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FrontEnd Masters - ES6 notes

FrontEnd Masters - ES6 notes

ECMAScript is now EcmaScript. Which is a standard for the API JavaScript and other languages use.
TC39 stands for Technical Committee which regulate the EcmaScript API.
ES.Next is a pointer to the next version of ES
ES Harmony is the backlog of the new stuff coming to ES and the versions in development.

Proper Tail Call (PTC)

David Herman

Proper Tail Call (PTC) allows recursive calls without flooding the memory usage with garbage. The current limit of recursive calls is around 10k in Chrome and 49k in FF.

ES6 brings proper tail calls.

Tail position = the last instruction to fire before the return statement Tail call = calling another function from the tail position Close call = when the last instruction has to return to the method to do something. eg. return 1 + bar()

Only works on Strict Mode

Function Hoisting

// Function Declaration
function foo() {
  // code here
}
// Function Expression
var bar = function() {
  // code here
}

Function declaration gets hoisted to the top, while Function Expression does not.

Variables

var: gets hoisted
let: lives within block (curly braces)
const: constant.. also lives within blocks

Temporal Dead Zone

function doSomething() {
  console.log(a); // should cause an error
  let a = 1;
  console.log(a);
}

Rest Parameters

Treats arguments as an array

function foo(...bar) {
  console.log(bar.join(' ')); // Logs 'I can haz teh arguments'
}
foo('I', 'can', 'haz', 'teh', 'arguments');

rules

It is similar to arguments but the rest params are a real array.
You just can have one rest param per function and has to be in the last position.
You can't use arguments

Spread Operator

Spreads an array into its individual values.

var a = [1, 2];
var b = returnTwo(a[0], a[1]); // [2, 1]
var c = returnTwo(...a); // [2, 1]

concat arrays with spread

let nums = [1, 2, 3];
let abcs = ['a', 'b', 'c'];

let alphanum = [ ...nums, ...abs ]; // [1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c']

Object short-hand

const x = 4;
const y = 2;

const o = { x, y, z: x * y }; // { x: 4, y: 2, z: 8 }

Descructuring

"Destructuring allows you to bind a set of variables to a corresponding set of values anywhere that you can normally bind a value to a single variable."

It helps pull incoming objects apart.

var address = {
  city: "Costa Mesa",
  state: "CA",
  zip: 92444
};
let {city, state, zip} = address;

log(city); // 'Costa Mesa'
log(state); // 'CA'
log(zip); // 92442

Alias

or we can use alias

var address = {
  city: "Costa Mesa",
  state: "CA",
  zip: 92444
};
let {city: c, state: s, zip: z} = address;

log(c, s, z); // 'Costa Mesa CA 92444'

Simpler way

You can also use it like

var person = {name: 'Aaron', age: 35};
displayPerson(person);

function displayPerson({name, age}) {
  // do something with name and age to display them
}

Default values

You can pass default values

var person = {name: 'Aaron', age: 35};
displayPerson(person);

function displayPerson({name = "No Name provided", age = 0}) {
  // do something with name and age to display them
}

Irrefutable pattern

The destructuring must match the object or else it will throw an error.

var person = {name: 'Aaron', age: 35};
let {name, age, address} = person; // throws! (irrefutable)
let {name, age, ?address} = person; // is ok because we specified address as undefineable (refutable)
let ?{name, age, address} = person; // Forgives the whole pattern

All patterns

let {a: x} = {}   // throw
let ?{a: x} = {}  // x = undefined
let ?{a: x} = 0   // x = undefined
let {?a: x} = {}  // x = undefined
let {?a: x} = 0   // throw

Patterns w/ Default Values

let ?{a: x = 1} = undefined   // x = 1
let {?a: x = 1} = undefined   // throw
let {?a: x = 1} = {}          // x = 1

Patterns - Nested

let person = {
  name: "Aaron",
  age: "35",
  address: {
    city: "Salt Lake City",
    state: "UT",
    zip: 84115
  }
};

let {name, age, address: {city, state, zip}} = person; // this won't create address, but will create city, state, zip

Destructuring Arrays

var nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

var [first, second,,,,fifth] = nums;
log(first, second, fifth); // 1, 2, 5

Swapping variables

how to swap variables without using a temp var

var a = 1, b = 2;

// The Old Way
var temp = a, a = b, b = tmep;

// The New Way
[b, a] = [a, b];

Method signature

var nums = [1, 2, 3, 4];
doSomething(nums);

function doSomething([first, second, ...others]){
  log(first);   //logs 1
  log(second);  //logs 2
  log(others);  //logs [3, 4]
}

Nested Destructuring Array

var nums = [1, 2, [30, 40, [500, 600]]];

var [one,,[thirty,,[,sixhundert]]] = nums;

Pattern Errors

let [x] = [2, 3]    // x = 2
let [x] = {'0': 4}  // x = 4
let [x, y, z] = [1, 2]  // throw

Refutable

// Entire Pattern is Refutable
let ?[x, y, z] = [1, 2]  // x = 1, y = 2, z = undefined

// Only 'z' is Refutable
let [x, y, ?z] = [1, 2]  // z = 1, y = 2, z = undefined

Arrow Functions

They can't be use with new because of how they bind this.

var fn1 = function() {return 2;};
var fn2 = () => 2; // Here you can omit curly braces. It means return 2. If you add curly braces then you have to put the word 'return'.

Parenthesis-Parameter Rules

var x;
x = () => {};       // No parameters, MUST HAVE PARENS
x = (val) => {};    // One parameter w/ parens, OPTIONAL
x = val => {};      // One parameter w/o parens, OPTIONAL
x = (y, z) => {};   // Two or more parameters, MUST HAVE PARENS
x = y, z => {};     // Syntax Error: must wrap with parens when using multiple params

REAL benefit: lexical binding of 'this'

You don't need to bind(this) or var _this = this.

var widget = {
  init: function() {
    document.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
      this.doSomething(event.type);
    }, false);
  },
  doSomething: function(type) {
    console.log("Handling " + type + " event");
  }
};
Widget.init();

You can't replace all functions with Arrow functions because it will mess up this.

Classes

var monsterHealth = Symbol(); // Symbol() is a JS method that acts like a GUID generator
var monsterSpeed = Symbol();

class Monster {
  constructor(name, health, speed) {
    this.name = name;
    this[monsterHealth] = health;
    this[monsterSpeed] = speed;
  }
  // getter
  get isAlive() {
    return this[monsterHealth] > 0;
  }
  // setter
  set isAlive(alive) {
    if(!alive) this[monsterHealth] = 0;
  }
  // method
  attack(target) {
    console.log(this.name + ' attacks ' + target.name);
  }
}

var Jorge = new Monster('Jorge', 3);
Jorge.isAlive; // true   

jorge.isAlive = false;
console.log(jorge.isAlive); // false

Classes gotchas

The following will fall in a cyclical death trap because the setter for name is already in the constructor.

class Monster {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }
  // setter
  set name (name) {
    this.name = name;
  }
}

var Jorge = new Monster('Jorge', 3);

jorge.name = 'kevin';

Classes don't hoist.

Extend classes

class Godzilla extends Monster {
    constructor() {
        super('Godzilla', 10000);
    }
    
    attack(target) {
      super(target); // will call the Monster attack method
    }
}

Collections

SET

SETs are similar to Arrays. The difference is they force unique values. No typecasting in keys.

var set = new Set();
set.add(1);
set.add(2);
set.add(3);
set.size; // logs 3. It is like Array.prototype.length
set.has(2); // true
set.clear(); // deletes all values
set.delete(2); // deletes value 2

Another way to create a Set

var set = new Set([1, 2, 3, 5]);

A new loop

var set = new Set([1, 2, 3, 5]);

for (let num of set) {
  console.log(num); // logs 1, 2, 3, 5
}

MAP

No typecasting in keys.

var map = new Map();
map.set('name', 'Jorge');
map.get('name'); // Jorge
map.has('name'); // true

Objects as keys

The key can be a function, a primitive, an object.. But it has to be exactly the same. If it is a copy or it is mutated, then it will stop working.

var user = { name: 'Jorge', id: 1234 };
var userHobbyMap = new Map();
userHobbyMap.set(user, ['Ice Fishing', 'Family Outting']);

WEAKMAP

Like a map but it doesn't has a size and no primitive keys.

It will not hold to a key that is not used by any other element. This is useful to prevent unlimited garbage. eg. when using a DOM element as a key in a map, then the DOM element gets deleted, the weakmap will delete that key-value as well.

A weakmap holds only a weak reference to a key, which means the reference inside of the weakmap doesn't prevent garbage collection of that object.

Modules

Like CommonJS

Default export

The default means will import the default export.

// MyClass.js
class MyClass{
  constructor() {}
}
export default MyClass;

// Main.js
import MyClass from 'MyClass';

Multiple exports.

You can call just the exports you need from a specific module.

// lib.js
export const sqrt = Math.sqrt;
export function square(x) {
  return x * x;
}
export function diag(x, y) {
  return sqrt(square(x) + square(y));
}

// main.js
import { square, diag } from 'lib';
console.log(square(11)); // 121
console.log(diag(4, 3)); // 5

// second.js
// or you can call them with '*'
// but then you have to prefix the exports with
// the module name

import * as lib from 'lib';
console.log(lib.square(11)); // 121
console.log(lib.diag(4, 3)); // 5

Export as

// lib.js
class MyClass {
  //...
}

// main.js
import { Dude as Bro } from 'lib';
var bro = new Bro(); // instanceof MyClass

Cyclical Dependencies

The following would be allowed

// lib.js
import Main from 'main';
var lib = {message: "This Is A Lib"};
export { lib as Lib };

// main.js
import { Lib } from 'lib';
export default class Main { 
  // ....
}

More importing

// lib.js
// Default exports and named exports
import theDefault, { named1, named2 } from 'src/mylib';
import theDefault from 'src/mylib';
import { named1, named2 } from 'src/mylib';

// Renaming: import named1 as myNamed1
import { named1 as myNamed1, named2 } from 'src/mylib';

// Importing the module as an object
// (with one property per named export)
import * as mylib from 'src/mylib';

// Only load the module, don't import anything
import 'src/mylib';

More Exporting

export var myVar = ...;
export let myVar = ...;
export const MY_CONST = ...;

export function myFunc() {
  ...
}
export function* myGeneratorFunc() {
  ...
}
export class MyClass {
  ...
}

Re-exporting

This is for exporting something you are importing.

export * from 'src/other_module';
export { foo, bar } form 'src/other_module';

// Export other_module's foo as myFoo
export { foo as myFoo, bar } from 'src/other_module';

Modules - Programatic Loading API

System.import API

This method will return a promise

System.import('some_module')
.then(some_module => {
  ...
})
.catch(error => {
  ...
});

Load All

  Promise.all(
    ['module1', 'module2', 'module3']
    .map(x => System.import(x)))
  .then(function ([module1, module2, module3]) {
    // my code...
  });

System "Module" functions

System.import(source);
// Returns module via Promise

System.module(source, options);
// Returns module via Promise

System.set(name, module);
// Inline register a new module

System.define(name, source, options?);
// Eval code and register module

Module HTML Tag

To load module in the html

<head>
  <module import="my-module.js"></module>
</head>

<head>
  <module>
    import $ from 'lib/jquery';
    console.log('$' in this); // false becaue it won't attach the import to the window global
    // globals trapped in module
    
    // Other JS here
    console.log(window); // Still can call window
    
    // let x = 1;
    Module Tag is force strict mode
  </module>
</head>

Promises

Like using Q

Promise Constructor

var promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
  // do a thing, possibly async, then...
  
  if (/* everything turned out fine */) {
    resolve("Stuff worked!");
  } else {
    reject(Error("It broke"));
  }
});
return promise;

Promise Instance

A promise can be in 1 of 4 states

fulfilled: successfully resolved (1)
rejected: rejected (2)
pending: hasn't resolved or rejected yet (undefined)
settled: fulfilled or rejected (1 or 2)

Catch

You can use .catch instead of second handler in .then

get('users.all')
  .then(function(users) {
    myController.users = users;
  })
  .catch(function() {
    delete myController.users;
  });

All

var usersPromise = get('users.all');
var postsPromise = get('ports.everyone');

// Wait until BOTH are settled
Promise.all([usersPromise, postsPromise])
.then(function(results) {
  myController.users = results[0];
  myController.posts = results[1];
}, function() {
  delete myController.users;
  delete myController.posts;
});

Static Promise Methods

Promise.all(iterable); // Wait until all settle
Promise.race(iterable); // Wait until 1 settles
Promise.reject(reason); // Create a promise that is already rejected
Promise.resolve(value); // Create a promise that is already resolved

Generators

Generators are functions which can be exited and later re-entered. Useful for long iteration functions, so they can be paused to prevent blocking other functions for too long.

Basic Syntax

function* myGen() { }
// or 
function *myGen() { }

Yield

function *three() {
  yield 1;
  yield 2;
  return 3;
}

var geni = three(); // starts the generator but doesn't run it
geni.next(); // runs the function for one iteration. Returns { value: 1, done: false }
geni.next(); // Returns { value: 2, done: false }
geni.next(); // Returns { value: 3, done: true }. This ends the generator. 
geni.next(); // Returns { value: undefined, done: true }

Iterating on Generators

It iterates while done = false.

function *foo() {
  yield 1;
  yield 2;
  yield 3;
  yield 4;
  yield 5;
  return 6;
}

for (var v of foo()) {
  console.log(v);
}
// Logs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Generator with arguments

function *foo(x) {
  var y = 2 * (yield (x + 1)); 
  var z = yield (y / 3);
  return (x + y + z); // 5 + 24 + 13
}

var genit = foo(5);

console.log(genit.next()); // { value: 6, done: false }
console.log(genit.next(12)); // { value: 8, done: false }
console.log(genit.next(13)); // { value: 42, done: true }

HTML Templates

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/template_strings

More info

smartameer/es6-cheatsheet.markdown