gistfile1.txt

class WP_Short_Circuit_Result {

	private $name = null;

	private $value = null;

	public $has_changed = false;

	public function __construct( $name = null, $value = null  ) {
		$this->name = $name;
		$this->value = $value;
		$this->has_changed = false;
	}

	public function __set( $name, $value ) {
		$this->$name = $value;
		if( $name == 'value' ){
			$this->has_changed = true;
		}
	}

	public function set_value( $value ) {
		$this->value = $value;
		$this->has_changed = true;
	}
  
  public function get_value(){
    return $this->value;
  }
  
  public function has_short_circuit(){
    return $this->had_changed;
  }

}

Implemntation 

$short_circuit_result = new WP_Short_Circuit_Result( $option, $default );
do_action( 'short_circuit_get_option', $short_circuit_result );
if ( $short_circuit_result->has_short_circuit() ) {
        return $short_circuit_result->get_value();
}

function add_short_circuit($name, $value){
  add_action($name, function($short_circuit_result){
    $short_circuit_result->set_value( $value );
  }
}