespace names, '' uses | |
| # only default tablespace | |
| #check_function_bodies = on | |
| #default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed' | |
| #default_transaction_read_only = off | |
| #default_transaction_deferrable = off | |
| #session_replication_role = 'origin' | |
| #statement_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled | |
| #transaction_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled | |
| #lock_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled | |
| #idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled | |
| #idle_session_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled | |
| #bytea_output = 'hex' # hex, escape | |
| #xmlbinary = 'base64' | |
| #xmloption = 'content' | |
| #gin_pending_list_limit = 4MB | |
| #createrole_self_grant = '' # set and/or inherit | |
| #event_triggers = on | |
| # - Locale and Formatting - | |
| datestyle = 'iso, mdy' | |
| #intervalstyle = 'postgres' | |
| timezone = 'Asia/Tokyo' | |
| #timezone_abbreviations = 'Default' # Select the set of available time zone | |
| # abbreviations. Currently, there are | |
| # Default | |
| # Australia (historical usage) | |
| # India | |
| # You can create your own file in | |
| # share/timezonesets/. | |
| #extra_float_digits = 1 # min -15, max 3; any value >0 actually | |
| # selects precise output mode | |
| #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database | |
| # encoding | |
| # These settings are initialized by initdb, but they can be changed. | |
| lc_messages = 'C.UTF-8' # locale for system error message | |
| # strings | |
| lc_monetary = 'C.UTF-8' # locale for monetary formatting | |
| lc_numeric = 'C.UTF-8' # locale for number formatting | |
| lc_time = 'C.UTF-8' # locale for time formatting | |
| #icu_validation_level = warning # report ICU locale validation | |
| # errors at the given level | |
| # default configuration for text search | |
| default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english' | |
| # - Shared Library Preloading - | |
| #local_preload_libraries = '' | |
| #session_preload_libraries = '' | |
| #shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart) | |
| #jit_provider = 'llvmjit' # JIT library to use | |
| # - Other Defaults - | |
| #dynamic_library_path = '$libdir' | |
| #extension_control_path = '$system' | |
| #gin_fuzzy_search_limit = 0 | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # LOCK MANAGEMENT | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| #deadlock_timeout = 1s | |
| #max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #max_pred_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #max_pred_locks_per_relation = -2 # negative values mean | |
| # (max_pred_locks_per_transaction | |
| # / -max_pred_locks_per_relation) - 1 | |
| #max_pred_locks_per_page = 2 # min 0 | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # VERSION AND PLATFORM COMPATIBILITY | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # - Previous PostgreSQL Versions - | |
| #array_nulls = on | |
| #backslash_quote = safe_encoding # on, off, or safe_encoding | |
| #escape_string_warning = on | |
| #lo_compat_privileges = off | |
| #quote_all_identifiers = off | |
| #standard_conforming_strings = on | |
| #synchronize_seqscans = on | |
| # - Other Platforms and Clients - | |
| #transform_null_equals = off | |
| #allow_alter_system = on | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # ERROR HANDLING | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| #exit_on_error = off # terminate session on any error? | |
| #restart_after_crash = on # reinitialize after backend crash? | |
| #data_sync_retry = off # retry or panic on failure to fsync | |
| # data? | |
| # (change requires restart) | |
| #recovery_init_sync_method = fsync # fsync, syncfs (Linux 5.8+) | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # CONFIG FILE INCLUDES | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # These options allow settings to be loaded from files other than the | |
| # default postgresql.conf. Note that these are directives, not variable | |
| # assignments, so they can usefully be given more than once. | |
| #include_dir = '...' # include files ending in '.conf' from | |
| # a directory, e.g., 'conf.d' | |
| #include_if_exists = '...' # include file only if it exists | |
| #include = '...' # include file | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # CUSTOMIZED OPTIONS | |
| #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| # Add settings for extensions here |
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今回の測定結果（のみ）について整理すると、