Base64 encoding in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

ToBase64.bas

Public Function ToBase64(Src() As Byte) As String
    Const ALPHABET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"

    Dim SrcLen As Long, i As Long, Remainder As Long
    Dim RLen As Long, Triad As Long, LastSrcIndex As Long
    SrcLen = UBound(Src) - LBound(Src) + 1
    Remainder = SrcLen Mod 3
    'Index of the first byte of the leftover 1- or 2-byte chunk
    RLen = LBound(Src) + SrcLen - Remainder
    LastSrcIndex = RLen - 3
    ToBase64 = ""
    
    'The 3 byte chunks of the block
    For i = LBound(Src) To LastSrcIndex Step 3
        Triad = (CLng(Src(i)) * &H10000) Or _
            (CLng(Src(i + 1)) * &H100) Or Src(i + 2)
        ToBase64 = ToBase64 & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Triad \ &H40000) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Triad \ &H1000) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Triad \ &H40) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, (Triad And &H3F) + 1, 1)
    Next
    
    'The remainder, if any
    If Remainder = 1 Then
        ToBase64 = ToBase64 & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Src(RLen) \ 4) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Src(RLen) * &H10) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & "=="
    ElseIf Remainder = 2 Then
        Triad = (CLng(Src(RLen)) * &H100) Or Src(RLen + 1)
        ToBase64 = ToBase64 & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Triad \ &H400) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Triad \ &H10) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & _
            Mid(ALPHABET, ((Triad * 4) And &H3F) + 1, 1) & "="
    End If
End Function

A useful variation would use a preallocated buffer for the encoded chunk, with assignment to Mid() instead of concatenation. When encoding large pieces (>100KB), it makes sense to save on string allocation and copying.

The formula for the length of a Base64-encoded string is: ((SourceLength + 2) \ 3) * 4.