Soroban.java

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;


class Soroban {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int n = 0;

        try {
            n = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            System.err.println("Input Error : must be integer");
            System.exit(1);
        }

        if (n < 0) {
            System.err.println("Input Error : must be positive");
            System.exit(1);
        }

        Banmen b = new Banmen(n);
        b.print();
    }
}

class Banmen {
    private List<List<String>> ban;
    private static final int HEIGHT = 8;

    Banmen(int n) {
        ban = new ArrayList<>();

        for (String num : String.valueOf(n).split("")) {
            ban.add(getPattern(Integer.parseInt(num)));
        }
    }

    private List<String> getPattern(int num) {
        assert num < 0 || num > 9 : "0 <= num <= 9 expected, but " + num;

        Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
        map.put(0, "* = ****");
        map.put(1, "* =* ***");
        map.put(2, "* =** **");
        map.put(3, "* =*** *");
        map.put(4, "* =**** ");
        map.put(5, " *= ****");
        map.put(6, " *=* ***");
        map.put(7, " *=** **");
        map.put(8, " *=*** *");
        map.put(9, " *=**** ");

        return new ArrayList<String>(
                Arrays.asList(map.get(num).split("")));
    }

    public void print() {
        for (int i = 0; i < ban.get(0).size(); i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < ban.size(); j++) {
                System.out.print(ban.get(j).get(i));
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}

test_output.txt

compile...
=== Input 312 ===
***
   
===
***
* *
** 
 **
***
=== Input 2017 ===
*** 
   *
====
* **
** *
 ** 
****
****
=== Input 99999 ===
     
*****
=====
*****
*****
*****
*****
     
=== Input 123456789 ===
****     
    *****
=========
**** ****
 **** ***
* **** **
** **** *
*** **** 
OK!

testSoroban.sh

#!/bin/bash
set -eu

echo compile...
javac Soroban.java

echo "=== Input 312 ==="
java Soroban 312

echo "=== Input 2017 ==="
java Soroban 2017

echo "=== Input 99999 ==="
java Soroban 99999

# echo "=== Input -100 ==="
# java Soroban -100

echo "=== Input 123456789 ==="
java Soroban 123456789

echo "OK!"