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Timeline of Engineering and Technology History
Raw
README.md

Using the data from IEEE ethw website to show a timeline of achievements.

Raw
eventDrops.js
(function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})({1:[function(require,module,exports){
"use strict";
/* global require, module, d3 */
var configurable = require('./util/configurable');
var defaultConfig = {
xScale: null,
dateFormat: null
};
module.exports = function (d3) {
return function (config) {
config = config || {};
for (var key in defaultConfig) {
config[key] = config[key] || defaultConfig[key];
}
function delimiter(selection) {
selection.each(function (data) {
d3.select(this).selectAll('text').remove();
var limits = config.xScale.domain();
d3.select(this).append('text')
.text(function () {
return config.dateFormat(limits[0]);
})
.classed('start', true)
;
d3.select(this).append('text')
.text(function () {
return config.dateFormat(limits[1]);
})
.attr('text-anchor', 'end')
.attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.xScale.range()[1] + ')')
.classed('end', true)
;
});
}
configurable(delimiter, config);
return delimiter;
};
};
},{"./util/configurable":6}],2:[function(require,module,exports){
"use strict";
/* global require, module */
var configurable = require('./util/configurable');
var xAxisFactory = require('./xAxis');
module.exports = function (d3) {
var eventLine = require('./eventLine')(d3);
var delimiter = require('./delimiter')(d3);
var defaultConfig = {
start: new Date(0),
end: new Date(),
minScale: 0,
maxScale: Infinity,
width: 1000,
margin: {
top: 60,
left: 200,
bottom: 40,
right: 50
},
locale: null,
axisFormat: null,
tickFormat: [
[".%L", function(d) { return d.getMilliseconds(); }],
[":%S", function(d) { return d.getSeconds(); }],
["%I:%M", function(d) { return d.getMinutes(); }],
["%I %p", function(d) { return d.getHours(); }],
["%a %d", function(d) { return d.getDay() && d.getDate() != 1; }],
["%b %d", function(d) { return d.getDate() != 1; }],
["%B", function(d) { return d.getMonth(); }],
["%Y", function() { return true; }]
],
eventHover: null,
eventZoom: null,
eventClick: null,
hasDelimiter: true,
hasTopAxis: true,
hasBottomAxis: function (data) {
return data.length >= 10;
},
eventLineColor: 'black',
eventColor: null
};
return function eventDrops (config) {
var xScale = d3.time.scale();
var yScale = d3.scale.ordinal();
config = config || {};
for (var key in defaultConfig) {
config[key] = config[key] || defaultConfig[key];
}
function eventDropGraph (selection) {
selection.each(function (data) {
var zoom = d3.behavior.zoom().center(null).scaleExtent([config.minScale, config.maxScale]).on("zoom", updateZoom);
zoom.on("zoomend", zoomEnd);
var graphWidth = config.width - config.margin.right - config.margin.left;
var graphHeight = data.length * 40;
var height = graphHeight + config.margin.top + config.margin.bottom;
var xAxisTop, xAxisBottom;
d3.select(this).select('svg').remove();
var svg = d3.select(this)
.append('svg')
.attr('width', config.width)
.attr('height', height)
;
var graph = svg.append('g')
.attr('transform', 'translate(0, 25)');
var yDomain = [];
var yRange = [];
data.forEach(function (event, index) {
yDomain.push(event.name);
yRange.push(index * 40);
});
yScale.domain(yDomain).range(yRange);
var yAxisEl = graph.append('g')
.classed('y-axis', true)
.attr('transform', 'translate(0, 60)');
var yTick = yAxisEl.append('g').selectAll('g').data(yDomain);
yTick.enter()
.append('g')
.attr('transform', function(d) {
return 'translate(0, ' + yScale(d) + ')';
})
.append('line')
.classed('y-tick', true)
.attr('x1', config.margin.left)
.attr('x2', config.margin.left + graphWidth);
yTick.exit().remove();
var curx, cury;
var zoomRect = svg
.append('rect')
.call(zoom)
.classed('zoom', true)
.attr('width', graphWidth)
.attr('height', height )
.attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', 35)')
;
if (typeof config.eventHover === 'function') {
zoomRect.on('mousemove', function(d, e) {
var event = d3.event;
if (curx == event.clientX && cury == event.clientY) return;
curx = event.clientX;
cury = event.clientY;
zoomRect.attr('display', 'none');
var el = document.elementFromPoint(d3.event.clientX, d3.event.clientY);
zoomRect.attr('display', 'block');
if (el.tagName !== 'circle') return;
config.eventHover(el);
});
}
if (typeof config.eventClick === 'function') {
zoomRect.on('click', function () {
zoomRect.attr('display', 'none');
var el = document.elementFromPoint(d3.event.clientX, d3.event.clientY);
zoomRect.attr('display', 'block');
if (el.tagName !== 'circle') return;
config.eventClick(el);
});
}
xScale.range([0, graphWidth]).domain([config.start, config.end]);
zoom.x(xScale);
function updateZoom() {
if (d3.event.sourceEvent && d3.event.sourceEvent.toString() === '[object MouseEvent]') {
zoom.translate([d3.event.translate[0], 0]);
}
if (d3.event.sourceEvent && d3.event.sourceEvent.toString() === '[object WheelEvent]') {
zoom.scale(d3.event.scale);
}
redraw();
}
// initialization of the delimiter
svg.select('.delimiter').remove();
var delimiterEl = svg
.append('g')
.classed('delimiter', true)
.attr('width', graphWidth)
.attr('height', 10)
.attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', ' + (config.margin.top - 45) + ')')
.call(delimiter({
xScale: xScale,
dateFormat: config.locale ? config.locale.timeFormat("%d %B %Y") : d3.time.format("%d %B %Y")
}))
;
function redrawDelimiter() {
delimiterEl.call(delimiter({
xScale: xScale,
dateFormat: config.locale ? config.locale.timeFormat("%d %B %Y") : d3.time.format("%d %B %Y")
}))
;
}
function zoomEnd() {
if (config.eventZoom) {
config.eventZoom(xScale);
}
if (config.hasDelimiter) {
redrawDelimiter(xScale);
}
}
var hasTopAxis = typeof config.hasTopAxis === 'function' ? config.hasTopAxis(data) : config.hasTopAxis;
if (hasTopAxis) {
xAxisTop = xAxisFactory(d3, config, xScale, graph, graphHeight, 'top');
}
var hasBottomAxis = typeof config.hasBottomAxis === 'function' ? config.hasBottomAxis(data) : config.hasBottomAxis;
if (hasBottomAxis) {
xAxisBottom = xAxisFactory(d3, config, xScale, graph, graphHeight, 'bottom');
}
// initialization of the graph body
zoom.size([config.width, height]);
graph.select('.graph-body').remove();
var graphBody = graph
.append('g')
.classed('graph-body', true)
.attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', ' + (config.margin.top - 15) + ')');
var lines = graphBody.selectAll('g').data(data);
lines.enter()
.append('g')
.classed('line', true)
.attr('transform', function(d) {
return 'translate(0,' + yScale(d.name) + ')';
})
.style('fill', config.eventLineColor)
.call(eventLine({ xScale: xScale, eventColor: config.eventColor }))
;
lines.exit().remove();
function redraw() {
var hasTopAxis = typeof config.hasTopAxis === 'function' ? config.hasTopAxis(data) : config.hasTopAxis;
if (hasTopAxis) {
xAxisTop.drawXAxis();
}
var hasBottomAxis = typeof config.hasBottomAxis === 'function' ? config.hasBottomAxis(data) : config.hasBottomAxis;
if (hasBottomAxis) {
xAxisBottom.drawXAxis();
}
lines.call(eventLine({ xScale: xScale, eventColor: config.eventColor }));
}
redraw();
if (config.hasDelimiter) {
redrawDelimiter(xScale);
}
if (config.eventZoom) {
config.eventZoom(xScale);
}
});
}
configurable(eventDropGraph, config);
return eventDropGraph;
};
};
},{"./delimiter":1,"./eventLine":3,"./util/configurable":6,"./xAxis":7}],3:[function(require,module,exports){
"use strict";
/* global require, module, d3 */
var configurable = require('./util/configurable');
var filterData = require('./filterData');
var defaultConfig = {
xScale: null
};
module.exports = function (d3) {
return function (config) {
config = config || {
xScale: null,
eventColor: null
};
for (var key in defaultConfig) {
config[key] = config[key] || defaultConfig[key];
}
var eventLine = function eventLine(selection) {
selection.each(function (data) {
d3.select(this).selectAll('text').remove();
d3.select(this).append('text')
.text(function(d) {
var count = filterData(d.dates, config.xScale).length;
return d.name + (count > 0 ? ' (' + count + ')' : '');
})
.attr('text-anchor', 'end')
.attr('transform', 'translate(-20)')
.style('fill', 'black')
;
d3.select(this).selectAll('circle').remove();
var circle = d3.select(this).selectAll('circle')
.data(function(d) {
// filter value outside of range
return filterData(d.dates, config.xScale);
});
circle.enter()
.append('circle')
.attr('cx', function(d) {
return config.xScale(d);
})
.style('fill', config.eventColor)
.attr('cy', -5)
.attr('r', 10)
;
circle.exit().remove();
});
};
configurable(eventLine, config);
return eventLine;
};
};
},{"./filterData":4,"./util/configurable":6}],4:[function(require,module,exports){
"use strict";
/* global module */
module.exports = function filterDate(data, scale) {
data = data || [];
var filteredData = [];
var boundary = scale.range();
var min = boundary[0];
var max = boundary[1];
data.forEach(function (datum) {
var value = scale(datum);
if (value < min || value > max) {
return;
}
filteredData.push(datum);
});
return filteredData;
};
},{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){
"use strict";
/* global require, define, module */
var eventDrops = require('./eventDrops');
if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
define('d3.chart.eventDrops', ["d3"], function (d3) {
d3.chart = d3.chart || {};
d3.chart.eventDrops = eventDrops(d3);
});
} else if (window) {
window.d3.chart = window.d3.chart || {};
window.d3.chart.eventDrops = eventDrops(window.d3);
} else {
module.exports = eventDrops;
}
},{"./eventDrops":2}],6:[function(require,module,exports){
module.exports = function configurable(targetFunction, config, listeners) {
listeners = listeners || {};
for (var item in config) {
(function(item) {
targetFunction[item] = function(value) {
if (!arguments.length) return config[item];
config[item] = value;
if (listeners.hasOwnProperty(item)) {
listeners[item](value);
}
return targetFunction;
};
})(item); // for doesn't create a closure, forcing it
}
};
},{}],7:[function(require,module,exports){
module.exports = function (d3, config, xScale, graph, graphHeight, where) {
var xAxis = {};
var xAxisEls = {};
var tickFormatData = [];
config.tickFormat.forEach(function (item) {
var tick = item.slice(0);
tickFormatData.push(tick);
});
var tickFormat = config.locale ? config.locale.timeFormat.multi(tickFormatData) : d3.time.format.multi(tickFormatData);
xAxis[where] = d3.svg.axis()
.scale(xScale)
.orient(where)
.tickFormat(tickFormat)
;
if (typeof config.axisFormat === 'function') {
config.axisFormat(xAxis);
}
var y = (where == 'bottom' ? parseInt(graphHeight) : 0) + config.margin.top - 40;
xAxisEls[where] = graph
.append('g')
.classed('x-axis', true)
.classed(where, true)
.attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', ' + y + ')')
.call(xAxis[where])
;
var drawXAxis = function drawXAxis() {
xAxisEls[where]
.call(xAxis[where])
;
};
return {
drawXAxis: drawXAxis
};
};
},{}]},{},[5])
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e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require==\"function\"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error(\"Cannot find module '\"+o+\"'\");throw f.code=\"MODULE_NOT_FOUND\",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require==\"function\"&&require;for(var o=0;o<r.length;o++)s(r[o]);return s})","\"use strict\";\n/* global require, module, d3 */\n\nvar configurable = require('./util/configurable');\n\nvar defaultConfig = {\n  xScale: null,\n  dateFormat: null\n};\n\nmodule.exports = function (d3) {\n\n  return function (config) {\n\n    config = config || {};\n    for (var key in defaultConfig) {\n      config[key] = config[key] || defaultConfig[key];\n    }\n\n    function delimiter(selection) {\n      selection.each(function (data) {\n        d3.select(this).selectAll('text').remove();\n\n        var limits = config.xScale.domain();\n\n        d3.select(this).append('text')\n          .text(function () {\n\n            return config.dateFormat(limits[0]);\n          })\n          .classed('start', true)\n        ;\n\n        d3.select(this).append('text')\n          .text(function () {\n\n            return config.dateFormat(limits[1]);\n          })\n          .attr('text-anchor', 'end')\n          .attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.xScale.range()[1] + ')')\n          .classed('end', true)\n        ;\n      });\n    }\n\n    configurable(delimiter, config);\n\n    return delimiter;\n  };\n};\n","\"use strict\";\n/* global require, module */\n\nvar configurable = require('./util/configurable');\nvar xAxisFactory = require('./xAxis');\n\nmodule.exports = function (d3) {\n  var eventLine = require('./eventLine')(d3);\n  var delimiter = require('./delimiter')(d3);\n\n  var defaultConfig = {\n    start: new Date(0),\n    end: new Date(),\n    minScale: 0,\n    maxScale: Infinity,\n    width: 1000,\n    margin: {\n      top: 60,\n      left: 200,\n      bottom: 40,\n      right: 50\n    },\n    locale: null,\n    axisFormat: null,\n    tickFormat: [\n        [\".%L\", function(d) { return d.getMilliseconds(); }],\n        [\":%S\", function(d) { return d.getSeconds(); }],\n        [\"%I:%M\", function(d) { return d.getMinutes(); }],\n        [\"%I %p\", function(d) { return d.getHours(); }],\n        [\"%a %d\", function(d) { return d.getDay() && d.getDate() != 1; }],\n        [\"%b %d\", function(d) { return d.getDate() != 1; }],\n        [\"%B\", function(d) { return d.getMonth(); }],\n        [\"%Y\", function() { return true; }]\n    ],\n    eventHover: null,\n    eventZoom: null,\n    eventClick: null,\n    hasDelimiter: true,\n    hasTopAxis: true,\n    hasBottomAxis: function (data) {\n      return data.length >= 10;\n    },\n    eventLineColor: 'black',\n    eventColor: null\n  };\n\n  return function eventDrops (config) {\n    var xScale = d3.time.scale();\n    var yScale = d3.scale.ordinal();\n    config = config || {};\n    for (var key in defaultConfig) {\n      config[key] = config[key] || defaultConfig[key];\n    }\n\n    function eventDropGraph (selection) {\n      selection.each(function (data) {\n        var zoom = d3.behavior.zoom().center(null).scaleExtent([config.minScale, config.maxScale]).on(\"zoom\", updateZoom);\n\n        zoom.on(\"zoomend\", zoomEnd);\n\n        var graphWidth = config.width - config.margin.right - config.margin.left;\n        var graphHeight = data.length * 40;\n        var height = graphHeight + config.margin.top + config.margin.bottom;\n\n        var xAxisTop, xAxisBottom;\n\n        d3.select(this).select('svg').remove();\n\n        var svg = d3.select(this)\n          .append('svg')\n          .attr('width', config.width)\n          .attr('height', height)\n        ;\n\n        var graph = svg.append('g')\n          .attr('transform', 'translate(0, 25)');\n\n        var yDomain = [];\n        var yRange = [];\n\n        data.forEach(function (event, index) {\n          yDomain.push(event.name);\n          yRange.push(index * 40);\n        });\n\n        yScale.domain(yDomain).range(yRange);\n\n        var yAxisEl = graph.append('g')\n          .classed('y-axis', true)\n          .attr('transform', 'translate(0, 60)');\n\n        var yTick = yAxisEl.append('g').selectAll('g').data(yDomain);\n\n        yTick.enter()\n          .append('g')\n          .attr('transform', function(d) {\n            return 'translate(0, ' + yScale(d) + ')';\n          })\n          .append('line')\n          .classed('y-tick', true)\n          .attr('x1', config.margin.left)\n          .attr('x2', config.margin.left + graphWidth);\n\n        yTick.exit().remove();\n\n        var curx, cury;\n        var zoomRect = svg\n          .append('rect')\n          .call(zoom)\n          .classed('zoom', true)\n          .attr('width', graphWidth)\n          .attr('height', height )\n          .attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', 35)')\n        ;\n\n        if (typeof config.eventHover === 'function') {\n          zoomRect.on('mousemove', function(d, e) {\n            var event = d3.event;\n            if (curx == event.clientX && cury == event.clientY) return;\n            curx = event.clientX;\n            cury = event.clientY;\n            zoomRect.attr('display', 'none');\n            var el = document.elementFromPoint(d3.event.clientX, d3.event.clientY);\n            zoomRect.attr('display', 'block');\n            if (el.tagName !== 'circle') return;\n            config.eventHover(el);\n          });\n        }\n\n        if (typeof config.eventClick === 'function') {\n          zoomRect.on('click', function () {\n            zoomRect.attr('display', 'none');\n            var el = document.elementFromPoint(d3.event.clientX, d3.event.clientY);\n            zoomRect.attr('display', 'block');\n            if (el.tagName !== 'circle') return;\n            config.eventClick(el);\n          });\n        }\n\n        xScale.range([0, graphWidth]).domain([config.start, config.end]);\n\n        zoom.x(xScale);\n\n        function updateZoom() {\n          if (d3.event.sourceEvent && d3.event.sourceEvent.toString() === '[object MouseEvent]') {\n            zoom.translate([d3.event.translate[0], 0]);\n          }\n\n          if (d3.event.sourceEvent && d3.event.sourceEvent.toString() === '[object WheelEvent]') {\n            zoom.scale(d3.event.scale);\n          }\n\n          redraw();\n        }\n\n        // initialization of the delimiter\n        svg.select('.delimiter').remove();\n        var delimiterEl = svg\n          .append('g')\n          .classed('delimiter', true)\n          .attr('width', graphWidth)\n          .attr('height', 10)\n          .attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', ' + (config.margin.top - 45) + ')')\n          .call(delimiter({\n            xScale: xScale,\n            dateFormat: config.locale ? config.locale.timeFormat(\"%d %B %Y\") : d3.time.format(\"%d %B %Y\")\n          }))\n        ;\n\n        function redrawDelimiter() {\n\n          delimiterEl.call(delimiter({\n              xScale: xScale,\n              dateFormat: config.locale ? config.locale.timeFormat(\"%d %B %Y\") : d3.time.format(\"%d %B %Y\")\n            }))\n          ;\n        }\n\n        function zoomEnd() {\n          if (config.eventZoom) {\n            config.eventZoom(xScale);\n          }\n          if (config.hasDelimiter) {\n            redrawDelimiter(xScale);\n          }\n        }\n\n        var hasTopAxis = typeof config.hasTopAxis === 'function' ? config.hasTopAxis(data) : config.hasTopAxis;\n        if (hasTopAxis) {\n          xAxisTop = xAxisFactory(d3, config, xScale, graph, graphHeight, 'top');\n        }\n\n        var hasBottomAxis = typeof config.hasBottomAxis === 'function' ? config.hasBottomAxis(data) : config.hasBottomAxis;\n        if (hasBottomAxis) {\n          xAxisBottom = xAxisFactory(d3, config, xScale, graph, graphHeight, 'bottom');\n        }\n\n\n\n        // initialization of the graph body\n        zoom.size([config.width, height]);\n\n          graph.select('.graph-body').remove();\n          var graphBody = graph\n            .append('g')\n            .classed('graph-body', true)\n            .attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', ' + (config.margin.top - 15) + ')');\n\n          var lines = graphBody.selectAll('g').data(data);\n\n          lines.enter()\n            .append('g')\n            .classed('line', true)\n            .attr('transform', function(d) {\n              return 'translate(0,' + yScale(d.name) + ')';\n            })\n            .style('fill', config.eventLineColor)\n            .call(eventLine({ xScale: xScale, eventColor: config.eventColor }))\n          ;\n\n          lines.exit().remove();\n\n        function redraw() {\n\n          var hasTopAxis = typeof config.hasTopAxis === 'function' ? config.hasTopAxis(data) : config.hasTopAxis;\n          if (hasTopAxis) {\n            xAxisTop.drawXAxis();\n          }\n\n          var hasBottomAxis = typeof config.hasBottomAxis === 'function' ? config.hasBottomAxis(data) : config.hasBottomAxis;\n          if (hasBottomAxis) {\n            xAxisBottom.drawXAxis();\n          }\n\n          lines.call(eventLine({ xScale: xScale, eventColor: config.eventColor }));\n        }\n\n        redraw();\n        if (config.hasDelimiter) {\n          redrawDelimiter(xScale);\n        }\n        if (config.eventZoom) {\n          config.eventZoom(xScale);\n        }\n      });\n    }\n\n    configurable(eventDropGraph, config);\n\n    return eventDropGraph;\n  };\n};\n","\"use strict\";\n/* global require, module, d3 */\n\nvar configurable = require('./util/configurable');\nvar filterData = require('./filterData');\n\nvar defaultConfig = {\n  xScale: null\n};\n\nmodule.exports = function (d3) {\n  return function (config) {\n\n    config = config || {\n      xScale: null,\n      eventColor: null\n    };\n    for (var key in defaultConfig) {\n      config[key] = config[key] || defaultConfig[key];\n    }\n\n    var eventLine = function eventLine(selection) {\n      selection.each(function (data) {\n        d3.select(this).selectAll('text').remove();\n\n        d3.select(this).append('text')\n          .text(function(d) {\n            var count = filterData(d.dates, config.xScale).length;\n            return d.name + (count > 0 ? ' (' + count + ')' : '');\n          })\n          .attr('text-anchor', 'end')\n          .attr('transform', 'translate(-20)')\n          .style('fill', 'black')\n        ;\n\n        d3.select(this).selectAll('circle').remove();\n\n        var circle = d3.select(this).selectAll('circle')\n          .data(function(d) {\n            // filter value outside of range\n            return filterData(d.dates, config.xScale);\n          });\n\n        circle.enter()\n          .append('circle')\n          .attr('cx', function(d) {\n            return config.xScale(d);\n          })\n          .style('fill', config.eventColor)\n          .attr('cy', -5)\n          .attr('r', 10)\n        ;\n\n        circle.exit().remove();\n\n      });\n    };\n\n    configurable(eventLine, config);\n\n    return eventLine;\n  };\n};\n","\"use strict\";\n/* global module */\n\nmodule.exports = function filterDate(data, scale) {\n  data = data || [];\n  var filteredData = [];\n  var boundary = scale.range();\n  var min = boundary[0];\n  var max = boundary[1];\n  data.forEach(function (datum) {\n    var value = scale(datum);\n    if (value < min || value > max) {\n      return;\n    }\n    filteredData.push(datum);\n  });\n\n  return filteredData;\n};\n","\"use strict\";\n/* global require, define, module */\n\nvar eventDrops = require('./eventDrops');\n\nif (typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n  define('d3.chart.eventDrops', [\"d3\"], function (d3) {\n    d3.chart = d3.chart || {};\n    d3.chart.eventDrops = eventDrops(d3);\n  });\n} else if (window) {\n  window.d3.chart = window.d3.chart || {};\n  window.d3.chart.eventDrops = eventDrops(window.d3);\n} else {\n  module.exports = eventDrops;\n}\n","module.exports = function configurable(targetFunction, config, listeners) {\n  listeners = listeners || {};\n  for (var item in config) {\n    (function(item) {\n      targetFunction[item] = function(value) {\n        if (!arguments.length) return config[item];\n        config[item] = value;\n        if (listeners.hasOwnProperty(item)) {\n          listeners[item](value);\n        }\n\n        return targetFunction;\n      };\n    })(item); // for doesn't create a closure, forcing it\n  }\n};\n","\n\nmodule.exports = function (d3, config, xScale, graph, graphHeight, where) {\n  var xAxis = {};\n  var xAxisEls = {};\n\n  var tickFormatData = [];\n\n  config.tickFormat.forEach(function (item) {\n    var tick = item.slice(0);\n    tickFormatData.push(tick);\n  });\n\n  var tickFormat = config.locale ? config.locale.timeFormat.multi(tickFormatData) : d3.time.format.multi(tickFormatData);\n  xAxis[where] = d3.svg.axis()\n    .scale(xScale)\n    .orient(where)\n    .tickFormat(tickFormat)\n  ;\n\n  if (typeof config.axisFormat === 'function') {\n    config.axisFormat(xAxis);\n  }\n\n  var y = (where == 'bottom' ? parseInt(graphHeight) : 0) + config.margin.top - 40;\n\n  xAxisEls[where] = graph\n    .append('g')\n    .classed('x-axis', true)\n    .classed(where, true)\n    .attr('transform', 'translate(' + config.margin.left + ', ' + y + ')')\n    .call(xAxis[where])\n  ;\n\n  var drawXAxis = function drawXAxis() {\n    xAxisEls[where]\n      .call(xAxis[where])\n    ;\n  };\n\n  return {\n    drawXAxis: drawXAxis\n  };\n};\n"]}
Raw
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
</head>
<body>
<script data-main="main.js" src="http://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.1.20/require.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Raw
main.js
require.config({
paths: {
'd3': 'http://oss.maxcdn.com/d3js/3.5.6/d3.min',
'd3.chart.eventDrops': 'eventDrops'
},
shim: {
'd3.chart.eventDrops': {
deps: ['d3'],
exports: 'd3.chart.eventDrops'
}
}
});
require(['d3', 'd3.chart.eventDrops'], function(d3) {
// create dataset
var data = [];
var names = [
"Chemical",
"Civil",
"Electrical",
"Energy",
"Mechanical"
]
var intermediate = {}
names.forEach(function(element, index, array) {
intermediate[element] = []
});
var endTime = new Date(2000, 1, 1);
var startTime = new Date(1650, 1, 1);
var color = d3.scale.category20();
// create chart function
var eventDropsChart = d3.chart.eventDrops()
.eventLineColor(function (datum, index) {
return color(index);
})
.start(new Date(startTime))
.end(new Date(endTime));
function redraw() {
// bind data with DOM
var body = document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0];
var element = d3.select(body).append('div').datum(data);
// draw the chart
eventDropsChart(element);
}
d3.json("timeline.json", function(error, json) {
if (error) return console.warn(error);
json.forEach(function(element, index, array) {
name = names[parseInt(element.priority) - 1];
intermediate[name].push(new Date(
parseInt(element.year),
parseInt(element.month),
parseInt(element.day)
)
);
});
for (var prop in intermediate) {
var event = {
name: prop,
dates: intermediate[prop]
};
data.push(event);
}
redraw();
});
});
Raw
style.css
.zoom {
fill: transparent;
cursor: pointer;
}
.y-axis path,
.y-axis line,
.x-axis path,
.x-axis line,
{
path,
line {
stroke: black;
fill: none;
stroke-width: 1px;
}
}
.y-axis g line {
stroke: grey;
fill: none;
stroke-width: 1px;
}
.graph-body .line circle {
opacity: 0.1;
}
Raw
timeline.json
[
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALake_Moeris_Quarry_Road%2C_2500_-_2100_B.C.",
"description" : "The Lake Moeris Quarry Road is recognized as the oldest surviving paved road in the world. Dating from the Old Kingdom period in Egypt, it transported basalt blocks from the quarry to a quay on the shores of ancient Lake Moeris. ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Lake Moeris Quarry Road, 2500 - 2100 B.C.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "-2500"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APetra%2C_400_B.C._-_400_A.D.",
"description" : "Even though Petra was built in a hostile and barren desert, it was able to support from 30,000 to 40,000 inhabitants because of the water supply, drainage, and flood control infrastructure developed by the Nabateans.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "-400",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Petra, 400 B.C. - 400 A.D."
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGuayabo_Ceremonial_Center%2C_300_BC_-_AD_1400",
"description" : "The pre-Columbian civilization of Costa Rica built the Guayabo Ceremonial Center with care and skill. The roadways, retaining walls, underground channels, water supply, and flood control and drainage facilities represent remarkable civil engineering achievements..",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "-300",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Guayabo Ceremonial Center, 300 BC - AD 1400"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "-100",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ifugao Rice Terraces, 100 BC",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Dating from 100 BC, the Ifugao Rice Terraces are the oldest and most extensive use of terraces in the world. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AIfugao_Rice_Terraces%2C_100_BC",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Acquedotto Traiano-Paolo, 109-110",
"image" : "",
"year" : "109",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Acquedotto Traiano-Paolo, the original aqueduct built by the Emperor Trajan, circa 110 AD, was a symbol of the advanced infrastructure of ancient Rome. It continues to provide water for the fountains of Rome.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAcquedotto_Traiano-Paolo%2C_109-110"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Built under Emperor Justinian’s direction from 532-537 and named the Church of the Holy Wisdom, Hagia Sophia’s dome is still among the largest in the world.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHagia_Sophia%2C_532-537",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hagia Sophia, 532-537",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "532"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "600",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hohokam Canal System, 600 - 1450 AD",
"image" : "",
"description" : "The Hohokam canal system is a significant pre-Columbian Native American example of modification of the environment for beneficial use by society. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHohokam_Canal_System%2C_600_-_1450_AD",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AZhaozhou_Bridge_%28or_Anji%29%2C_605",
"description" : "The Zhaozhou Bridge, with a span of 37 meters, is the world’s oldest open-spandrel arch bridge. ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Zhaozhou Bridge (or Anji), 605",
"year" : "605",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APrehistoric_Mesa_Verde_Reservoirs%2C_750_A.D._-_1180_A.D.",
"description" : "Mesa Verde's industrious Ancestral Puebloans designed, constructed, and maintained Morefield, Box Elder, Far View, and Sagebrush Reservoirs for domestic water-storage between A.D. 750 and 1180.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Prehistoric Mesa Verde Reservoirs, 750 A.D. - 1180 A.D.",
"year" : "750",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "The Tipon complex attests to the advanced hydraulic and geotechnical engineering of the Inca people and their predecessors. Tipon is an engineering masterpiece of planning, design, and construction. The complex irrigation system of canals, aqueduct, fountains, buried conduits, and a tunnel provided conjunctive use of both surface and spring water.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATipon%2C_1200-1534_A.D.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Tipon, 1200-1534 A.D.",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1200",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1450",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Machu Picchu, AD 1450-AD 1540",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Machu Picchu was a masterpiece of site selection, city planning, and design and construction of trails, buildings, a water supply canal with many fountains, and agricultural terraces. The infrastructure illustrates the advanced civil, hydraulic, and geotechnical engineering capabilities of the Inca people.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMachu_Picchu%2C_AD_1450-AD_1540",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:El Camino Real - Eastern Branch, 1500s",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1500",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEl_Camino_Real_-_Eastern_Branch%2C_1500s",
"description" : "Running from Mexico to Louisiana, the El Camino Real-Eastern Branch was a major Spanish pioneer transportation artery that provided support, defense and political stability for early colonists."
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEl_Camino_Real_-_The_Royal_Road%2C_1500s",
"description" : "The El Camino Real-Royal Road, a 1,500-mile route, connected Santa Fe and the rest of New Mexico with Mexico City during Spanish Colonial times",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1501",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:El Camino Real - The Royal Road, 1500s",
"image" : ""
},
{
"description" : "Leonardo da Vinci conceived use of parabolic mirror concentrators for dyeing cloth, 1515",
"link" : "/Parabolic_Mirror_Concentrators_for_Dyeing_Cloth",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Parabolic Mirror Concentrators for Dyeing Cloth",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1515"
},
{
"description" : "Around 1663, Otto von Guericke invented the first electrostatic generator, a crude friction machine called the Elektrisiermaschine, which utilized a sulphur globe rotated in a wooden cradle. The ball became charged, gave off sparks, and attracted light pieces of straw. ",
"link" : "/Electrostatic_Generator",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1663",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Electrostatic Generator",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Castillo De San Marcos, 1672-1695",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1672",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "A unique link between medieval European military engineering and modern American civil engineering, the Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest major engineered structure in the United States.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACastillo_De_San_Marcos%2C_1672-1695"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACity_Plan_of_Philadelphia%2C_1682",
"description" : "Including many firsts for the United States, such as a gridiron street pattern and open public squares, the city plan of Philadelphia provided a model for city planning that has helped mold the development of cities throughout the country.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:City Plan of Philadelphia, 1682",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1682",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "The Frankford Avenue Bridge is the first known stone arch built in the United States and probably the oldest bridge in the country.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFrankford_Avenue_Bridge%2C_1697",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Frankford Avenue Bridge, 1697",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1697",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Eddystone Lighthouse, 1698-1882",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1698",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEddystone_Lighthouse%2C_1698-1882",
"description" : "The Eddystone Lighthouse was the first masonry-tower lighthouse to be built at sea, and its form was universally adopted. "
},
{
"year" : "1718",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Acequias of San Antonio, 1718-1744",
"image" : "",
"description" : "The Acequias of San Antonio represents one of the earliest uses of engineered water supply and irrigation systems in the United States.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAcequias_of_San_Antonio%2C_1718-1744",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Acueduto de Queretaro, 1726-1738",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1726",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "The Acueducto de Queretaro, one of Mexico’s most important monuments, provided a dependable supply of clean water to the city of Queretaro, Mexico. It is still virtually intact.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAcueduto_de_Queretaro%2C_1726-1738"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARoyal_Colonial_Boundary_of_1665%2C_1728-1821",
"description" : "With personal courage, dedication, and technical innovation in the art and science of cadastral and geodetic survey practice, the survey of the Royal Colonial Boundary, located in what is now Cumberland Gap National Park, Kentucky, reached the Mississippi River in 1819.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665, 1728-1821",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1728"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:City Plan of Savannah, 1733",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1733",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "The city plan of Savannah is the oldest city plan in the United States to use a repetitive modular grid with mixed residential blocks and multi-purpose public areas, a concept still being emulated by urban planners today.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACity_Plan_of_Savannah%2C_1733",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"description" : "In April 1746, Abbé Nollet transmitted the charge of a Leyden jar through a chain of 180 Royal Guards in Paris. Soon afterwards he performed a grander experiment at a Carthusian convent, making a 5,400-foot circle of monks all give \"a sudden spring\" simultaneously.",
"link" : "/Nollet_Electrifies_Royal_Guard",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Nollet Electrifies Royal Guard",
"year" : "1746",
"day" : "15"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEcole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chaussees%2C_1747",
"description" : "Founded in 1747, and still operating, the Ecole Nationale Des Ponts et Chaussees is the oldest civil engineering school in the world.",
"year" : "1747",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, 1747",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Lightning_Rod",
"description" : "Enclosed in a letter from Philadelphia to a friend, dated 29 July 1750, Benjamin Franklin proposed the use of elevated pointed rods with their lower ends connected to ground to draw off the charge accumulated on clouds in order to prevent lightning discharges.",
"title" : "Lightning Rod",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1750",
"day" : "29"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABethlehem_Waterworks%2C_1755",
"description" : "The Bethlehem Waterworks was the first known pumping system providing drinking and wash water in the North American Colonies.",
"year" : "1755",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bethlehem Waterworks, 1755",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASewall%27s_Bridge%2C_1761",
"description" : "Built over the York River, Sewall’s Bridge was the first pile structure for general highway traffic constructed in accordance with an engineering plan based upon a site survey. ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Sewall's Bridge, 1761",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1761"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMason-Dixon_Line%2C_1763-1767",
"description" : "The world famous Mason-Dixon Line established the highest standards for engineered surveys in its delineation of the boundary lines between Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1763",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Mason-Dixon Line, 1763-1767"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Choate Bridge, 1764",
"year" : "1764",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AChoate_Bridge%2C_1764",
"description" : "The Choate Bridge is the oldest documented two-span masonry arch bridge in the United States"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1768",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Forth & Clyde Canal, 1768-1790",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Forth & Clyde Canal is recognized as the world’s first civil engineering designed and constructed public-works project, a sea-to-sea ship canal constructed with no natural waterways included on its route. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AForth_%26_Clyde_Canal%2C_1768-1790"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1775",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:King's Road, 1775",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The principal overland transportation link between the former British Colony of St. Augustine and the 13 Colonies, the King’s Road was originally 126 miles long. It was a remarkable engineering feat, passing through the swampy flatlands of coastal Florida and over rivers and streams.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AKing%27s_Road%2C_1775"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Joseph Priestley invented soda water as a cure for scurvy (it didn't); published papers on electrical discharges and electrical conductivitities of charcoals, 1775 ",
"link" : "/Joseph_Priestley",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Joseph Priestley",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1775"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AIron_Bridge%2C_1779",
"description" : "The Iron Bridge, crossing the River Severn, is recognized as the first iron bridge in the world. ",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Iron Bridge, 1779",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1779",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Soda Ash From Common Salt",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1780",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Soda_Ash_From_Common_Salt",
"description" : "Nicolas LeBlanc developed a process for making soda ash from common salt; the process was used to make glass, soap, paper and more, 1780. "
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Point of Beginning survey, an original undertaking, was completed under extremely trying conditions and with primitive instruments and techniques. It resulted in the “seven ranges” of Ohio, which provided the basis for similar frameworks for the disbursement of public lands in 30 other states.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APoint_of_Beginning%2C_U.S._Public_Lands%2C_1785",
"year" : "1785",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Point of Beginning, U.S. Public Lands, 1785",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APotowmack_Canal_and_Locks%2C_1785-1828",
"description" : "The Potowmack Canals and Locks are a part of the first extensive system of canal and river navigation works undertaken in the United States. ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Potowmack Canal and Locks, 1785-1828",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1785",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1786",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electricity & Life",
"link" : "/Electricity_%26_Life",
"description" : "On two occasions in 1786, Luigi Galvani, in Bologna, observed dissected frogs' legs convulse when touched by metal scissors: once was during a thunderstorm, once when an electrostatic generator was nearby. His 1791 announcement that electrical energy was intrinsic to animal muscle influenced Volta.",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1786",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electricity & Life",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "On two occasions in 1786, Luigi Galvani, in Bologna, observed dissected frogs' legs convulse when touched by metal scissors: once was during a thunderstorm, once when an electrostatic generator was nearby. His 1791 announcement that electrical energy was intrinsic to animal muscle influenced Volta.",
"link" : "/Electricity_%26_Life"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1790",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Portland Head Light, 1790",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APortland_Head_Light%2C_1790",
"description" : "The Portland Headlight was the first lighthouse completed and put into service by the United States federal government under the Lighthouse Act of 1789.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AOld_Cape_Henry_Lighthouse%2C_1792",
"description" : "The Old Cape Henry Lighthouse was the first construction project authorized by the first Congress and set the stage for all subsequent public works projects of the federal government. ",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1792",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Old Cape Henry Lighthouse, 1792"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1792",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Great Falls Raceway & Power System, 1792-1864",
"description" : "The Great Falls Raceway & Power System represents the oldest American integrated waterpower, industrial development, and urban planning system.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGreat_Falls_Raceway_%26_Power_System%2C_1792-1864",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Dismal Swamp Canal, 1793-1805",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1793",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Dismal Swamp Canal is the oldest surviving artificial waterway in continuous use in the United States. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADismal_Swamp_Canal%2C_1793-1805"
},
{
"title" : "France Builds Visual Telegraph",
"image" : "",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1794",
"description" : "In July 1794 Claude Chappe, assisted by two of his brothers, completed a telegraph line consisting of fifteen stations between Paris and Lille. The first telegram on the 210 km Paris-Lille line was sent on 15 August 1794. It reported the recapture of Le Quesnoy.",
"link" : "/France_Builds_Visual_Telegraph",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:New Castle Ice Harbor, 1795",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1795",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANew_Castle_Ice_Harbor%2C_1795",
"description" : "Because of the peril of ice crushing the wooden hulls of ships using the Philadelphia area harbors, a special protected harbor, the New Castle Ice Harbor, was authorized by the state of Delaware, and three piers were built. These innovative harbor structures were prototypes for others."
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1796",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hwaseong Fortress, 1796",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHwaseong_Fortress%2C_1796",
"description" : "The rapid construction of the Hwaseong Fortress, using paid labor, symbolizes the cultural and technological renaissance under King Jeongjo.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1799",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ellicott Stone, 1799",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEllicott_Stone%2C_1799",
"description" : "After the United States was formed, the government commissioned Andrew Ellicott to establish an International Boundary at the 31st parallel between the new Republic and Spanish West Florida. This “stone” is the key extant monument from the historic survey."
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1799",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Philadelphia Municipal Water Supply, 1799 - 1801",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Philadelphia Municipal Water Supply system was the first major municipal water works in the United States to employ steam powered pumping methods. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APhiladelphia_Municipal_Water_Supply%2C_1799_-_1801"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1800",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:U.S. Capitol, 1800",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AU.S._Capitol%2C_1800",
"description" : "The U.S. Capitol’s construction included an iron-ribbed dome 135 feet in diameter topped by Thomas Crawford’s statue “Freedom.” The dome required a scaffolding 350 feet high. New engineering techniques for construction and quality control were developed to meet the challenge of this immense project."
},
{
"description" : "The U.S. Military Academy is the oldest educational institution in the United States to offer formal academic instruction in the field of civil engineering.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AUnited_States_Military_Academy_at_West_Point%2C_1802",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1802",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:United States Military Academy at West Point, 1802",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1802",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Explosives Plant on Brandywine River",
"link" : "/Explosives_Plant_on_Brandywine_River",
"description" : "Éleuthère Irénée du Pont broke ground for a superior explosives plant on Brandywine River, Delaware, 1802 ",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1803",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Middlesex Canal, 1803-1853",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMiddlesex_Canal%2C_1803-1853",
"description" : "The Middlesex Canal is one of the oldest man-made waterways in the United States. The canal served as a model for the later Erie Canal."
},
{
"year" : "1804",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Caledonian Canal, 1804-1822",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACaledonian_Canal%2C_1804-1822",
"description" : "At the time, the Caledonian Canal was the largest series of locks ever built. The canal significantly advanced highland development and engineering knowledge.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1804",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Waterford (Union) Bridge (replaced in 1909), 1804",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWaterford_%28Union%29_Bridge_%28replaced_in_1909%29%2C_1804",
"description" : "The original wooden Union Bridge, built in 1804 near Waterford, New York, was the first to cross the lower Hudson River and lasted for 105 years until it burned down in 1909 when it was replaced by the existing steel bridge. Built on the same piers, the new steel truss bridge continues the more than 200 years of service to the area.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Portland Observatory, 1807",
"year" : "1807",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "As one of the earliest marine signal stations in the United States, the Portland Observatory is unique in its engineering design and construction, contributing to the prosperity of Portland Harbor as a vital center of maritime commerce during the \"Golden Age of Sail.\"",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APortland_Observatory%2C_1807",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Arc_Lighting",
"description" : "In 1809, Sir Humphrey Davy famously demonstrated electric arc lighting in London. Using a 2000-cell battery, he produced a brilliant electric arc between two charcoal electrodes. Batteries' short lives made the technology impractical, but it would return in the 1840s with the advent of generators.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1809",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Arc Lighting"
},
{
"year" : "1810",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Gota Canal, 1810-1832",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Gota Canal, a transnational canal, has 58 locks and 65 bridge spans along the 190 kilometer “Blue Ribbon” waterway.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGota_Canal%2C_1810-1832"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:National Road, 1811-1839",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1811",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANational_Road%2C_1811-1839",
"description" : "The National Road was the precursor of today’s federal interstate system and represented the highest standards of road design and construction of the time."
},
{
"description" : "The elegant 150-foot-span cast iron arch of the Craigellachie Bridge is the earliest surviving example of a new portable lattice-braced standard type developed for use at wide sites unsuitable for masonry spans.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACraigellachie_Bridge%2C_1814",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1814",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Craigellachie Bridge, 1814"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Watertown Arsenal, 1816",
"year" : "1816",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "The Watertown Arsenal was the first major engineering testing laboratory in the United States. The dissemination of its test results made this arsenal of special significance to the civil engineering profession.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWatertown_Arsenal%2C_1816",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"description" : "Fieldwork established the Cranetown Triangulation Site as an essential part of the first precise geodetic survey in the United States.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACranetown_Triangulation_Site%2C_1817",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1817",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cranetown Triangulation Site, 1817",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMontgomery_Bell%27s_Tunnel%2C_1818",
"description" : "As the earliest known rock tunnel of significant size in the United States, the Montgomery Bell’s Tunnel served as a guide to early American civil engineers and thus can be said to be the precursor to later American tunneling accomplishments.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Montgomery Bell's Tunnel, 1818",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1818"
},
{
"year" : "1821",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Simple Electric Motor",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Simple_Electric_Motor",
"description" : "In 1821, in London, Michael Faraday demonstrated the first simple electric motor, a wire carrying a current rotating around a fixed electromagnet. He successfully applied the newly discovered phenomenon of electromagnetism and would go on to invent the generator and the transformer."
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bridges of Keeseville, 1821",
"year" : "1821",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABridges_of_Keeseville%2C_1821",
"description" : "The Bridges of Keeseville, three remarkable operational 19th century bridges of different types, are all within 500 yards of each other. The evolution of civil engineering materials, analysis, and design, is clearly illustrated by these structures, all of which remain in service.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"link" : "/Difference_Engine",
"description" : "On 14 June 1822, in London, England, Charles Babbage presented a paper, \"Observations on the application of machinery to the computation of mathematical tables\", to the Royal Astronomical Society in which he proposed the construction of his Difference Engine, a mechanical calculator.",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1822",
"day" : "14",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Difference Engine"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Lowell Waterpower System, 1823-1880",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1823",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALowell_Waterpower_System%2C_1823-1880",
"description" : "The Lowell Waterpower System was a pioneer water development scheme consisting of a network of power canals with a highly sophisticated controlled and measured distribution system."
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Waterproofing Using India Rubber",
"year" : "1823",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "Charles Macintosh patented waterproofing method using India rubber dissolved in coal-tar to cement layers of wool cloth together, 1823.",
"link" : "/Waterproofing_Using_India_Rubber",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "In 1824, William Sturgeon published the paper Improved Electro Magnetic Apparatus while teaching at the East India Company College at Addiscombe, Surrey. This was the first invention and demonstration of a working electromagnet. ",
"link" : "/Electromagnets",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1824",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electromagnets"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute%2C_1824",
"description" : "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1824, was the first college in the United States to award the degree of Civil Engineer.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1824",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hydraulic-Powered Inclined Plane System of the Morris Canal, 1824-1836",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1824",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHydraulic-Powered_Inclined_Plane_System_of_the_Morris_Canal%2C_1824-1836",
"description" : "The Hydraulic-Powered Inclined Plane system was the key civil engineering feature that permitted the successful completion of the Morris Canal project in 1831. The inclined planes were essentially short railways that allowed the canal boats to change as much as 100 feet in elevation in 15 minutes. "
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AErie_Canal%2C_1825",
"description" : "In its day, the Erie Canal was the world’s longest canal and America’s greatest engineering feat. ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Erie Canal, 1825",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1825"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1825",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ohio Canal System, 1825-1845",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The engineering of the Ohio Canal System, a complex system of canals, bridges and dams totaling over 1,015 miles in length, produced the largest manmade lake in the world at the time, and was one of the greatest civil engineering feats of the early 1800s.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AOhio_Canal_System%2C_1825-1845"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1826",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Conwy Suspension Bridge, 1826",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AConwy_Suspension_Bridge%2C_1826",
"description" : "A major structure on the strategically important Bangor to Chester road, the Conwy Suspension Bridge was built with the identical technology developed for the larger Menai Bridge and still has its original iron chains.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1826",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Granite Railway, 1826",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Granite railway, a unique project that first demonstrated the engineering advantages of rail transport in America, introduced many technical features such as switches, the turntable and the double-truck railway car.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGranite_Railway%2C_1826"
},
{
"description" : "The Menai Suspension Bridge was a major structure on the road connecting London with Holyhead and by sea to Ireland. The bridge had the world’s longest span, which greatly advanced suspension bridge development",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMenai_Suspension_Bridge%2C_1826",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Menai Suspension Bridge, 1826",
"year" : "1826",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "The Union Canal Tunnel is the oldest existing transportation tunnel in the United States. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AUnion_Canal_Tunnel%2C_1827",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1827",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Union Canal Tunnel, 1827"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"link" : "/Ohm%27s_Law",
"description" : "In May 1827, in Germany, Georg Simon Ohm published ''Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet,'' which contained the relationship between electromotive force, current, and resistance later known as Ohm's law. Ohm obtained the experimental data from which he first formulated his law in 1826. ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Ohm's Law",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1827"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Carrollton Viaduct, 1829",
"year" : "1829",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACarrollton_Viaduct%2C_1829",
"description" : "The Carrollton Viaduct was the first major structure that was part of an American railroad.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"description" : "The Chesapeake & Delaware Canal is the only canal built in 19th-century America that still operates today as a major shipping route. It was one of the first civil engineering projects proposed in the New World and one of the most difficult to carry out.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AChesapeake_%26_Delaware_Canal%2C_1829",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1829",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, 1829",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1829",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Relationship Between Advection to Diffusion",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Relationship_Between_Advection_to_Diffusion",
"description" : "Jean Claude Eugène Peclet developed relationship relating rate of advection of a flow to its rate of diffusion, 1829 "
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Relationship_Between_Gas_Diffusion_and_Density",
"description" : "Thomas Graham found that gas diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of densities and, hence, molecular weights, 1829.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Relationship Between Gas Diffusion and Density",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1829"
},
{
"year" : "1830",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Five Stone Arch Bridges, 1830 - 1860",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The five New Hampshire stone arch bridges constitute the largest extant cluster of dry-laid stone arch bridges within the U.S. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFive_Stone_Arch_Bridges%2C_1830_-_1860"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALouisville_and_Portland_Canal_Locks_%26_Dam%2C_1830",
"description" : "The original Louisville & Portland Canal and Locks constructed at this site were responsible for permanently changing navigation on the Ohio River. These projects improved the transportation of people and goods towards St. Louis, New Orleans and points west and played an important role in the settlement and growth of the nation.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1830",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Louisville and Portland Canal Locks & Dam, 1830"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Induction_Ring",
"description" : "In 1831, Michael Faraday conducted a series of experiments which, using a device called an induction ring, led to the discovery of electromagnetic induction, paving the way for future electromagnetic theory.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Induction Ring",
"year" : "1831",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABorden_Base_Line%2C_1831",
"description" : "The Borden Base Line, a survey line of over 39,000 feet, remains today as an outstanding achievement in precision measurements. It obtained international recognition for American skill in geodetic engineering.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1831",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Borden Base Line, 1831"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACharleston-Hamburg_Railroad%2C_1833",
"description" : "At the time of its construction, the Charleston-Hamburg Railroad was the world’s longest railroad (136 miles).",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1833",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Charleston-Hamburg Railroad, 1833"
},
{
"description" : "A 36-mile railroad project, the Allegheny Portage RR included the first railroad tunnel in the United States, 10 double-track inclined planes and 4 viaducts.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAllegheny_Portage_Railroad%2C_1834",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Allegheny Portage Railroad, 1834",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1834"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAscutney_Mill_Dam%2C_1834",
"description" : "The Ascutney Mill Dam is among the very earliest masonry dams of significant size. Made of granite, the dam is the structural precursor of today’s concrete gravity dams.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1834",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ascutney Mill Dam, 1834"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1834",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Naval Drydocks at Boston and Norfolk, 1834",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Charlestown Naval Dry Dock, Boston, Massachusetts and the Gosport Naval Dry Dock, Norfolk, Virginia, are two of the earliest major structures of their type in the United States and served the U.S. Navy well for over a century",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANaval_Drydocks_at_Boston_and_Norfolk%2C_1834"
},
{
"year" : "1835",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Canton Viaduct, 1835",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACanton_Viaduct%2C_1835",
"description" : "When completed, the Canton Viaduct was the longest and tallest railroad viaduct ever built. It is the last surviving viaduct of its kind and has been in continuous service for over 170 years."
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AThomas_Viaduct_Railroad_Bridge%2C_1835",
"description" : "The first multiple-arch stone railroad viaduct in the United States, the massive eight-arch Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge was built under unusual site conditions requiring a curved railway alignment.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "6",
"year" : "1835",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Thomas Viaduct Railroad Bridge, 1835"
},
{
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Daniell_Cell",
"description" : "A great advance in battery technology was the invention of what came to be known as the Daniell cell, which John Frederic Daniell made public in London in 1836. It was the first reliable source of electric current. ",
"year" : "1836",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Daniell Cell"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Croton Water Supply Systems, 1837-1842",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1837",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACroton_Water_Supply_Systems%2C_1837-1842",
"description" : "In its era, the Croton Water Supply System was the model municipal water supply system in the United States and the prototype for many large-scale projects that followed.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"link" : "/Cooke_and_Wheatstone%27s_Electric_Telegraph",
"description" : "In 1837, William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone received the first English patent for an electric telegraph, and sent the first message from London (Euston Station) to Camden Town. They opened the first commercial telegraph line in 1839 between Paddington and West Drayton.",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1837",
"day" : "12",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Cooke and Wheatstone's Electric Telegraph"
},
{
"day" : "12",
"year" : "1837",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Cooke and Wheatstone's Electric Telegraph",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "In 1837, William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone received the first English patent for an electric telegraph, and sent the first message from London (Euston Station) to Camden Town. They opened the first commercial telegraph line in 1839 between Paddington and West Drayton.",
"link" : "/Cooke_and_Wheatstone%27s_Electric_Telegraph"
},
{
"title" : "Electric Motor",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1837",
"day" : "25",
"link" : "/Electric_Motor",
"description" : "Thomas Davenport received a patent for his electric motor, invented in 1834, on 25 February 1837 in Rutland, Vermont. He had not applied until 1836. Unlike past models that were too weak for practical purposes, Davenport's motors grew powerful enough to run lathes, drills and even printing presses. ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1838",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Dunlap's Creek Bridge, 1838",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Dunlap’s Creek Bridge is the oldest all-metal arch bridge in the United States. It demonstrated the feasibility of using cast iron in bridge construction.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADunlap%27s_Creek_Bridge%2C_1838"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Charles Goodyear accidentally vulcanized rubber lump while attempting to harden gum by boiling with sulfur, 1839 ",
"link" : "/Vulcanization_of_Rubber",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Vulcanization of Rubber",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1839"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1841",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Great Western Railway, 1841",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGreat_Western_Railway%2C_1841",
"description" : "The Great Western Railway was the first major civil engineering work of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, an engineering genius and innovator."
},
{
"description" : "The Muskingum River Navigation System, one of the United States’ first complete slackwater navigation systems for steam powered vessels, played a key role in economic development of the Greater Ohio River Valley. The project survives as the most intact system of large hand-operated locks in the United States.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMuskingum_River_Navigation_System%2C_1841",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "6",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1841",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Muskingum River Navigation System, 1841",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Roundhouse & Shop complex, 1842-1850s",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1842",
"description" : "The B&O RR Roundhouse is the sole surviving cast-iron framed roundhouse and an important example of mid-19th century industrial building design.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABaltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad_Roundhouse_%26_Shop_complex%2C_1842-1850s",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Thames Tunnel was the first shield-driven tunnel; the first successful soft ground subaqueous tunnel; and, in 1869, was adapted as the first subaqueous railway tunnel.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AThames_Tunnel%2C_1843",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1843",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Thames Tunnel, 1843",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Norbert Rillieux invented first successful multiple-effect vacuum process for producing sugar, 1843",
"link" : "/Multiple-Effect_Vacuum_Process_for_Producing_Sugar",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1843",
"title" : "Multiple-Effect Vacuum Process for Producing Sugar",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Long Distance Telegraphy",
"day" : "24",
"year" : "1844",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "On 24 May 1844, Samuel Morse transmitted the message \"What hath God wrought\" from Baltimore to Alfred Vail in Washington, D.C., using America's first completed long-distance telegraph line. Morse and Vail had first successfully demonstrated their electric telegraph, over a shorter distance, in 1838.",
"link" : "/Long_Distance_Telegraphy"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Manufacture of Gelatin",
"year" : "1845",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/Manufacture_of_Gelatin",
"description" : "Peter Cooper patented process for manufacturing gelatin (Jell-O); founded first free college in U.S. (Cooper Union, New York, NY), 1845. ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "William T. G. Morton developed ether as surgical anesthetic, 1846",
"link" : "/Ether_as_Surgical_Anesthetic",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1846",
"title" : "Ether as Surgical Anesthetic",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Duck Creek Aqueduct, a 71-foot span, is the oldest wooden covered aqueduct in the country.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADuck_Creek_Aqueduct%2C_1847",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1847",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Duck Creek Aqueduct, 1847"
},
{
"description" : "The Bridges of Niagara, a collective name for a series of structures built and replaced since 1848, span the Niagara Gorge below Niagara Falls. The successful crossing of the gorge required the skill of many engineers willing to take risks and extend their engineering knowledge beyond established limits, which greatly contributed to the advancement of design techniques for suspension and arch bridges.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABridges_of_Niagara%2C_1848_-_1941",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1848",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bridges of Niagara, 1848 - 1941",
"image" : ""
},
{
"description" : "Major Aleveev drills the world's first oil well at Baku, Azerbaijan using a primitive cable-tool drilling technique which originated in ancient China. ",
"link" : "/World%27s_First_Oil_Well%E2%80%8E",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "World's First Oil Well‎",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1848"
},
{
"year" : "1848",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Conwy Tubular Bridge, 1848",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "3",
"description" : "The Conwy Tubular Bridge was the first railway bridge in which trains ran through the main girders. It represents a pioneering use of wrought iron for bridges and a major advance in the development of box-section girder elements.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AConwy_Tubular_Bridge%2C_1848"
},
{
"description" : "The Starrucca Viaduct, the key masonry viaduct of the New York and Erie Railroad, was one of the earliest structures between the eastern seaboard and the Midwest. It was constructed in record time and was among the first, if not the first, important engineering work to utilize structural concrete. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AStarrucca_Viaduct%2C_1848",
"month" : "5",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Starrucca Viaduct, 1848",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1848",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct, 1848",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1848",
"month" : "8",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARoebling%27s_Delaware_Aqueduct%2C_1848",
"description" : "The Delaware Aqueduct was John A. Roebling’s earliest. Still-standing, this suspension bridge is perhaps the oldest existing cable suspension bridge in the world that retains its original principal elements. It was completely restored by the National Park Service in 1983."
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABollman_Truss_Bridge%2C_1852",
"description" : "The Bollman Truss Bridge is the only remaining example of a patented design that was used extensively on the Baltimore & Ohio and other railroads.",
"year" : "1852",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bollman Truss Bridge, 1852"
},
{
"day" : "5",
"year" : "1852",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Site of the Founding Meeting of ASCE, 1852",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "1",
"month" : "11",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASite_of_the_Founding_Meeting_of_ASCE%2C_1852",
"description" : "When the twelve founders of the American Society of Civil Engineers and Architects gathered at the Croton Aqueduct on November 5, 1852, and agreed to incorporate the new organization, they laid a foundation for what proved to be one of the most prominent engineering societies in the world. "
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Horseshoe Curve-Pennsylvania RR, 1854",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1854",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHorseshoe_Curve-Pennsylvania_RR%2C_1854",
"description" : "The Horseshoe Curve of the Pennsylvania Railroad was 549 meters across and 805 meters long with a 1.8 percent grade, which eliminated the Portage Railroad’s 10 incline planes and greatly encouraged east-west trade crossing the Allegheny Mountains.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"year" : "1855",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bidwell Bar Suspension Bridge, 1855",
"description" : "Typical of the suspension bridges constructed during California gold rush days, the Bidwell Bar Suspension Bridge is the only remaining suspension bridge of its time in the West.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABidwell_Bar_Suspension_Bridge%2C_1855",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1855",
"title" : "Law of Gas Diffusion Across Membranes",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/Law_of_Gas_Diffusion_Across_Membranes",
"description" : "Adolf Eugen Fick formulated law of gas diffusion across membranes, which led to technique to measure cardiac output, 1855",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABlenheim_Bridge%2C_1855",
"description" : "The covered wooden truss Blenheim Bridge was the longest (210 feet) bridge of its kind in the world until the Blenheim Bridge was destroyed by flooding in 2011.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "2",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1855",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Blenheim Bridge, 1855"
},
{
"month" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADublin-Belfast_Rail_Link%2C_1855",
"description" : "The Dublin-Belfast rail-link provides a link between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and is recognized for the first large-scale use of wrought-iron latticed girders and the first full-scale test of continuous beams.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Dublin-Belfast Rail Link, 1855",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1855",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1855",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:International Boundary Marker, 1855",
"description" : "Boundary Marker No. 1, located between Dona Ana County, New Mexico (near El Paso, Texas), and Juarez, Mexico, not only represents an international boundary but is also a monument to the professional skills of the American surveyors who were called upon to locate it in 1855.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AInternational_Boundary_Marker%2C_1855",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "5"
},
{
"year" : "1855",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Whipple Truss Bridge, 1855",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "8",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWhipple_Truss_Bridge%2C_1855",
"description" : "The Whipple Truss Bridge, relocated to Union College, was built from a design patented in 1841 by Squire Whipple and was the first scientifically designed truss bridge in the United States."
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Minot's Ledge Lighthouse, 1855-1860",
"year" : "1855",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "11",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMinot%27s_Ledge_Lighthouse%2C_1855-1860",
"description" : "The Minot’s Ledge Lighthouse successfully served mariners for over 116 years. It was internationally recognized as an outstanding achievement in the civil engineering design and construction of structures that can resist open-sea wave forces."
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Wheeling Suspension Bridge, 1856",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1856",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWheeling_Suspension_Bridge%2C_1856",
"description" : "When built, the Wheeling Suspension Bridge was the first long-span wire-cable suspension bridge in the country. "
},
{
"link" : "/Conversion_of_Aniline",
"description" : "William Henry Perkin (at age 18) patented conversion of aniline into purplish mixture after alcohol extraction, 1856",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1856",
"title" : "Conversion of Aniline",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1857",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Old Wisla Bridge, 1857",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AOld_Wisla_Bridge%2C_1857",
"description" : "The Old Wisla Bridge is the first example of a long span lattice-truss bridge on the European mainland. ",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1857",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cabin John Aqueduct, 1857-1862",
"image" : "",
"description" : "The Cabin John Aqueduct was the longest span stone masonry arch in the world until 1903. This structure still provides water to Washington, DC, as well as carrying the traffic loads.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACabin_John_Aqueduct%2C_1857-1862",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALouisville_Waterworks%2C_1857-1912",
"description" : "When constructed, the Louisville Waterworks demonstrated the practicality of rapid sand filtration on a municipal scale, and was a major milestone in American sanitary engineering.",
"month" : "12",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Louisville Waterworks, 1857-1912",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1857"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Crozet's Blue Ridge Tunnel, 1858",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1858",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "The 4,270-foot Crozet’s Blue Ridge Tunnel was the longest railroad tunnel in the United States of its time and represents the culmination of civil engineering technology based on manual drilling methods. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACrozet%27s_Blue_Ridge_Tunnel%2C_1858",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFink_Through_Truss_Bridge%2C_1858",
"description" : "Although destroyed in 1978 by a car collision, at the time of its dedication the Fink Through Truss Bridge was possibly the oldest metal truss bridge in the nation.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "7",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1858",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Fink Through Truss Bridge, 1858",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Iron Building of the U.S. Army Arsenal, 1859",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1859",
"description" : "Built entirely of cast iron and wrought iron elements, the Iron Building of the US Arsenal is believed to be the oldest all-metal building in the United States.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AIron_Building_of_the_U.S._Army_Arsenal%2C_1859",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Oil First Discovered in US‎",
"year" : "1859",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"description" : "Oil was first discovered in US when a homemade rig drilled down 70 feet and came up coated with oil. This rig was near Titusville and was owned by \"Colonel\" Edwin L. Drake.",
"link" : "/Oil_First_Discovered_in_US%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"description" : "William A. (“Uncle Billy”) Smith produced oil drilling tools and drilled Edwin Drake’s Titusville, PA, oil well; was paid $2.50/day, 1859",
"link" : "/Titusville%2C_PA_Oil_Well",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1859",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Titusville, PA Oil Well"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Suez Canal, 1859-1869",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1859",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Suez Canal was the longest man-made sea level canal in the world when opened. This modern canal is one of the world’s most heavily used shipping routes and continues to play a critical role in international trade.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASuez_Canal%2C_1859-1869"
},
{
"year" : "1860",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Mullan Road, 1860",
"description" : "The Mullan Road was surveyed between 1853 and 1854 and constructed between 1858 and 1862. It was the first major engineered highway in the Pacific Northwest. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMullan_Road%2C_1860",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "Ernest Solvay developed process for manufacturing soda ash using ammonia, carbon dioxide and lime soda, 1861",
"link" : "/Solvay_Process_for_Manufacturing_Soda_Ash",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1861",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Solvay Process for Manufacturing Soda Ash",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "10",
"link" : "/Transcontinental_Telegraph_Line_%28U.S.%29",
"description" : "Between 4 July and 24 October 1861, Western Union Company constructed a telegraph line between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, completing the first high-speed communications link between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The telegraph line operated until May 1869.",
"year" : "1861",
"day" : "24",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Transcontinental Telegraph Line (U.S.)"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABridgeport_Covered_Bridge%2C_1862",
"description" : "The Bridgeport Covered Bridge is the longest single span covered bridge (230 feet) west of the Mississippi River.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1862",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bridgeport Covered Bridge, 1862"
},
{
"year" : "1864",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Moseley Wrought Iron Arch Bridge, 1864",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMoseley_Wrought_Iron_Arch_Bridge%2C_1864",
"description" : "Designed and patented in 1857 by Thomas Moseley, the Wrought Iron Arch Bridge incorporated for the first time in the United States the use of riveted wrought iron plates for the bridge’s triangular-shaped top chord."
},
{
"description" : "Designed to supply 50 gallons of potable water per capita per day for one million people, the Chicago Water Supply System consisted of a two-mile tunnel under Lake Michigan with an intake crib.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AChesbrough%27s_Chicago_Water_Supply_system%2C_1864-1869",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1864",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Chesbrough's Chicago Water Supply system, 1864-1869",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Maxwell%27s_Equations",
"description" : "In 1865, in London, James Clerk Maxwell published the set of equations now bearing his name. Developed by several physicists, they worked only after Maxwell added one term, a displacement current. He showed how the equations work together to define completely the field of electromagnetics.",
"title" : "Maxwell's Equations",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1865"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Cornish-Windsor Covered Bridge, a two-span covered bridge with an overall length of 460 feet, is the longest covered bridge existing in the United States.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACornish-Windsor_Covered_Bridge%2C_1866",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1866",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cornish-Windsor Covered Bridge, 1866",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"description" : "Ludwig Boltzmann formulated kinetic theory of gases (early statistical mechanics concept); with Maxwell, found that average molecular motion is the same in all directions, 1866",
"link" : "/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Kinetic Theory of Gases",
"year" : "1866",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Transatlantic Cable",
"day" : "27",
"year" : "1866",
"link" : "/Transatlantic_Cable",
"description" : "On 27 July 1866, the first successful transatlantic cable, stretching from Valentia, Ireland, landed in Heart's Content, Newfoundland. Tested with the message, \"All right,\" it began public operations the next day, forever altering transoceanic commerce, politics and personal relations.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AJohn_A._Roebling_Bridge%2C_1866",
"description" : "The John A. Roebling Bridge, a suspension bridge with a main span of 1,057 feet, was the greatest structure of its kind in the world and was the prototype for the Brooklyn Bridge, which followed 16 years later. ",
"month" : "7",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:John A. Roebling Bridge, 1866",
"year" : "1866",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "With 150-foot wooden lattice arches, the design and construction of the roof of the Mormon Tabernacle was an engineering challenge. Stone and lumber building materials were obtained from surrounding mountains since metal building components from the industrialized East were not available.",
"link" : "/_ASCE-Landmark%3AMormon_Tabernacle%2C_1867",
"image" : "",
"title" : " ASCE-Landmark:Mormon Tabernacle, 1867",
"year" : "1867",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/Dry_Cell_Battery",
"description" : "In 1868 in France, Georges Leclanche invented the Primary Dry Cell, providing for low cost practical storage of electricity using zinc-carbon technology. Previously, Leclanche had developed a wet cell battery.",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1868",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Dry Cell Battery"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACentral_Pacific_Railroad%2C_1869",
"description" : "America’s first transcontinental railroad, the Central Pacific Railroad, began in Sacramento in 1863, and was completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1869",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Central Pacific Railroad, 1869",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "Gas-Liquid Relationships",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1869",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Johannes Diderik van der Waals established gas/liquid relationships; accounted for molecular volumes/forces, 1869",
"link" : "/Gas-Liquid_Relationships"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Joining of the Rails -Transcontinental RR, 1869",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1869",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AJoining_of_the_Rails_-Transcontinental_RR%2C_1869",
"description" : "On May 10, 1869, two railroads joined their rails to form the Transcontinental Railroad. The 1,776 miles over the mountains and deserts of the continent marked a turning point in American history by signaling the opening of the West and the emergence of a unified nation.",
"month" : "5",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Mount Washington Cog Railway, 1869",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1869",
"description" : "When completed, the Mt. Washington Cog Railway was the first mountain climbing railway in the world. Its cog rail system allows the railway to overcome grades exceeding 37 percent.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMount_Washington_Cog_Railway%2C_1869",
"month" : "10",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, 1870",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1870",
"description" : "At 198 feet, the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is the tallest in the United States and the second tallest brick light tower in the world.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACape_Hatteras_Lighthouse%2C_1870",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Fink Deck Truss Bridge, 1870",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1870",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Fink Deck Truss Bridge is a unique survivor of a truss system widely used between 1854 and 1875. This all cast and wrought iron system was patented by Albert Fink in 1854. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFink_Deck_Truss_Bridge%2C_1870"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Generators",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1871",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"link" : "/Generators",
"description" : "In 1869 in France, Zénobe-Théophile Gramme conceived of his dynamo, which produced substantially higher voltages than previous attempts. In 1871 he demonstrated a working model and, with Hippolyte Fontaine, began manufacturing. "
},
{
"description" : "When completed, the Druid Lake Dam was the first major earthfill dam to be constructed in the United States. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADruid_Lake_Dam%2C_1871",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1871",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Druid Lake Dam, 1871",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1871",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation",
"image" : "",
"description" : "John William (Lord Rayleigh) Strutt discovered scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light, 1871 ",
"link" : "/Scattering_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Kamehameha V Post Office Building, 1871",
"year" : "1871",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AKamehameha_V_Post_Office_Building%2C_1871",
"description" : "The Kamehameha V Post Office building is the oldest public building in the United States to incorporate structural elements of reinforced Portland cement concrete.",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"description" : "Angus Smith was the first environmentalist; published “Air and Rain” studies of the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation, 1872 ",
"link" : "/Air_and_Rain",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"title" : "Air and Rain",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1872"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMarlette_Lake_Water_System%2C_1873-1887",
"description" : "The Marlette Lake Water System was the first American system developed to overcome mountainous topography. Its inverted siphon, sustaining a head of over 1,700 feet, was the greatest in the world—more than double the next highest ",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1873",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Marlette Lake Water System, 1873-1887"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Thomas Edison’s quadruplex telegraph of 1874 was capable of sending two messages simultaneously in each direction. One was an electric signal of varying strength, while the second was a signal of varying polarity. Western Union adopted the invention and had 13,000 miles of quadruplex lines by 1878.",
"link" : "/Quadruplex_Telegraph",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1874",
"title" : "Quadruplex Telegraph",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "To found the mid-river piers of the Eads Bridge on solid rock, James B. Eads used the first large pneumatic caissons in the United States. Their sinking represented the deepest subaqueous construction work in the world at the time, and the bridge’s name honors Eads’ ingenuity.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEads_Bridge%2C_1874",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Eads Bridge, 1874",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1874"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Eads South Pass Navigation Works enabled the entire Mississippi River basin to have direct deep draught marine access to the oceans of the world. Today it is still a classic of hydraulic engineering.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEads_South_Pass_Navigation_Works%2C_1875-1879",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1875",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Eads South Pass Navigation Works, 1875-1879",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "When completed, the Hoosac Tunnel was the largest and longest transportation tunnel in the Western Hemisphere.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHoosac_Tunnel%2C_1876",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hoosac Tunnel, 1876",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1876"
},
{
"description" : "Josiah Willard Gibbs developed graphical method for analyzing multi-phase chemical systems, 1876",
"link" : "/Multi-phase_Chemical_Systems_Analysis",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1876",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Multi-phase Chemical Systems Analysis",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/Bell_Files_Telephone_Patent",
"description" : "On 14 February 1876 Alexander Graham Bell filed for a patent on a device for the electrical transmission of speech (issued 7 March 1876). A few hours later that afternoon, Elisha Gray filed a patent caveat for a speaking telephone. All ensuing court battles were eventually resolved in Bell's favor.",
"month" : "2",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Bell Files Telephone Patent",
"year" : "1876",
"day" : "14"
},
{
"description" : "The Tehachapi Pass Railroad Line had 18 tunnels, 10 bridges and numerous water towers for the old steam locomotives and was the primary factor in the early growth of the city of Los Angeles and the state of California.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATehachapi_Pass_Railroad_Line%2C_1876",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "3",
"year" : "1876",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Tehachapi Pass Railroad Line, 1876",
"image" : ""
},
{
"description" : "Built by private enterprise, the East Maui Irrigation System was a pioneering example of irrigation technology. It consists of 74 miles of tunnels, ditches, inverted siphons, and flumes with a capacity of 455 million gallons per day.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEast_Maui_Irrigation_System%2C_1876-1923",
"month" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:East Maui Irrigation System, 1876-1923",
"year" : "1876",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1876",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ward House, 1876",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"description" : "When built, the Ward House was the first reinforced concrete building constructed in the United States dramatically demonstrating the construction potential of an engineered combination of steel and concrete. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWard_House%2C_1876"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Tennessee State Capitol, 1877",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1877",
"description" : "The Tennessee State Capitol was one of the first buildings in the nation with structural iron roof trusses. In addition, the grounds set the standard for park development in the region.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATennessee_State_Capitol%2C_1877",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"title" : "Carbon Transmitter",
"image" : "",
"day" : "12",
"year" : "1877",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Carbon_Transmitter",
"description" : "On 12 March 1877, at Menlo Park, Thomas Edison discovered that mere pressure, not vibration, is sufficient to convert sound to electrical signals by using a button of carbon, whose resistance varies with pressure, in the transmitter. He received three patents for the carbon transmitter in 1892. "
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"description" : "In July 1877, in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison attached a recording stylus to a telephone receiver. Dissatisfied, he turned to recording sound from the air, and on 29 November 1877 he drew a sketch that was used to make the first model of the phonograph.",
"link" : "/Phonograph",
"title" : "Phonograph",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1877",
"day" : "15"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:High Bridge, 1877",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1877",
"month" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "Known as the first major cantilever bridge in the United States, the High Bridge represents the highest (275-feet) and longest cantilever bridge in the world at that time.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHigh_Bridge%2C_1877"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1877",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ponte Maria Pia Bridge, 1877",
"description" : "When opened, the Ponte Maria Pia Bridge was the longest iron arch bridge in the world, with a 160-meter-long parabolic arch. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APonte_Maria_Pia_Bridge%2C_1877",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "8"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Pelton Impulse Water Wheel, 1878",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1878",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APelton_Impulse_Water_Wheel%2C_1878",
"description" : "The Pelton Impulse Water Wheel was the site of the first highly efficient and successful impulse water wheel, made possible by the development and first-time use of the split bucket. This method was the key to tapping the vast waterpower of the American West.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"title" : "First Oil Tanker‎",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1878",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The first successful oil tanker, the Zoroaster, designed by Ludvig Nobel of Sweden introduced.  It was designed to navigate the challenges of the Caspian Sea and ran between Baku, Azerbaijan and Astrakhan, Russia.",
"link" : "/First_Oil_Tanker%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "In June 1878, as part of the Exposition Universelle in Paris, arc lighting using Jablochkoff candles illuminated the Avenue de l'Opera and the Place de l'Opera, marking a milestone in public awareness and excitement about the technology. Paul Jablochkoff had designed longer-lasting electrodes.",
"link" : "/Jablochkoff_Candles_in_Paris",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1878",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Jablochkoff Candles in Paris"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Davis Island Lock & Dam, 1878-1885",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1878",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Davis Island Lock facility, the world’s first rolling lock gate and the widest lock chamber ever built, served as the prototype for 50 similar locks in the Ohio River canalization.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADavis_Island_Lock_%26_Dam%2C_1878-1885"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Edison's Incandescent Lamp",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1879",
"month" : "11",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Edison executed his first patent on a carbon-filament lamp on 1 November 1879, followed by a public demonstration at Menlo Park on 31 December 1879. Promising lab results had first been achieved in October, when a filament of carbonized thread glowed for more than 14 hours before breaking. ",
"link" : "/Edison%27s_Incandescent_Lamp"
},
{
"description" : "In 1880, Lester Allan Pelton patented the Pelton Wheel, an impulse turbine which draws energy from moving water. Previous impulse turbines were extremely inefficient; the Pelton Wheel is able to extract nearly all of the energy from a moving water stream. ",
"link" : "/Pelton_Wheel",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "Pelton Wheel",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1880"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACumbres_and_Toltec_Scenic_Railway%2C_1880",
"description" : "The 64-mile Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railway is now one of the last narrow gauge railroads in existence.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railway, 1880",
"year" : "1880",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "In 1881, in Paris, Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs demonstrated the first commercially successful transformer. In 1886, William Stanley would build upon Gaulard and Gibbs' idea to provide alternating current electrification to offices and stores on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.",
"link" : "/Transformers",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1881",
"title" : "Transformers",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "Pearl Street Station",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1882",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Pearl_Street_Station",
"description" : "Responding to the success of his incandescent bulb, Thomas Edison publicly opened the Pearl Street Power Station in lower Manhattan at 3:00 p.m. on 4 September 1882. A complete system of commercial electric lighting and power, Pearl Street effectively launched the modern electric utility industry."
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADurango-Silverton_Narrow_Gauge_Br_of_the_D%26RGWR%2C_1882",
"description" : "The Durango-Silverton Narrow Gauge Train is one of the last of the narrow gauge railroads, linking the Colorado mining towns of Durango and Silverton and is an example of the important role that civil engineering played in developing the west.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Durango-Silverton Narrow Gauge Br of the D&RGWR, 1882",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1882"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Kinzua Railway Viaduct, 1882",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1882",
"month" : "5",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AKinzua_Railway_Viaduct%2C_1882",
"description" : "Constructed in only 102 days, the Kinzua Railway Viaduct was by far the highest (302 feet) and the longest (2,053 feet) viaduct in the world at that time."
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "10",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AVulcan_Street_Plant%2C_1882",
"description" : "When it began operation, the Vulcan Street Plant was the first Edison hydroelectric central station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North America. This project was the beginning of cooperation among civil, mechanical, and electrical engineers to provide power for the United States. ",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1882",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Vulcan Street Plant, 1882"
},
{
"description" : "When built, the Brooklyn Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world and the first to use steel cables and trusses.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABrooklyn_Bridge%2C_1883",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1883",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Brooklyn Bridge, 1883"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Transitions from Laminar to Turbulent Flow",
"year" : "1883",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"description" : "Osborne Reynolds formulated fundamental relationships for transitions from laminar to turbulent flow, 1883 ",
"link" : "/Transitions_from_Laminar_to_Turbulent_Flow"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "5",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASmithfield_Street_Bridge%2C_1883",
"description" : "The Smithfield Street Bridge represented a unique adaptation of a contemporary European engineering device, the lenticular truss, to suit American needs. It served as a guide for the many highway bridges of similar design built in America during the ensuing decades. ",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1883",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Smithfield Street Bridge, 1883"
},
{
"month" : "11",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AStone_Arch_Brige_of_Burlington_Northern_RR%2C_1883",
"description" : "The Stone Arch Bridge of the Burlington Northern Railroad, the oldest extant railroad bridge over the Mississippi, was a key element in development of the northwest part of the United States.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Stone Arch Brige of Burlington Northern RR, 1883",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1883"
},
{
"title" : "US Rails Adopt Standard Time",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1883",
"day" : "18",
"description" : "At noon on Sunday 18 November 1883 (\"the day of two noons\"), U.S. railroads converted to standard time. Although railroads had no legal authority to govern time, towns and citizens across the nation synchronized their clocks to the four new time zones, which became federal law on 19 March 1918. ",
"link" : "/US_Rails_Adopt_Standard_Time",
"month" : "11",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"link" : "/Punched_Card_Equipment",
"description" : "In 1884, Herman Hollerith filed his first U.S. patent related to punch-card equipment. Two years later, the Baltimore Department of Health gave Hollerith's punched-card system for recording and processing data its first practical test. Hollerith's punch-card system was used to tabulate the census of 1890",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "Punched Card Equipment",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1884"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1884",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Seventh Street Improvement Arches, 1884",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASeventh_Street_Improvement_Arches%2C_1884",
"description" : "The Seventh Street Improvement Arches celebrates the engineering application of mathematics to improve living conditions. It is currently one of the only documented examples of helicoidal arch construction in the United States.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "When completed, the Washington Monument was the tallest structure in the world. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWashington_Monument%2C_1885",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1885",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Washington Monument, 1885"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1886",
"title" : "Electrolytic Reduction of Aluminum",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Electrolytic_Reduction_of_Aluminum",
"description" : "In 1886, Charles M. Hall, working in Oberlin, Ohio, and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult, working in Paris, France, both discovered, separately but at the same time, that alumina and electricity can make aluminum economically."
},
{
"year" : "1886",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Lawrence Experimental Station, 1886",
"image" : "",
"description" : "The Lawrence Experiment Station was a pioneer engineering laboratory dedicated to research on the treatment of water supply, sewage and industrial waste and has been recognized nationally and internationally for contributions to the environmental engineering field.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALawrence_Experimental_Station%2C_1886",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Definition_of_Chemical_Engineering",
"description" : "Ivan Levinstein defined chemical engineering as the conversion of laboratory processes into industrial ones, 1886",
"title" : "Definition of Chemical Engineering",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1886"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "3",
"description" : "The Second Street Bridge—a 225-foot span, Whipple double intersection through truss—represented the culmination of an era during which cast iron was replaced by the far more reliable wrought iron as an engineering material.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASecond_Street_Bridge%2C_1886",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1886",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Second Street Bridge, 1886"
},
{
"year" : "1886",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Statue of Liberty, 1886",
"description" : "Through the aesthetic genius of Frederick Bartholdi and the engineering ingenuity of other French and American engineers, particularly Gustav Eiffel, Charles Stone and Charles C. Schneider, the Statue of Liberty was completed in 1886 and became the world’s symbol of the United States as the land of the free.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AStatue_of_Liberty%2C_1886",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "10"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Chain of Rocks Water Purification Plant, 1886-1915",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1886",
"month" : "12",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AChain_of_Rocks_Water_Purification_Plant%2C_1886-1915",
"description" : "At the Chain of Rocks Water Purification Plant, a civil engineer and a chemist cooperated on an innovative process of chemical coagulation to purify the highly turbid water of the Mississippi River. This pioneering effort was recognized internationally as an outstanding success in the field of municipal water supply."
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Gramophone",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1887",
"description" : "On 4 May 1887 Emile Berliner applied for a patent in Washington, D.C. on a \"Gramophone\" with a cylindrical recording surface. On 26 September 1887 for a patent on a flat-disk record and player. The first model, introduced in 1888, used a flat disk, for which he devised mass-production techniques.",
"link" : "/Gramophone",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"description" : "The McNeill Street Pumping Station is a self-contained lesson in the history of municipal water system development. From high-volume pumping technology to water filtering and disinfection, the pumping station helped introduce or refine key technologies that were central to the evolution of America’s urban water supply.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMcNeill_Street_Pumping_Station%2C_1887",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1887",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:McNeill Street Pumping Station, 1887",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/ASME-Landmark%3AFerries_%26_Cliff_House_Railway",
"description" : "The iconic cable car system, which opened in 1887, contained wheels and pulleys moved by a cable running below the street. ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "ASME-Landmark:Ferries & Cliff House Railway",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1887",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "12",
"year" : "1887",
"title" : "Tesla's Electro-magnetic motor",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/Tesla%27s_Electro-magnetic_motor",
"description" : "On 12 October 1887, in New York City, Nikola Tesla filed a patent on an \"electric magnetic motor\" (issued 1 May 1888). In this application he claimed not only the invention of an AC motor but also a new system of power transmission. In November Tesla filed the first successful patent for an induction motor. ",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "10"
},
{
"month" : "10",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Tesla%27s_Electro-magnetic_motor",
"description" : "On 12 October 1887, in New York City, Nikola Tesla filed a patent on an \"electric magnetic motor\" (issued 1 May 1888). In this application he claimed not only the invention of an AC motor but also a new system of power transmission. In November Tesla filed the first successful patent for an induction motor. ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Tesla's Electro-magnetic motor",
"day" : "12",
"year" : "1887"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"description" : "In 1888, Heinrich Hertz, in Karlsruhe, published his experimental validations of Maxwell's equations and forced a conceptual revolution in European theoretical physicists by showing that electromagnetic effects propagate at a finite speed. He also discovered the existence of radio waves.",
"link" : "/Electromagnetic_Waves",
"title" : "Electromagnetic Waves",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1888",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1888",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Embudo, New Mexico Stream Guaging station, 1888",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The stream gauging system at Embudo, New Mexico, the first of its kind undertaken, led to the development of techniques that have been used extensively to collect essential data for water resources projects, land use, and urban planning.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEmbudo%2C_New_Mexico_Stream_Guaging_station%2C_1888"
},
{
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Lewis Norton developed the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's “Course X,” which combined mechanical engineering with industrial chemistry, 1888",
"link" : "/MIT_Course_X",
"year" : "1888",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "MIT Course X"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "On 14 August 1888 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Oliver B. Shallenberger received a patent for the watt-hour meter, a device that measured the amount of AC current and made possible the business model of the electric utility. ",
"link" : "/Electric_Meter",
"day" : "14",
"year" : "1888",
"title" : "Electric Meter",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/Commercially_Viable_Streetcar",
"description" : "In February 1888, the 17-mile electric street railway system designed by Frank J. Sprague for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway began operating in Richmond, Virginia. It became the lasting prototype for electric street railways because of its large-scale practicality and operating superiority.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "Commercially Viable Streetcar",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1888",
"day" : "15"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Sweetwater Dam, 1888",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1888",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "7",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASweetwater_Dam%2C_1888",
"description" : "The Sweetwater Dam was once the tallest masonry arch dam in the United States, and it served as a model for many others. The dam has survived three over-toppings, and the water impounded by it has enabled economic development of the National City, Chula Vista, and Bonita regions."
},
{
"year" : "1889",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Alvord Lake Bridge, 1889",
"description" : "The Alvord Lake Bridge, located in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAlvord_Lake_Bridge%2C_1889",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1889",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Dow Receives First Patent",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Herbert Dow, creator of the modern American chemical industry; thought of as both an engineer and a chemist, 1889 ",
"link" : "/Dow_Receives_First_Patent"
},
{
"day" : "12",
"year" : "1889",
"image" : "",
"title" : "STARS:Electromechanical Telephone-Switching",
"description" : "On 12 March 1889 in Kansas City, Missouri, Almon Stowger applied for a patent for automatic telephone switching (issued 10 May 1891). First implemented in La Porte, Indiana in 1892, it took a decade to perfect. Not until 1919 did AT&T install automatic switching equipment in its central offices.",
"link" : "/STARS%3AElectromechanical_Telephone-Switching",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "4",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AEiffel_Tower%2C_1889",
"description" : "When completed, the Eiffel Tower was the highest structure in the world and became renowned as a symbol of Paris.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1889",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Eiffel Tower, 1889",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "10",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APoughkeepsie-Highland_Bridge%2C_1889",
"description" : "The Poughkeepsie-Highland Bridge is the oldest surviving steel cantilever bridge in the world and, when built, had the longest truss and cantilever spans.",
"year" : "1889",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Poughkeepsie-Highland Bridge, 1889"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Firth of Forth Railway Bridge, 1890",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1890",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "For 27 years the Firth of Forth Railway Bridge held the world’s record for span (521 meters). The overall length of the bridge is 2,529 meters.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFirth_of_Forth_Railway_Bridge%2C_1890"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Milk Quality Tester",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1890",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"link" : "/Milk_Quality_Tester",
"description" : "Stephen Babcock developed milk quality tester, allowing widespread use of dairy products; paved the way for vitamins A and D, 1890"
},
{
"year" : "1890",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Viaducto Del Malleco, 1890",
"image" : "",
"description" : "The Viaducto del Malleco, an early steel viaduct, utilized steelwork prefabricated in France. The structure has an overall length of 408 m and carries the rail line 91 m above the Malleco River. The viaduct typifies the engineering challenge associated with design and construction in remote mountainous areas.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AViaducto_Del_Malleco%2C_1890",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "4"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Walnut Street Bridge, 1890",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1890",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "10",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWalnut_Street_Bridge%2C_1890",
"description" : "When completed with fifteen truss spans and an overall length of 2820 feet, the Walnut Street Bridge was the finest and largest example of the standardized wrought iron truss bridges produced by the Phoenix Bridge Company."
},
{
"description" : "The world's first electrified subway, between the City and South London, opened on 4 November 1890. ",
"link" : "/London%27s_Electrified_Subway",
"month" : "11",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"image" : "",
"title" : "London's Electrified Subway",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1890"
},
{
"link" : "/Coherer",
"description" : "On 24 November 1890 in Paris, Édouard Branly invented the coherer, a device crucial to the development of wireless telegraphy. A glass tube with terminals containing metal filings, it becomes a conductor when acted upon by an electric spark, and an insulator when tapping separates the metal filings.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "11",
"year" : "1890",
"day" : "24",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Coherer"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:St. Clair Tunnel, 1891",
"year" : "1891",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The St. Clair Tunnel, built under the St. Claire River, was the first successful subaqueous railway tunnel in North America. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASt._Clair_Tunnel%2C_1891"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Daimler Motor Company begins producing gasoline engines in the U.S. for tram cars, carriages, quadricycles, fire engines, and boats.",
"link" : "/Gasoline_Engines%E2%80%8E",
"year" : "1891",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Gasoline Engines‎"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1891",
"title" : "Underground Extraction Process Using Superheated Water",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Herman Frasch invented underground extraction process using superheated water to liquefy/deliver sulfur from deep deposits, 1891 ",
"link" : "/Underground_Extraction_Process_Using_Superheated_Water"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "The Memphis Bridge, a cantilever truss designed by George S. Morison, was built entirely of the then-newly developed basic open hearth steel. When completed, its 790-foot main span was the longest railroad truss in North America.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMorison%27s_Memphis_Bridge%2C_1892",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Morison's Memphis Bridge, 1892",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1892"
},
{
"year" : "1892",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Reversal of the Chicago River, 1892 - 1900",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AReversal_of_the_Chicago_River%2C_1892_-_1900",
"description" : "Completed in 1900, the reversal of the Chicago River, a major civil engineering innovation, required imaginative planning and ingenious construction. The result was a multi-purpose project that significantly benefited the development of America’s heartland."
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFirst_Concrete_Pavement%2C_1893",
"description" : "The first engineering use of Portland cement concrete street pavement in public road construction represented a milestone for civil engineering.",
"year" : "1893",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:First Concrete Pavement, 1893",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"description" : "E. Sorel developed mathematical basis for interpretation of distillation of binary solutions; published “La rectification de l’alcohol”, 1893 ",
"link" : "/Mathematical_Basis_for_Distillation",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Mathematical Basis for Distillation",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1893"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bunker Hill Covered Bridge, 1894",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1894",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABunker_Hill_Covered_Bridge%2C_1894",
"description" : "The Bunker Hill Covered Bridge, constructed in 1895 and restored in 1994, is the only remaining example of the improved lattice-truss timber bridge patented by Herman Haupt in 1839.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Union Station, 1894",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1894",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AUnion_Station%2C_1894",
"description" : "Union Station, in which 22 railroad lines from east and west terminated in a centralized location, was the largest in the world at the time of its construction.",
"month" : "7",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"link" : "/X-Rays",
"description" : "X-rays were discovered in 1896 by German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen. Röntgen noticed that when he was producing cathode rays a mineral (barium platinocyanide) elsewhere in his laboratory gave off light.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "X-Rays",
"year" : "1895",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Folsom Hydroelectric Power System, 1895",
"year" : "1895",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFolsom_Hydroelectric_Power_System%2C_1895",
"description" : "The Folsom Hydroelectric Power System was the second system in the U.S. to provide long–distance, high voltage, three-phase transmission for significant municipal and industrial multi-purpose power use. (The first was Mill Creek No. 1, near Redlands, CA, which was completed two years earlier, but the original generators no longer exist)"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1895",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Goldfields Water Supply, 1895-1903",
"description" : "The Goldfields Water Supply scheme was the world’s longest fresh water pipeline when built and the first to be fabricated from steel.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGoldfields_Water_Supply%2C_1895-1903",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "7"
},
{
"link" : "/Wireless_Telegraphy",
"description" : "On 2 June 1896 Guglielmo Marconi filed his provisional specification of a patent for wireless telegraphy. He demonstrated the system to the British Post Office in July. British and American patents were issued in July 1897. Wireless telegraphy had its first use during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902).",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1896",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Wireless Telegraphy"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANorthampton_Street_Bridge%2C_1896",
"description" : "The Northampton Street Bridge is the sole existing through-type cantilever eyebar bridge in the United States to serve only highway traffic.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Northampton Street Bridge, 1896",
"year" : "1896",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABoston_Subway%2C_1897",
"description" : "As the first subway in North America and an engineering innovation, the Boston Subway became the prototype for other urban mass transit subway systems in the United States.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1897",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Boston Subway, 1897",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/Thomson_Reveals_Electron",
"description" : "J.J. Thomson announced the discovery of subatomic particles of electricity (the electron) at the Friday Evening Discourse of the Royal Institution, in London, England, on 30 April 1897. ",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1897",
"day" : "30",
"title" : "Thomson Reveals Electron",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Stevens Pass Railroad Tunnels, 1897 - 1929",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1897",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AStevens_Pass_Railroad_Tunnels%2C_1897_-_1929",
"description" : "The first and second Cascade Tunnels and the switchbacks carried the Great Northern Railroad trains over the Stevens Pass since 1892. John F. Stevens was made chief engineer of the Great Northern in 1895 and supervised construction of the Cascade Tunnels. The second Cascade Tunnel was the longest tunnel in the Western Hemisphere from 1929 to 1989.",
"month" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"description" : "The Woodhead Dam was the first large masonry dam in South Africa.  A regional water system with a major reservoir was a bold venture requiring difficult construction in a remote area. Innovative techniques, including an aerial cableway to carry materials, were needed.  The dam's successful completion paved the way for sister dams that continue to supply water to Cape Town and its environs.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWoodhead_Dam%2C_1897",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "10",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1897",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Woodhead Dam, 1897",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "12",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Valdemar Poulsen filed for his first patent for magnetic recording on 1 December 1898 in Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1929 Fritz Pfleumer patented magnetic recording tape using oxide bonded to a strip of paper or film. Bing Crosby used a similar device to record his radio show beginning in 1947. ",
"link" : "/Magnetic_Recording",
"title" : "Magnetic Recording",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1898"
},
{
"year" : "1899",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Snoqualmie Falls Cavity Generating Station, 1899",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASnoqualmie_Falls_Cavity_Generating_Station%2C_1899",
"description" : "The concept of an underground hydroelectric station was first successfully achieved at the Snoqualmie Falls Cavity Generating Station. This innovation has since been applied successfully in many other sites throughout the world. "
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1900",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Peavy-Haglin Concrete Grain Elevator, 1900",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APeavy-Haglin_Concrete_Grain_Elevator%2C_1900",
"description" : "When completed, the Peavey-Haglin Concrete Grain Elevator was the first circular concrete grain elevator constructed in North America and the prototype of those ubiquitous structures that hold the country’s wheat harvest. ",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWhite_Pass_and_Yukon_Railroad%2C_1900",
"description" : "American and Canadian engineers constructed the White Pass and Yukon Railroad, extending from Skagway, Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon Territory, in only 27 months, representing the first cold region engineered construction in Alaska.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:White Pass and Yukon Railroad, 1900",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1900"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1901",
"image" : "",
"title" : "EKGs and EEGs",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/EKGs_and_EEGs",
"description" : "In 1901, Dutch researcher (and 1924 Nobel Prize winner) William Einthoven reported his use of a string galvonometer to advance electrocardiography, the recording of the heart's electrical activity. He published his first electrocardiogram (EKG) in 1902 and landmark recordings of arrythmias in 1906."
},
{
"description" : "Philadelphia City Hall was the world's tallest occupied structure and the nation's largest municipal government building when completed. Its load-bearing masonry construction is unique for a building of this size.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APhiladelphia_City_Hall%2C_1901",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1901",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Philadelphia City Hall, 1901"
},
{
"description" : "The U.S.'s first deep oil well and gusher at Spindletop, near Beaumont, Texas.  Captain Anthony F. Lucas's combined use of fishtail bits, water-based drilling mud, and steam-driven rotary drill rig resulted in such success that it triggers the Texas oil boom.",
"link" : "/Texas_Oil_Boom%E2%80%8E",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1901",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Texas Oil Boom‎"
},
{
"description" : "At the time of its completion, the West Baden Springs Hotel was the largest domed structure in the world. The dome diameter of 200 feet was not surpassed for more than 60 years.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWest_Baden_Springs_Hotel%2C_1901",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:West Baden Springs Hotel, 1901",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1901"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Sault Ste. Marie Hydroelectric Power complex, 1902",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1902",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "When completed, the Sault Ste. Marie Hydroelectric Power Complex was the largest low-head facility in the United States, with a canal that carried 30,000 cubic feet per second. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASault_Ste._Marie_Hydroelectric_Power_complex%2C_1902"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1902",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Vapor-phase Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide",
"link" : "/Vapor-phase_Oxidation_of_Sulfur_Dioxide",
"description" : "Friedrich Goppelsroeder identified chemical compositions of dyes, milk, alkaloids and wine using the capillarity of paper; later became known as the grandfather of paper chromatography, 1902",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "In 1902 Arthur Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside independently proposed the existence of an atmospheric layer of ions that conducts electricity and reflects radio waves. Kennelly published his ideas on March 15. Heaviside's hypothesis went public on December 19. The layer is now called the E region.",
"link" : "/Kennelly-Heaviside_Layer",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1902",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Kennelly-Heaviside Layer"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Courtland Street Drawbridge, 1902",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1902",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "The Cortland Street Drawbridge, a trunnion-bascule highway bridge, was the first of its kind and became the model for this type of urban transportation structure",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACourtland_Street_Drawbridge%2C_1902",
"month" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1902",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Rockville Stone Arch Bridge, 1902",
"image" : "",
"description" : "When opened, the Rockville Stone Arch Bridge represented the zenith of American stone arch construction. This span is one of the longest (3,820 feet) and widest (52 feet) multiple stone arch bridges in the world.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARockville_Stone_Arch_Bridge%2C_1902",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cedar Falls Water Supply, 1902-1905",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1902",
"month" : "11",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Cedar Falls Water Supply was the first municipally owned hydroelectric project in the United Sates, and the forerunner of the public power movement.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACedar_Falls_Water_Supply%2C_1902-1905"
},
{
"description" : "The Ingalls Building was the first reinforced concrete skyscraper in the world.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AIngalls_Building%2C_1903",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Ingalls Building, 1903",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1903",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWilliamsburg_Bridge%2C_1903",
"description" : "The Williamsburg Bridge's 1,600-foot main span was the longest in the world from 1903 until 1924. With 40-foot deep stiffening trusses, it was the first suspension bridge over 1,000 feet to have steel towers.",
"year" : "1903",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Williamsburg Bridge, 1903"
},
{
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Fleming_Valve",
"description" : "In 1904 in London, while investigating the Edison effect (electrical conduction within a glass bulb), John A. Fleming wired an old vacuum tube into a radio receiving circuit. A galvanometer could detect a weak wireless signal rectified by the Fleming Valve, which laid a foundation for electronics.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1904",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Fleming Valve"
},
{
"year" : "1904",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:First New York Subway, 1904",
"image" : "",
"description" : "New York City built the first major rapid transit subway system in the United States.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFirst_New_York_Subway%2C_1904",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/A_Handbook_of_Chemical_Engineering",
"description" : "George E. Davis published chemical engineering concepts as “A Handbook of Chemical Engineering”, 1904 ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "A Handbook of Chemical Engineering",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1904"
},
{
"year" : "1904",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Boundary Layer Between Surfaces and Moving Fluids",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Ludwig Prandtl revolutionized fluid mechanics with concept of a boundary layer between surfaces and moving fluids, 1904 ",
"link" : "/Boundary_Layer_Between_Surfaces_and_Moving_Fluids",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGalveston_Seawall_and_Grade_Raising_Project%2C_1904_%26_1911",
"description" : "Using pioneering materials and methods, civil engineers designed and built a concrete seawall on Galveston Island and raised the island’s elevation to prevent future natural disasters such as the 1900 hurricane in which 6,000 people were lost.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "4",
"year" : "1904",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Galveston Seawall and Grade Raising Project, 1904 & 1911"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1904",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Panama Canal, 1904-1914",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APanama_Canal%2C_1904-1914",
"description" : "Originally undertaken by the French and then redesigned and constructed by American engineers, the Panama Canal is one of the greatest sea-to-sea lock canals of all time. ",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "10"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cheesman Dam, 1905",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1905",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "When completed, the Cheesman Dam was the world’s highest gravity stone arch masonry dam.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACheesman_Dam%2C_1905"
},
{
"year" : "1905",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Victoria Falls Bridge, 1905",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AVictoria_Falls_Bridge%2C_1905",
"description" : "The Victoria Falls Bridge is a 152-meter span, steel-lattice, two-hinged arch bridge with a deck level 122 m above the Zambezi River and is situated just downstream from Victoria Falls in a site of unsurpassed grandeur. "
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Marshall Building, 1906",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1906",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMarshall_Building%2C_1906",
"description" : "The Marshall Building’s structure is the oldest extant example of the “mushroom” flat-slab system developed by reinforced concrete construction pioneer Claude A.P. Turner. The technique transformed the design and construction of reinforced concrete floors worldwide."
},
{
"description" : "Walther Nernst made fundamental contributions to electrochemistry, solid-state chemistry, photochemistry and more, 1906",
"link" : "/Walther_Nernst",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1906",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Walther Nernst",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1906",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Chromatography",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Mikhail S. Tswett used selective adsorbents and extraction to purify chlorophyll from plants; termed it \"chromatography\" , 1906 ",
"link" : "/Chromatography",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "6"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "De Forest Audion",
"year" : "1906",
"day" : "25",
"month" : "10",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/De_Forest_Audion",
"description" : "On 25 October 1906, American engineer Lee De Forest filed for a patent that included the first form of the 3-electrode Audion, which could function as an amplifier and oscillator as well as detector. This improvement on the Fleming Valve enabled the low-cost amplification of wireless voice signals."
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Unprecedented in size and scope at the time of its completion, the First Owens River-L.A. Aqueduct system was the prototype for the extensive water supply systems needed to support the major urban complexes of today.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFirst_Owens_River-Los_Angeles_Aqueduct%2C_1907-1913",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:First Owens River-Los Angeles Aqueduct, 1907-1913",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1907"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Titan Crane, 1907",
"year" : "1907",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "8",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATitan_Crane%2C_1907",
"description" : "When tested with a 160-ton load at a radius of 85 ft [26 m] and then commissioned, this 164 ft [50 m] high crane became the largest of the hammerhead type. The Titan Crane’s fixed counterweight and electrically operated hoists also made this crane faster and more responsive than its steam-powered predecessors. It influenced the design of cranes of this genre worldwide and is now the earliest survivor."
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Hudson & Manhattan Railroad Tunnel was the first railroad tunnel under a major river in the country and introduced a shield-system of subaqueous tunneling to the United States. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHudson_and_Manhattan_RR_Tunnel%2C_1908",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hudson and Manhattan RR Tunnel, 1908",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1908"
},
{
"year" : "1908",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Continuous-flow Stirred-tank Plug-flow Equations",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Continuous-flow_Stirred-tank_Plug-flow_Equations",
"description" : "Irving Langmuir formulated continuous-flow stirred-tank plug-flow equations; received 1932 Nobel Prize for monolayer and two dimensional physics, 1908 "
},
{
"year" : "1908",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:North Island Main Trunk Railway, 1908",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANorth_Island_Main_Trunk_Railway%2C_1908",
"description" : "Built under challenging conditions and over difficult terrain, the North Island Main Trunk Railway linked Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand, permitting overland travel and development of the hinterland.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "3"
},
{
"description" : "Gabriel Lippmann received Nobel Prize for reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference, 1908",
"link" : "/Reproducing_Colors_Photographically",
"month" : "6",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Reproducing Colors Photographically",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1908"
},
{
"description" : "The Northern Pacific High Line Bridge No. 64, a steel viaduct across the Sheyenne River Valley, allowed the railroad to avoid steep grades. At 3886 feet (1184 meters) long and 155 feet (47 meters) high, the structure is an excellent example of this bridge type.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANorthern_Pacific_High_Line_Bridge_No._64%2C_1908",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "9",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1908",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Northern Pacific High Line Bridge No. 64, 1908"
},
{
"month" : "10",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"description" : "Paul Ehrlich received Nobel Prize for work in hematology and chemotherapy; predicted autoimmunity (“horror autotoxicus”) , 1908",
"link" : "/Hematology_and_Chemotherapy",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Hematology and Chemotherapy",
"year" : "1908",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGunnison_Tunnel%2C_1909",
"description" : "The Gunnison Tunnel was the longest irrigation tunnel in America and was the key to the first major trans-mountain irrigation system in the United States.",
"year" : "1909",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Gunnison Tunnel, 1909"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1909",
"title" : "Roller-Cone Drill Bit‎",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Hughes and Sharp patent the first roller-cone drill bit with two cones made of steel.",
"link" : "/Roller-Cone_Drill_Bit%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Catalysis",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1909",
"link" : "/Catalysis",
"description" : "Wilhelm Ostwald received Nobel Prize for fundamental work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium and reaction velocities, 1909",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "3",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWaterford_Bridge%2C_1909",
"description" : "The original wooden Union Bridge, built in 1804, was the first to cross the lower Hudson River and lasted for 105 years until it burned down in 1909 when it was replaced by the existing steel bridge. Built on the same piers, the new steel truss bridge continues the more than 200 years of service to the area.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Waterford Bridge, 1909",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1909",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AManhattan_Bridge%2C_1909",
"description" : "Considered to be the first modern suspension bridge, the Manhattan Bridge was the earliest to use slender \"two dimensional\" steel towers with shallow stiffening trusses. The Manhattan Bridge was the world's third longest from 1909 to 1924. ",
"month" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Manhattan Bridge, 1909",
"year" : "1909",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1909",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Queensboro Bridge, 1909",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AQueensboro_Bridge%2C_1909",
"description" : "The Queensboro Bridge was the longest cantilever span in North America (1,182 feet) from 1909 until the Quebec Bridge opened in 1917 and the longest in the United States until 1930"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1909",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cape Cod Canal, 1909-1914",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACape_Cod_Canal%2C_1909-1914",
"description" : "Without the use of locks, the sea-level, 17-mile Cape Cod Canal was designed to successfully cope with a tidal differential of 4.5 feet coupled with a three-hour out-of-phase tidal cycle.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "11"
},
{
"description" : "When completed, the Buffalo Bill Dam was the highest in the world, and the only one with a height/width ratio greater than one.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABuffalo_Bill_Dam%2C_1910",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1910",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Buffalo Bill Dam, 1910"
},
{
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Carbon-free_Processes",
"description" : "Fredrick Becket developed carbon-free chromium, tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium processes using direct oxide reductions, 1910 ",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1910",
"title" : "Carbon-free Processes",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Bakelite",
"year" : "1910",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Bakelite, the first entirely synthetic thermosetting plastic, is produced from phenol, formaldehyde and wood flour, 1910 ",
"link" : "/Bakelite"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Charles River Basin Project, 1910",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1910",
"month" : "5",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACharles_River_Basin_Project%2C_1910",
"description" : "A pioneering environmental engineering project, the Charles River Basin Project converted 675 acres of estuarial muck into a freshwater basin of beauty and recreational value and has served as an international model in environmental engineering, landscape architecture, and urban planning."
},
{
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "In 1910, in Boulogne, France, Bellini and Tosi develop one of the earliest successful radio direction finding antennas.",
"link" : "/Radio_Direction_Finder",
"title" : "Radio Direction Finder",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1910",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Fritz Engineering Laboratory, 1910",
"year" : "1910",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "11",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "When constructed, the Fritz Engineering Laboratory at Lehigh University was the largest and best-equipped university structural laboratory in the United States, serving as a prototype for subsequent university and research laboratories.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFritz_Engineering_Laboratory%2C_1910"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Armour-Swift-Burlington Bridge, 1911",
"year" : "1911",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AArmour-Swift-Burlington_Bridge%2C_1911",
"description" : "The Armour-Swift-Burlington Bridge is a unique, telescoping vertical-lift, steel-truss bridge that spans the Missouri River at Kansas City and is representative of the innovative moveable bridges designed by leading bridge engineer John Alexander Low Waddell.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "5",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABelle_Fourche_Dam%2C_1911",
"description" : "The Belle Fourche Dam was the largest homogeneous rolled-earth fill dam in the world when completed in 1911.",
"year" : "1911",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Belle Fourche Dam, 1911",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "10",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATheodore_Roosevelt_Dam_%26_Salt_River_Project_%2C_1911",
"description" : "The Theodore Roosevelt Dam & Salt River Project was the first project of the Bureau of Reclamation and the first multipurpose (irrigation, river regulation, power generation and recreation) project in the United States",
"year" : "1911",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Theodore Roosevelt Dam & Salt River Project , 1911",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Theory of Boundary Layers",
"year" : "1912",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "Theodore von Karman developed theory of boundary layers and fluid flow to calculate air resistance of aircraft and rockets, leading to the first all-metal cantilevered wing, 1912 ",
"link" : "/Theory_of_Boundary_Layers",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "Thermal Cracking",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1912",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"description" : "Thermal cracking at 850° F and 75 psig doubles the yield of gasoline from crude oil, compared with 650° F atmospheric distillation. (Standard Oil Co. of Indiana), 1912",
"link" : "/Thermal_Cracking"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Columbia River Scenic Highway is an outstanding example of civil engineering, which blended 74 miles of roadways, tunnels, viaducts, and overlooks into the natural environment harmoniously.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AColumbia_%28Old%29_River_Scenic_Highway%2C_1913_-_1922",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Columbia (Old) River Scenic Highway, 1913 - 1922",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1913"
},
{
"description" : "Geoffrey Ingram Taylor introduced concept of velocity fluctuations in turbulent flows, critical to development of solid mechanics, 1913",
"link" : "/Velocity_Fluctuations_in_Turbulent_Flows",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1913",
"title" : "Velocity Fluctuations in Turbulent Flows",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1913",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Grand Central Terminal, 1913",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGrand_Central_Terminal%2C_1913",
"description" : "Constructed under challenging conditions with no interruption of existing train service, Grand Central Terminal was a triumph of innovative engineering in the design of urban transportation centers. Its novel, two-level station, made possible by electric traction, streamlined both train and passenger movement by separating long-haul and suburban traffic and employing an extensive system of pedestrian ramps throughout the facility.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "6"
},
{
"year" : "1913",
"day" : "18",
"title" : "First Telephone Repeater",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "10",
"description" : "On 18 October 1913 a telephone repeater developed by Western Electric was placed in service on a circuit between New York and Philadelphia. It was probably the first high-vacuum tube amplifier in commercial service. ",
"link" : "/First_Telephone_Repeater"
},
{
"year" : "1913",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Keokuk Dam & Power Plant Project, 1913",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "11",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AKeokuk_Dam_%26_Power_Plant_Project%2C_1913",
"description" : "At the time, the Keokuk Dam & Power Plant project incorporated the longest monolithic concrete dam in the world and was a pioneering effort in large-scale, low-head hydroelectric power."
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHouston_Ship_Channel%2C_1914",
"description" : "Under continuous development since the original construction, the Houston Ship Channel is directly linked to hundreds of transportation facilities, industrial plants, and other enterprises that use the channel to ship products to markets throughout the world.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Houston Ship Channel, 1914",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1914"
},
{
"description" : "When opened, the Flight of Five Locks represented the greatest series of high lift locks in the shortest distance of any canal in the United State.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFlight_of_Five_Locks%2C_1915",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Flight of Five Locks, 1915",
"year" : "1915",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "Heat-transfer Relationships",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1915",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"description" : "Wilhelm Nusselt devised basic heat-transfer relationships later bearing his name, 1915 ",
"link" : "/Heat-transfer_Relationships"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1915",
"title" : "Pyrex",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Pyrex",
"description" : "Highly heat- and corrosion-resistant lead-free borosilicate glass is introduced as Pyrex. The name may have been derived from the Greek “pyra” (hearth). Corning Glass Works (now Corning Inc.) used advertising to educate consumers about the benefits of cooking with glass. (Corning Glass), 1915 "
},
{
"year" : "1915",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Kansas City Park and Boulevard System, 1915",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AKansas_City_Park_and_Boulevard_System%2C_1915",
"description" : "The Kansas City Park & Boulevard System, a pioneer project, was among the first to integrate the aesthetics of landscape architecture with the practicality of city planning, stimulating other metropolitan areas to undertake similar projects.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "5"
},
{
"month" : "9",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATunkhannock_Viaduct%2C_1915",
"description" : "When built, the Tunkhannock Viaduct, a reinforced concrete structure, was the largest of its kind.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Tunkhannock Viaduct, 1915",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1915",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"title" : " ASCE-Landmark:Elephant Butte Dam, 1916",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1916",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/_ASCE-Landmark%3AElephant_Butte_Dam%2C_1916",
"description" : "The Elephant Butte Dam created the largest reservoir in the world at that time and was the first civil engineering water project associated with the international allocation of water."
},
{
"title" : "Smokeless Gunpowder",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1916",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "Weitzman acetone-butanol fermentation with clostridium acetobutyicum is used to make smokeless gunpowder. Unwanted butanol is later used as automobile lacquer. This development signaled the beginning of large biotechnological processing. (Strange and Graham, Ltd.), 1916 ",
"link" : "/Smokeless_Gunpowder",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AQuebec_Bridge%2C_1917",
"description" : "At the time of construction, the Quebec Bridge was the longest span (549 meters) cantilever bridge in the world. ",
"year" : "1917",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Quebec Bridge, 1917",
"image" : ""
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1917",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Lake Washington Ship Canal & Hiram M Chittenden Locks, 1917",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"description" : "The Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the largest and most heavily used locks on the West Coast, incorporated unique, parallel dual-sized lock chambers for water conservation and preventive measures to reduce salt water intrusion into Lake Washington.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALake_Washington_Ship_Canal_%26_Hiram_M_Chittenden_Locks%2C_1917"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Miami Conservancy District , 1918 - 1922",
"year" : "1918",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMiami_Conservancy_District_%2C_1918_-_1922",
"description" : "The Miami Conservancy District project was the first regionally coordinated flood control system in the United States that employed retention reservoirs for controlled release of floodwaters. Since its completion, the protected Miami Valley has not been damaged by flooding."
},
{
"title" : "FLIT",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1918",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/FLIT",
"description" : "FLIT, the first petroleum-based household insecticide, is marketed. Its advertising art was created by Theodor Seuss Geisel (later known as Dr. Seuss). (Standard Oil of New Jersey), 1918 ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "Superheterodyne Receiver",
"image" : "",
"day" : "30",
"year" : "1918",
"description" : "On 30 December 1918, Edwin H. Armstrong applied for a patent on the superheterodyne receiver (issued on 8 June 1920). Its ability to boost weak signals made it possible to reduce the size of antennas dramatically. RCA marketed the superheterodyne beginning in March 1924, making it standard.",
"link" : "/Superheterodyne_Receiver",
"month" : "12",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABrooks_AFB%2C_Old_Hanger_9%2C_1919",
"description" : "Out of 16 hangars and support facilities of the Brooks Air Force Field, Old Hangar 9 is the only one still standing from this WWI era training camp.",
"year" : "1919",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Brooks AFB, Old Hanger 9, 1919"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "5",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHydraulics_Laboratory_at_the_University_of_Iowa%2C_1919",
"description" : "The University of Iowa Hydraulics Laboratory is the oldest such university-based facility in the U.S. that has continuously focused on research and education in hydraulic engineering.",
"year" : "1919",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hydraulics Laboratory at the University of Iowa, 1919",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage Treatment Plant, 1919 - 1925",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1919",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMilwaukee_Metropolitan_Sewage_Treatment_Plant%2C_1919_-_1925",
"description" : "The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage Treatment Plant is America’s earliest large-scale activated sludge type municipal sewage treatment plant – a major improvement on contemporary methods.",
"month" : "10",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Missouri River Bridges, 1920 - 1927",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1920",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMissouri_River_Bridges%2C_1920_-_1927",
"description" : "These Missouri River bridges were the first bridges to be built to provide permanent crossings for automobile traffic and thereby improve inter- and intra-state commerce. ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"link" : "/Isopropyl_Alcohol",
"description" : "Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) is the first commercial petrochemical — made from propylene by indirect hydration in sulfuric acid. (Standard Oil of New Jersey), 1920 ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Isopropyl Alcohol",
"year" : "1920",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/Continuous_Thermal_Cracking",
"description" : "Continuous thermal cracking to convert heavy oil into gasoline is achieved using double coils and tubes. (Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey), 1921 ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"title" : "Continuous Thermal Cracking",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1921"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Peanut Butter",
"year" : "1922",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "Peanut butter is commercialized after methods are developed to prevent oil separation, 1922. John Kellogg first created peanut butter for toothless patients (1890). (Procter & Gamble) ",
"link" : "/Peanut_Butter",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "Almer McDuffie McAfee developed first viable catalytic cracking process using anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst, 1923",
"link" : "/Viable_Catalytic_Cracking_Process",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1923",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Viable Catalytic Cracking Process"
},
{
"title" : "Iconoscope",
"image" : "",
"day" : "29",
"year" : "1923",
"month" : "12",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"description" : "On 29 December 1923 Vladimir Zworykin filed for a patent on his Iconoscope TV Camera (issued 20 December 1938). It was a new approach to television that relied entirely on electronics rather than a combination of electronic and mechanical devices. Improved designs superseded it in the 1940s.",
"link" : "/Iconoscope"
},
{
"description" : "On 29 December 1923 Vladimir Zworykin filed for a patent on his Iconoscope TV Camera (issued 20 December 1938). It was a new approach to television that relied entirely on electronics rather than a combination of electronic and mechanical devices. Improved designs superseded it in the 1940s.",
"link" : "/Iconoscope",
"month" : "12",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Iconoscope",
"day" : "29",
"year" : "1923"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:River des Peres Sewage & Drainage Works, 1924 - 1931",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1924",
"description" : "The River des Peres Sewage & Drainage Works, a 13-mile system of sanitary trunk sewers and drainage channels, was the largest undertaking of its kind when completed between 1924 and 1931.  ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARiver_des_Peres_Sewage_%26_Drainage_Works%2C_1924_-_1931",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1924",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Stainless Steel",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Stainless_Steel",
"description" : "Introduction of stainless steel allowed production of nitric acid at high pressure for use in manufacturing agricultural fertilizers, dye-stuffs and explosives. (E. I. DuPont), 1924 "
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ACleveland_Hopkins_Airport%2C_1925",
"description" : "The Cleveland Hopkins Airport is the first major municipal airport to provide an integrated engineered system of paved landing surfaces, floodlit runways, and a terminal complex consisting of both operational buildings and hangars.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Cleveland Hopkins Airport, 1925",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1925",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1926",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Yagi Antenna",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Yagi_Antenna",
"description" : "In 1926, Professor Hidetsugu Yagi and his assistant, Shintaro Uda, published in Japan on the sensitive and highly-directional antenna they had designed and built. Effective in the higher-frequency ranges, it has been important for radar, television, and amateur radio. The patent was granted in 1932."
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Chromium Plating",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1926",
"link" : "/Chromium_Plating",
"description" : "Chromium plating is invented to protect iron and steel products, such as automobile bumpers, against rust. (Columbia Univ. (Colin Fink)), 1926",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHolland_Tunnel%2C_1927",
"description" : "The Holland Tunnel, a twin-tube subaqueous highway tunnel with its unprecedented length of 8,500 feet, was a bold step forward in navigable waterway crossings.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1927",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Holland Tunnel, 1927"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1927",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electrical Logging‎",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Henri Doll, Roger Jost, and Charles Scheibli conduct the first electrical logging operation at Pechelbronn, France.",
"link" : "/Electrical_Logging%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Fractionating_Bubble_Tower",
"description" : "First fractionating bubble tower is introduced, supplanting inexpensive but lower-capacity and less-efficient packed columns (which were introduced in 1889). (Standard Oil Development), 1927 ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Fractionating Bubble Tower",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1927"
},
{
"year" : "1927",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Moffat Tunnel, 1927",
"image" : "",
"description" : "The 6.2 mile Moffat Tunnel in the Rocky Mountains was not only the largest railroad tunnel in the Western Hemisphere when completed, but it also demonstrated new tunnel construction techniques and the innovative concept of using its pilot bore later as a permanent aqueduct.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMoffat_Tunnel%2C_1927",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "8"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Bailey Island Bridge was an innovative split-stone open crib construction that carries the concrete deck that bridges the navigation channel without impeding tidal flow.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABailey_Island_Bridge%2C_1928",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bailey Island Bridge, 1928",
"year" : "1928",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "The Newark Airport, a pioneering major airport with its 1,600-foot runway, was one of the first hard surfaced runways to be constructed at any municipal airport in the United States and, as such, it served as prototype for today’s modern airport runways.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANewark_Airport%2C_1928",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1928",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Newark Airport, 1928"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1928",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Penicillin",
"description" : "Alexander Fleming accidentally created bacteria-free penicillin annulus in staphylococcus culture even if diluted eight-hundredfold, 1928",
"link" : "/Penicillin",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Plexiglas",
"description" : "Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic glass in developed; marketed in 1933 as Plexiglas. (Rohm & Haas), 1928 ",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1928",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Plexiglas"
},
{
"link" : "/Berger_Publishes_Paper_on_Electroencephalogram",
"description" : "In 1929 German psychiatrist Hans Berger published \"On the Electroencephalogram in Humans,\" coining the term and characterizing the brain's alpha and beta wave patterns. He had recorded his first EEGs in 1924. The technology improved in the 1930s and became widely used in the 1940s. ",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1929",
"title" : "Berger Publishes Paper on Electroencephalogram",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGoodyear_Airdock%2C_1929",
"description" : "The Goodyear Airdock, a unique structure with a volume of 55,000,000 cubic feet, was at the time the largest building in the world in terms of uninterrupted space. ",
"year" : "1929",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Goodyear Airdock, 1929",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1929",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Controlled Directional Drilling‎",
"description" : "H. John Eastman introduces controlled directional drilling.",
"link" : "/Controlled_Directional_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANavajo_Bridge%2C_1929",
"description" : "At the time of its construction, the Navajo Bridge was the highest steel arch bridge in the United States, and for the next 66 years it served as the only crossing of the Colorado River for 600 miles. ",
"year" : "1929",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Navajo Bridge, 1929",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "3",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAtlantic_City_Municipal_Convention_Center%2C_1929",
"description" : "When completed, the Atlantic City Convention Hall was the world’s largest auditorium and the greatest permanent-span three-hinged roof arch system ever built.",
"year" : "1929",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Atlantic City Municipal Convention Center, 1929",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Rocky River Pumped Storage Hydraulic Plant, 1929",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1929",
"description" : "The Rocky River Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Plant was the first major pumped storage hydroelectric project in the United States. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARocky_River_Pumped_Storage_Hydraulic_Plant%2C_1929",
"month" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "5",
"description" : "The San Antonio River Walk & Flood Control system has proven extremely successful in controlling San Antonio’s devastating urban flooding problem. In addition, the engineering design pioneered the sensitive and effective blending of architectural, historical, environmental and urban development needs.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASan_Antonio_River_Walk_%26_Flood_Control_system%2C_1929_-_1941",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1929",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:San Antonio River Walk & Flood Control system, 1929 - 1941",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme, 1929",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1929",
"month" : "6",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "By international standards, the Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme for the electrification of the Irish Free State was one of the largest civil engineering projects at the time it was built",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AShannon_Hydroelectric_Scheme%2C_1929"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATexas_Commerce_Bank_Building%2C_1929",
"description" : "The Texas Commerce Building (now Chase) was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River until 1962. With Dr. Karl Terzaghi as consultant, this building represents one of the first applications of the new field of soil mechanics to foundation design and building settlement on a clay soil.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1929",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Texas Commerce Bank Building, 1929"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterway Exp Ctr, 1929",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1929",
"description" : "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station was the first federal hydraulics research facility and is now the Corps’ largest engineering and scientific research facility. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AU.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Waterway_Exp_Ctr%2C_1929",
"month" : "8",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AColumbia-Wrightsville_Bridge%2C_1930",
"description" : "When completed, the Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge was the longest multiple-arch concrete highway bridge (one-mile) in the world. ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge, 1930",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1930"
},
{
"link" : "/Low-temperature_Lube_Oils",
"description" : "Low-temperature lube oils are produced using an additive to prevent paraffin crystallization. (Standard Oil Development), 1930 ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"title" : "Low-temperature Lube Oils",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1930"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADetroit-Windsor_Tunnel%2C_1930",
"description" : "When constructed, the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, a subaqueous single tube highway tunnel, was an exceptional engineering achievement using three distinct tunneling techniques. It was also the first use of arc welding in tunneling history.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "3",
"year" : "1930",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, 1930",
"image" : ""
},
{
"month" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "Designed by Robert Maillart, the Salginatobel Bridge represents a major innovation of structural type – the three-hinged, hollow-bow arch of reinforced concrete – using a new method of staged-arch construction. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASalginatobel_Bridge%2C_1930",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Salginatobel Bridge, 1930",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1930"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:White River Concrete Arch Bridge, 1930",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1930",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWhite_River_Concrete_Arch_Bridge%2C_1930",
"description" : "When completed, the White River Concrete Arch Bridge included the first major use of a cableway in association with lattice steel ribs that acted as reinforcement and precluded the need for conventional centering.",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AZion_Mt._Carmel_Tunnel_%26_Hwy%2C_1930",
"description" : "The Zion Mt. Carmel Tunnel and Highway includes the longest vehicular tunnel in the National Park system (5,613 ft), which was blasted through the towering sandstone cliffs above Pine Creek Canyon. Construction of the tunnel and highway required extraordinary access through cliff-face galleries for blasting and excavation.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "9",
"year" : "1930",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Zion Mt. Carmel Tunnel & Hwy, 1930"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bayonne Bridge, 1931",
"year" : "1931",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "At the time of completion, the steel arch Bayonne Bridge was the greatest span (1675 feet) of its type in the world.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABayonne_Bridge%2C_1931",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AWaldo-Hancock_Suspension_Bridge%2C_1931",
"description" : "The Waldo-Hancock Suspension Bridge was the first bridge to make use of the Vierendeel truss in its two towers, giving it an effect that David Steinman called “artistic, emphasizing horizontal and vertical lines.\"",
"year" : "1931",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Waldo-Hancock Suspension Bridge, 1931",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "Discovery of Mass-2 Hydrogen",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1931",
"description" : "Harold C. Urey confirmed his discovery of mass-2 hydrogen (deuterium); proposed centrifugal separation of uranium, 1931",
"link" : "/Discovery_of_Mass-2_Hydrogen",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Tungsten Powder Metallurgy",
"year" : "1931",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Tungsten_Powder_Metallurgy",
"description" : "Beginning of tungsten powder metallurgy: ductile tungsten for incandescent lamp filaments is produced by doping tungsten oxide before its reduction. (Columbia Univ.), 1931 "
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:George Washington Bridge, 1931",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1931",
"description" : "The George Washington Bridge, a 3,500-foot center span suspension bridge, was virtually double the span of its largest predecessor.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGeorge_Washington_Bridge%2C_1931",
"month" : "3",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1931",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Rogue River Bridge, 1931",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"description" : "The Rogue River Bridge, a seven-span arch bridge, was the first major structure in America to use the concept of the pre-stressed concrete arch. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARogue_River_Bridge%2C_1931"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGoing_-To-The-Sun_Road%2C_1932",
"description" : "When completed, the Going-to-the-Sun Road was the first major trans-mountain scenic highway in the United States.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Going -To-The-Sun Road, 1932",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1932"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "5",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASydney_Harbour_Bridge%2C_1932",
"description" : "A steel through-arch, multi-modal structure, the Sydney Harbour Bridge was the second longest span (503 m) of its type when completed. The bridge is now an international symbol of Australia and her engineering achievements.",
"year" : "1932",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Sydney Harbour Bridge, 1932"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Zuiderzee Enclosure Dam, 1932",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1932",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "The Zuiderzee Enclosure Dam has successfully barred the sea for over 50 years. The structure protects a large area north of Amsterdam, allowing construction of polders to claim these areas of land from the sea.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AZuiderzee_Enclosure_Dam%2C_1932",
"month" : "11",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "Armstrong Receives FM Patents",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1933",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/Armstrong_Receives_FM_Patents",
"description" : "In 1928 Edwin H. Armstrong turned to frequency modulation (FM) to solve the problem of static, finding it necessary to use a much broader bandwidth than AM stations. In 1933 Armstrong obtained four patents for his FM techniques. RCA showed no interest and FM radio developed slowly until the 1950s.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"description" : "The 242-mile Colorado River aqueduct provided the water that made the large scale population and economic growth of Southern California possible.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AColorado_River_Aqueduct%2C_1933-1941",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1933",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Colorado River Aqueduct, 1933-1941",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/Tricone_Roller-Cone_Drill_Bit%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Hughes introduces the first tricone roller-cone drill bit.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"title" : "Tricone Roller-Cone Drill Bit‎",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1933",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1933",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Cordura",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Cordura",
"description" : "Rayon tire cord is introduced as Cordura. The trademark may be best recognized for its later use in outdoor nylon products, such as luggage and backpacks. (E. I. DuPont), 1933 "
},
{
"title" : "Bromine Extraction",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1934",
"description" : "First plant capable of extracting 67-ppm bromine from seawater starts up in North Carolina. Bromine, as ethylene dibromide, is used to scavenge lead oxide deposits produced in automobile engines from tetraethyl lead (TEL) added to increase octane number. (Dow Chemical), 1934 ",
"link" : "/Bromine_Extraction",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Hoover Dam, a 726-foot high-arch gravity structure, was the greatest constructed project at that time and remains one of the highest concrete dams in the Western Hemisphere. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHoover_Dam%2C_1935",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1935",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hoover Dam, 1935"
},
{
"link" : "/Catalytic_Cracking%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Catalytic (or \"cat\") cracking, a process which uses intense heat and a catalyst to split up heavy hydrocarbons first utilized in oil refining.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Catalytic Cracking‎",
"year" : "1935",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "2",
"link" : "/Watson-Watt_Proposes_Radar",
"description" : "On 12 February 1935 Robert Watson-Watt sent a memorandum entitled \"Detection of aircraft by radio methods\", which Hanbury Brown calls \"the birth certificate of radar.\" During World War II, radar played a pivotal role in the success or failure of many military missions. ",
"day" : "12",
"year" : "1935",
"title" : "Watson-Watt Proposes Radar",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHuey_P._Long_Bridge%2C_1935",
"description" : "The Huey P. Long Bridge was the first bridge to span the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The dual-track railroad portion, with its total length of 22,995 feet, was the longest, high-level railroad bridge in the world at the time.",
"month" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Huey P. Long Bridge, 1935",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1935"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AKavanagh_Building%2C_1935",
"description" : "The Kavanagh Building, 31-stories high and complete with central air conditioning and advanced technology, was one of the first reinforced concrete skyscrapers in the world when opened.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "11",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1935",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Kavanagh Building, 1935"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ANorris_Dam%2C_1936",
"description" : "The Norris Dam was the first of a series of dams designed and built to put the vast water resources of the Tennessee River System to work for the people of the region. The completion of the dam was a significant step in turning the destructive power of the Tennessee River into a resource for economic and social progress.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Norris Dam, 1936",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1936"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "5",
"description" : "The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was the longest crossing over water and most costly bridge of its time. Construction was possible due to the use of compressed-air flotation caissons. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASan_Francisco-Oakland_Bay_Bridge%2C_1936",
"year" : "1936",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, 1936"
},
{
"month" : "10",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATriborough_Bridge_Project%2C_1936",
"description" : "The Triborough Bridge Project, a three and a half mile, three-branched waterway crossing, is comprised of a major suspension bridge, a large vertical lift span, a fixed span designed to be convertible to a lift span, a long viaduct, and an innovative three-legged roadway interchange. It is an early example of the complete planning and development of a major transportation project in an urban environment.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Triborough Bridge Project, 1936",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1936"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABlue_Ridge_Parkway%2C_1937",
"description" : "Begun in 1935, the 469-mile Blue Ridge Parkway was, at the time, the longest road ever planned as a single unit in the United States.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Blue Ridge Parkway, 1937",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1937",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "High-octane Gasoline",
"year" : "1937",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "High-octane gasoline is achieved by catalytic cracking using rapidly deactivating silica catalyst regenerated in cyclic operations. This development paved the way for fixed-bed catalytic cracking using reactors packed with catalyst pellets. (Houdry, Socony Vacuum, Sun Oil), 1937 ",
"link" : "/High-octane_Gasoline",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"link" : "/Polystyrene",
"description" : "Polystyrene is produced commercially. It was first made accidentally from a Turkish Sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) tree in 1839. (Dow Chemical), 1937 ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Polystyrene",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1937"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1937",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Butyl Rubber",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Butyl_Rubber",
"description" : "Butyl rubber, particularly known for its impermeability, is produced by polymerizing isobutylene (98%) and isoprene (2%); used as tire inner tubes. (Standard Oil Development), 1937 "
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Klystron",
"year" : "1937",
"day" : "15",
"link" : "/Klystron",
"description" : "At Stanford in August 1937, Sigurd and Russell Varian created a prototype of the klystron, which was to use microwave power to help in blind landings. Sigurd, himself a Pan Am pilot, wanted a solution to flying safety in heavy rains and fog. The klystron went on to have a major influence on radar.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABonneville_Dam%2C_Columbia_River_Power_%26_Nav_System%2C_1937",
"description" : "The Bonneville Dam was the first Federal dam of 55 major hydroelectric projects on the Columbia River. The array constitutes one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "3",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1937",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Bonneville Dam, Columbia River Power & Nav System, 1937",
"image" : ""
},
{
"description" : "The Golden Gate Bridge, a world-renowned bridge, was the longest single span (4,200 feet) in the world at the time of construction.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGolden_Gate_Bridge%2C_1937",
"month" : "8",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Golden Gate Bridge, 1937",
"year" : "1937",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"link" : "/Xerography",
"description" : "On 8 September 1938, Chester F. Carlson filed for a patent on \"Electron Photography\" (patent # 2,221,776 issued 19 November 1940). In 1949, the Haloid Company produced a successful xerographic machine, the 914. An enormous success, it soon transformed the Haloid Company into the Xerox Corporation.",
"title" : "Xerography",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1938"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:San Jacinto Monument, 1939",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1939",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASan_Jacinto_Monument%2C_1939",
"description" : "The San Jacinto Monument was the world’s tallest free-standing concrete tower at the time of construction. The precise monitoring of foundation settlement provided data for testing Dr. Karl Terzaghi’s consolidation theory, a fundamental component of soil mechanics."
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Polyamide_Nylon_66",
"description" : "Polyamide Nylon 66 is produced commercially for use in women’s hosiery. (E. I. DuPont), 1939 ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Polyamide Nylon 66",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1939"
},
{
"description" : "In October 1939 in Ames, Iowa, John Vincent Atanasoff, assisted by his graduate student, Clifford E. Berry, constructed a prototype for the first electronic-digital computer, conceived in 1937. Its principles, including binary numbers, would be central to the future development of computers.",
"link" : "/Electronic-Digital_Computer",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "10",
"year" : "1939",
"day" : "15",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electronic-Digital Computer"
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AArroyo_Seco_Parkway%2C_1940",
"description" : "The 6.7-mile Arroyo Seco Parkway was the first freeway in the United States to be built as a state highway and the first freeway west of the Mississippi.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1940",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Arroyo Seco Parkway, 1940"
},
{
"title" : "Cavity Magnetron",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1940",
"day" : "21",
"description" : "On 21 February of 1940, English researchers Harry Boot and John Randall tested their first working cavity magnetron tube, which can produce microwave energy very efficiently. By May, other researchers were using the cavity magnetron in a radar set to detect a submarine periscope six miles away.",
"link" : "/Cavity_Magnetron",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"year" : "1940",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Fort Peck Dam, 1940",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "3",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AFort_Peck_Dam%2C_1940",
"description" : "The Fort Peck Dam was more than five times larger than the largest dam in the world at the time, with its crest extending four miles."
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Lacey V. Murrow Bridge and Mount Baker Ridge Tunnels, 1940",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1940",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "When completed in 1940, the Lacey V Murrow Bridge & Mt Baker Ridge Tunnels constituted the world’s first reinforced concrete floating bridge – the largest floating structure ever built – and the largest diameter soft-earth tunnels.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALacey_V._Murrow_Bridge_and_Mount_Baker_Ridge_Tunnels%2C_1940",
"month" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Pennsylvania Tunpike (Old Section), 1940",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1940",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "When completed, the original section of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was the greatest single highway project in the history of the United States. It was the prototype of the modern American high-speed, limited access superhighway that became a world standard for long distance highway travel.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3APennsylvania_Tunpike_%28Old_Section%29%2C_1940"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1940",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Tacoma Narrows Bridges, 1940",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Taken together, the 1940 and 1950 Tacoma Narrows bridges represent both tragedy and triumph for civil engineers. The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge failed dramatically in a windstorm on November 7, 1940, four months after opening.  The lessons in aerodynamics learned from this failure generated new knowledge necessary to build safe, efficient, and stable suspension bridges worldwide.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATacoma_Narrows_Bridges%2C_1940",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "9"
},
{
"description" : "The Grand Coulee Dam, a concrete gravity dam, is the largest concrete structure and hydroelectric facility in the United States. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AGrand_Coulee_Dam%2C_1941",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1941",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Grand Coulee Dam, 1941"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Alexander Grigoryan, a Soviet driller, directs the first horizontal well drilling in Azerbaijan.",
"link" : "/Horizontal_Well_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"year" : "1941",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Horizontal Well Drilling‎"
},
{
"link" : "/Polyester",
"description" : "Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the first polyester, and Terylene (a trademark of ICI, known as Dacron in the U.S.), the first polyester fiber, are developed. (E. I. DuPont), 1941 ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Polyester",
"year" : "1941",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Steam Cracking",
"year" : "1941",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "Steam cracking is commercialized, and allowed for production of a wide range of chemical feedstocks from ethane, propane and other petro­leum naphthas. (Standard Oil Development), 1941 ",
"link" : "/Steam_Cracking",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1942",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Alaska Highway, 1942",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AAlaska_Highway%2C_1942",
"description" : "Built in just eight months, the 2500 km (1570 miles) Alaska Highway was a significant feat of time-critical engineering and construction. Besides being completed much sooner than expected, it was the largest undertaking at the time for a cold-regions construction project."
},
{
"description" : "Continuous catalytic cracking is achieved by fluidizing fine silica alumina catalyst so that it flows between reactor and regenerator. (Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey), 1942 ",
"link" : "/Continuous_Catalytic_Cracking",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "Continuous Catalytic Cracking",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1942"
},
{
"year" : "1942",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Styrofoam",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Foamed polystyrene (Styrofoam) is produced and first used to float U.S. Coast Guard six-man life rafts. (U.S. Coast Guard; Dow Chemical), 1942 ",
"link" : "/Styrofoam",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/Orange_Juice_Concentrate",
"description" : "Dehydrated, but slushy, orange juice concentrate is developed using the same WWII technology used to freeze-dry blood plasma and then penicillin for battlefront use. It was successfully marketed after the war as Minute Maid Orange Juice. (National Research Council (NRC), 1942",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1942",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Orange Juice Concentrate"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1942",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Blimp Hangars, 1942-1943",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ABlimp_Hangars%2C_1942-1943",
"description" : "The blimp hangars in California remain the largest clear span wooden structures in the world.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "7"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The Denison Dam was the largest rolled-earth fill dam in the United States when it was constructed from 1939 to 1943.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADenison_Dam%2C_1943",
"year" : "1943",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Denison Dam, 1943",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "Silicone Elastomers",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1943",
"link" : "/Silicone_Elastomers",
"description" : "Silicone elastomers are developed to replace glass fiber containing phenolic resin; used as insulating materials for electric motors and generators. (General Electric), 1943 ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility, 1943",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1943",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ARed_Hill_Underground_Fuel_Storage_Facility%2C_1943",
"description" : "Buried under 100 feet of volcanic rock, the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility, a complex of 20 fuel tanks, was innovatively designed and constructed. This system provided fuel for United States forces during the latter half of World War II and for the 50 years that followed. "
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "11",
"link" : "/Traveling_Wave_Tube",
"description" : "In November 1943, at the University of Birmingham in England, Rudolf Kompfner first demonstrated amplification of radio frequency signals with a traveling wave tube. The device made possible important advances in telecommunications technology and lay at the heart of telecom satellites like Telstar. ",
"year" : "1943",
"day" : "15",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Traveling Wave Tube"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Designed and built as a part of the Manhattan Project during World War II, the Hanford B Reactor was the world’s first full scale nuclear production facility.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AHanford_B_Reactor%2C_1944",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1944",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Hanford B Reactor, 1944",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/Jet_Fuel",
"description" : "First jet fuel, called JP-e, is manufactured to fuel early U.S. jet planes. (Socony Vacuum), 1944 ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Jet Fuel",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1944"
},
{
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1944",
"title" : "Colossus",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/Colossus",
"description" : "In January 1944, the decrypting machine Colossus began deciphering the German Code, Lorenz, in Bletchley Park, England. Arguably the first programmable computer, Colossus had an electronic memory, was programmed by means of switches and patch cords, and could look for matching sequences.",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Kentucky Dam, 1944",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1944",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Kentucky Dam, at mile 22.4 on the Tennessee River, is the key structure in the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system and continues to play an important role in the reduction of flood crests on the lower Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AKentucky_Dam%2C_1944"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Enriched uranium is produced at the Clinton Engineer works — the 2,142-column thermal diffusion plant at Oak Ridge, TN. The plant was built in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Project, and was designed to separate U-235 from U-238. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), 1945",
"link" : "/Enriched_Uranium",
"year" : "1945",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Enriched Uranium"
},
{
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1945",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Clarke Suggests Geosynchronous Orbit",
"description" : "Writer Arthur C. Clarke first suggested the idea of communications satellites in geosynchronous in the October 1945 issue of ''Wireless World''. Clarke realized that a radio relay station in space could serve a huge area of the earth’s surface, like a radio tower thousands of miles high.",
"link" : "/Clarke_Suggests_Geosynchronous_Orbit",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "10"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Teflon is marketed under its trademark. It was first inadvertently produced in 1938 from compressed/frozen tetrafluoroethylene. (E. I. DuPont), 1946 ",
"link" : "/Teflon",
"year" : "1946",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Teflon"
},
{
"title" : "Low-sudsing Washing Machine Detergent",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1946",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"description" : "First low-sudsing washing machine detergent, ALL, is produced; a key ingredient was ethylene oxide adduct. (Monsanto), 1946 ",
"link" : "/Low-sudsing_Washing_Machine_Detergent"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ENIAC",
"year" : "1946",
"day" : "15",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/ENIAC",
"description" : "On 15 February 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was formally dedicated. Widely regarded as the first general-purpose electronic computer, it was built in 1943-1946 and solved a problem for the hydrogen-bomb project in 1945."
},
{
"day" : "19",
"year" : "1946",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ACE Computer",
"link" : "/ACE_Computer",
"description" : "On 19 February 1946, in London, Alan Turing delivered the complete design of the ACE, a stored-program computer. Turing perhaps first conceived of electronic computers as universal machines that logically manipulate symbols to solve a variety of problems, instead of being built for specific tasks. ",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Defibrillator",
"description" : "First demonstrated on dogs in 1899 by Jean-Louis Prévost and Frederic Batelli, defibrillation was first used on a human in 1947 by Claude Beck. ",
"year" : "1947",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Defibrillator",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/Holography",
"description" : "Invented in 1947 by Dennis Gabor, holography is a photographic technique which creates a three-dimensional image, which was born as an attempt to improve the electron microscope. ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Holography",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1947"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMaine_Turnpike%2C_1947",
"description" : "The first superhighway in New England and the second modern toll highway in the United States, the Maine Turnpike was the first major modern highway to be built without any state or federal funding.",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Maine Turnpike, 1947",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1947"
},
{
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Snowy Mountains Hydo-electric Scheme, 1947-1972",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1947",
"month" : "7",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ASnowy_Mountains_Hydo-electric_Scheme%2C_1947-1972",
"description" : "The Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme is a world class civil engineering project that provides vital electric power and irrigation water. Its construction remains the largest construction project in Australia, and one of the largest of its type in the world."
},
{
"link" : "/Bell_Demonstrates_Transistor_",
"description" : "Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, demonstrated the transistor for the first time on 23 December 1947. Invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, it replaced bulky vacuum tubes with solid-state technology and ushered in the age of portable electronics. ",
"month" : "12",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Bell Demonstrates Transistor ",
"day" : "23",
"year" : "1947"
},
{
"description" : "In 1948, Willard Frank Libby developed the theory of an atomic clock and Charles Hard Townes took the research further by using an ammonia molecule. In 1955, Louis Essen built the first accurate atomic clock when he used cesium, which is the current timekeeping standard.",
"link" : "/Libby_Develops_Atomic_Clock",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1948",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Libby Develops Atomic Clock"
},
{
"title" : "Shannon Publishes on Communication Theory",
"image" : "",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1948",
"link" : "/Shannon_Publishes_on_Communication_Theory",
"description" : "In the October 1948 ''Bell System Technical Journal'', Claude Shannon published part two of \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication,\" He established the theoretical foundation of communications engineering and showed that all information could be transmitted in a series of 1s and 0s.",
"month" : "10",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"description" : "First commercial hydraulic fracturing treatment performed in Stephens County, Oklahoma and Archer County, Texas. (Halliburton) ",
"link" : "/Hydraulic_Fracturing%E2%80%8E",
"title" : "Hydraulic Fracturing‎",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1949",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "Skeggs Leonards Artificial Kidney",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1949",
"link" : "/Skeggs_Leonards_Artificial_Kidney",
"description" : "The Skeggs Leonards artificial kidney becomes the first practical flat-plate dialyzer, employing negative pressure and hydrostatic ultrafiltration, 1949 ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/Offshore_Driling%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "The first offshore mobile drilling platform, the Breton Rig 20 performs in up to twenty feet of water (Hayward-Barnsdall)",
"year" : "1949",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Offshore Driling‎",
"image" : ""
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1950",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Tacoma Narrows Bridges, 1950",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ATacoma_Narrows_Bridges%2C_1950",
"description" : "Taken together, the 1940 and 1950 Tacoma Narrows bridges represent both tragedy and triumph for civil engineers. The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge failed dramatically in a windstorm on November 7, 1940, four months after opening.  The lessons in aerodynamics learned from this failure generated new knowledge necessary to build safe, efficient, and stable suspension bridges worldwide.",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "Synthetic Jet and Turbo-prop Aircraft Engine Lubricants",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1950",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/Synthetic_Jet_and_Turbo-prop_Aircraft_Engine_Lubricants",
"description" : "First synthetic jet and turbo-prop aircraft engine lubricants are developed, providing superior lubrication and greater thermal stability. (Standard Oil Development), 1950 ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1951",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electric Guitar",
"link" : "/Electric_Guitar",
"description" : "Leo Fender, a radio repairman in Anaheim, California, unveiled the prototype for the Telecaster electric guitar in 1951 and sparked a music revolution. He and musician Doc Kaufman had worked since 1943 to develop an inexpensive instrument with better pickup and tone controls than earlier designs.",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Dorton Arena, 1952",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1952",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The Dorton Arena was the first permanent use of a cable-supported roof system in the world",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ADorton_Arena%2C_1952"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1952",
"title" : "Multi-grade All-season Motor Oil",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Multi-grade_All-season_Motor_Oil",
"description" : "Multi-grade all-season motor oil is developed; additives are used to reduce viscosity, temperature dependency, and pour point. (Standard Oil Development), 1952 "
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Mylar polyester film is introduced; used widely in electrical, electronics, imaging, and graphics applications. Commercialized in 1952, Mylar replaced cellophane as the major product of the DuPont Film Dept. (E. I. DuPont), 1952 ",
"link" : "/Mylar",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Mylar",
"year" : "1952",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "5",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"link" : "/Computer_Language_Compiler",
"description" : "In May 1952, at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Grace Hopper completed her work on the first computer language compiler, software that forms an important link between human language and binary code, thus enabling more efficient, less error-prone computer programming.",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Computer Language Compiler",
"year" : "1952",
"day" : "15"
},
{
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AThe_Dalles_Lock_and_Dam%2C_1952_-_1956",
"description" : "The Dalles Lock and Dam was one of the largest, most complete, and complex multipurpose projects of its kind in the united states at the time of its construction. It provided an example for future projects benefitting navigation, recreation, water for irrigation and hydropower, fish migration, and flood mitigation. The unusual \"L\" configuration of the project enabled reduced construction dewatering and created a permanent shallow stilling basin that aids fish passage.",
"year" : "1952",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:The Dalles Lock and Dam, 1952 - 1956",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1953",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "First-generation Alkyl Metal Catalysts",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/First-generation_Alkyl_Metal_Catalysts",
"description" : "First-generation alkyl metal catalysts (TiCl3 and AlEt2Cl) are developed for polymer­izing alpha olefins (e.g., ethylene and propylene). Important products include linear low-density polyethylene and crystalline polypropylene. (Ziegler-Natta), 1953 ",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/Maser",
"description" : "Developed at Columbia University in 1953 by Charles Townes, J. P. Gordon, and H. J. Zeiger, the maser's principles of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation would later be used for lasers, initially referred to as optical masers.",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"title" : "Maser",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1954",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"description" : "Colonel Leon B Delong builds the first jack-up drilling rig (Delong Corporation)",
"link" : "/Jack-up_Drilling_Rig%E2%80%8E",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Jack-up Drilling Rig‎",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1954"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Hydrofining",
"description" : "Sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is removed from heating oil and jet fuel by hydrofining — a catalytic fixed-bed hydrogenation process using hydrogen produced by catalytically reforming n-paraffins to high-octane aromatics. (Standard Oil Development), 1954 ",
"title" : "Hydrofining",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1954"
},
{
"title" : "Silicon Transistor",
"image" : "",
"day" : "26",
"year" : "1954",
"description" : "On 26 January 1954 Morris Tanenbaum of Bell Labs, New Jersey, first achieved amplification in an NPN silicon transistor; this may have been the first silicon transistor ever fabricated, but Bell Labs kept the achievement secret and decided not to patent it.",
"link" : "/Silicon_Transistor",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "T.I. Unveils Transistor Radio",
"day" : "18",
"year" : "1954",
"description" : "On 18 October 1954, in Dallas, Texas Instruments announced the first commercial transistor pocket radio, the Regency TR1, created in collaboration with IDEA Corporation and available in time for the holiday shopping season. Sony followed in 1955. The era of portable electronics had begun.",
"link" : "/T.I._Unveils_Transistor_Radio",
"month" : "10",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"link" : "/T.I._Unveils_Transistor_Radio",
"description" : "On 18 October 1954, in Dallas, Texas Instruments announced the first commercial transistor pocket radio, the Regency TR1, created in collaboration with IDEA Corporation and available in time for the holiday shopping season. Sony followed in 1955. The era of portable electronics had begun.",
"month" : "10",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "T.I. Unveils Transistor Radio",
"day" : "18",
"year" : "1954"
},
{
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Electronic_Music_Synthesizer",
"description" : "Harry Olson and Herbert Belar completed the first modern electronic music synthesizer in 1955 at the RCA laboratories at Princeton, NJ. Called the RCA Mark I Sound Synthesizer, the invention was to research sound properties, and was later moved to the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1955",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electronic Music Synthesizer"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1955",
"title" : "Industrial Synthetic Diamonds",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Industrial synthetic diamonds are pro­duced at 6 to 18 GPa and 5,000°C, from graphite dissolved in a molten nickel, cobalt or iron catalyst. (General Electric), 1955 ",
"link" : "/Industrial_Synthetic_Diamonds"
},
{
"year" : "1955",
"day" : "15",
"title" : "Communications Satellites",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Communications_Satellites",
"description" : "J.R. Pierce of Bell Labs presented his ideas on communications satellites in \"Orbital radio relays\" in the April 1955 issue of ''Jet Propulsion''. He discussed both passive satellites and ones with powered repeaters. Orbiting satellites could relay microwave communications between points on earth."
},
{
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3ALake_Pontchartrain_Causeway_bridge%2C_1956",
"description" : "In building the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Bridge, which took just fourteen months, assembly-line, mass-production methods were utilized for the first time in the construction of a bridge.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1956",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Lake Pontchartrain Causeway bridge, 1956",
"image" : ""
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1957",
"image" : "",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Mackinac Bridge, 1957",
"description" : "Representing a new level of aerodynamic stability in suspension bridges for its time, the Mackinac Bridge was the first suspension bridge to incorporate specific design features to manage the forces imposed on it by winds. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AMackinac_Bridge%2C_1957",
"priority" : "2",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "10",
"description" : "The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched on 4 October 1957 from the Soviet Union. The satellite contained two radio transmitters designed so that their signals could be received easily by radio amateurs. ",
"link" : "/Sputnik",
"year" : "1957",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Sputnik",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Sputnik",
"year" : "1957",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched on 4 October 1957 from the Soviet Union. The satellite contained two radio transmitters designed so that their signals could be received easily by radio amateurs. ",
"link" : "/Sputnik",
"month" : "10",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"year" : "1957",
"day" : "15",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Pacemakers",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "12",
"description" : "In December 1957, within four weeks of being approached to make a better cardiac pacemaker, Minneapolis inventor Earl Bakken produced a small, self-contained, transistorized, battery-powered pacemaker that could be taped to the patient’s chest. It was first used in 1958 in St. Paul.",
"link" : "/Pacemakers"
},
{
"description" : "In 1958, in Tokyo, Japan, Leo Esaki published his invention of the Tunnel Diode, a highly flexible, very fast semiconductor diode, where current diminishes as voltage increases. The device became widely used in a tremendous variety of products. ",
"link" : "/Tunnel_Diode",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Tunnel Diode",
"year" : "1958",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1958",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Purpose-built Pipelay Vessels‎",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "The first purpose-built pipelay vessel goes into use (Brown & Root).",
"link" : "/Purpose-built_Pipelay_Vessels%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1958",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Integrated Circuits",
"description" : "In July 1958, while other employees of Dallas' Texas Instruments were on a two-week vacation, Jack Kilby designed a circuit whose components could be produced on a single block of silicon. Integrated circuits, patented in 1959, were used in a computer in 1961 and in pocket calculators by 1967.",
"link" : "/Integrated_Circuits",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Shippingport Nuclear Power Plant",
"day" : "26",
"year" : "1958",
"month" : "5",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Shippingport, the world’s first large-scale nuclear power plant, goes into service 15 years after sustained nuclear reaction was demonstrated by Enrico Fermi. The plant — built on the Ohio River about 25 miles from Pittsburgh, PA — operated until 1982, and had a capacity of 60 MWe. (Duquesne Light Co.) ",
"link" : "/Shippingport_Nuclear_Power_Plant"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Gulf of Mexico Drilling‎",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1958",
"month" : "7",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"link" : "/Gulf_of_Mexico_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "The last year that water depth of wells drilled in US Gulf of Mexico equaled depth of wells producing (135 ft)."
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "2",
"description" : "The Utica Memorial Auditorium was among the first of three cable-suspended roofs in the world and the first to employ a double-layer bicycle roof system where cables are strung from an exterior compression ring to an interior tension ring held in midair. ",
"link" : "/ASCE-Landmark%3AUtica_Memorail_Auditorium%2C_1959",
"title" : "ASCE-Landmark:Utica Memorail Auditorium, 1959",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1959",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Rotating Hoists‎",
"year" : "1959",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"link" : "/Rotating_Hoists%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Offshore rotating hoists lift 800 tons"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "First commercial production of thermoplastic polycarbonates — products characterized by outstanding low-temperature ductility, impact resistance and superior optical clarity (Lexan trademark). (General Electric), 1959 ",
"link" : "/Thermoplastic_Polycarbonates",
"title" : "Thermoplastic Polycarbonates",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1959",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1959",
"title" : "Liquefied Natural Gas Transport",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Liquefied_Natural_Gas_Transport",
"description" : "Mass-scale storage and marine transport of liquefied natural gas is proven feasible using a converted World War II liberty freighter. (Conch Methane Services, Ltd.), 1959 "
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Synthetic Molecular Sieve Zeolite",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1959",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "First synthetic molecular sieve zeolite (Zeolite A) is commercialized to absorb oxygen. (Union Carbide), 1959 ",
"link" : "/Synthetic_Molecular_Sieve_Zeolite"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"link" : "/Asphalt-water_Emulsion_Soil_Barriers",
"description" : "Asphalt-water emulsion soil barriers are developed to increase crop yields, foster early crop emergence, minimize weed propagation and stablize arid soil. (Esso Research and Engineering Co.), 1959 ",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Asphalt-water Emulsion Soil Barriers",
"year" : "1959",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/High-temperature_Cement%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "High-temperature cement is developed (Halliburton)",
"month" : "5",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "High-temperature Cement‎",
"year" : "1959",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1959",
"title" : "Offshore Alaska Exploration‎",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Exploration activity offshore Alaska begins",
"link" : "/Offshore_Alaska_Exploration%E2%80%8E",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "9"
},
{
"description" : "The first navigation satellite, Transit-1B, was launched on 13 April 1960 by the United States.",
"link" : "/US_Launches_Navigation_Satellite",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "13",
"year" : "1960",
"title" : "US Launches Navigation Satellite",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "Guar in Fracturing Fluid‎",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1961",
"link" : "/Guar_in_Fracturing_Fluid%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Introduction of guar in fracturing fluid. (ARCO and Halliburton)",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"description" : "First disposable paper diaper (creped tissue in rayon/plastic liners) is developed, 1961; hydrogel-forming polymers would later provide magnitudes greater absorption (1972). (Procter & Gamble; Kimberly-Clark) ",
"link" : "/Disposable_Paper_Diaper",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1961",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Disposable Paper Diaper"
},
{
"description" : "On 24 July 1961 MIT, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, accepted Leonard Kleinrock's doctoral dissertation \"Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.\" This work is considered the first paper on packet-switching theory.",
"link" : "/Packet_Switching",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Packet Switching",
"year" : "1961",
"day" : "24"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Digital Dipmeter Logs‎",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1961",
"link" : "/Digital_Dipmeter_Logs%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "First digitized dipmeter logs completed by computer- first successful computer processing of logs from tape (Schlumberger)",
"month" : "4",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "10",
"link" : "/Subsea_Wells%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "First subsea well completed (Shell)",
"year" : "1961",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Subsea Wells‎"
},
{
"description" : "First semisubmersible drilling rig (Blue Water and Shell)",
"link" : "/Semisubmursible_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "Semisubmursible Drilling‎",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1962"
},
{
"description" : "Telstar was launched on 10 July 1962 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, located at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The next day a station in Andover, Maine transmitted the first transatlantic TV signal to a twin station in Pleumeur-Bodou, France via Telstar.",
"link" : "/NASA_Launches_Telstar",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "NASA Launches Telstar",
"image" : "",
"day" : "10",
"year" : "1962"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Semiconductor Laser",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1962",
"link" : "/Semiconductor_Laser",
"description" : "In September 1962 researchers from IBM, independently and almost simultaneously with researchers from General Electric and MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, demonstrated laser action in the semiconductor gallium arsenide.",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"year" : "1962",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Bell Utilizes PCM Multiplexing",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"description" : "The first successful commercial PCM (pulse code modulation) system, developed at Bell Labs, was put into operation in 1962. It vastly increased the capacity of telecom infrastructure through digitization and time-division multiplexing. ",
"link" : "/Bell_Utilizes_PCM_Multiplexing"
},
{
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"description" : "First fully functional coiled tubing unit developed (Bowen Oil Tool and California Oil Company)",
"link" : "/Coiled_Tubing_Unit%E2%80%8E",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1962",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Coiled Tubing Unit‎"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"description" : "The SAGE air-defense system, a landmark in the history of both radar and computing, was fully operational by 1963. Built by the United States in the 1950s, it used radar on land, sea, and air radar. It met surveillance and communications demands through real-time computerized information processing.",
"link" : "/SAGE_%28Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment%29",
"image" : "",
"title" : "SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)",
"year" : "1963",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1963",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Oil Discovered in Cook Inlet‎",
"link" : "/Oil_Discovered_in_Cook_Inlet%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Oil discovered off Alaska in Cook Inlet (Shell)",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"description" : "In October 1964 Robert Moog unveiled the Moog Modular System at the convention of the Audio Engineering Society. His signature “modular” synthesizer circuits were oscillators, filters, and amplifiers that operated independently and could be connected in various configurations to produce sounds. ",
"link" : "/Moog",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1964",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Moog",
"image" : ""
},
{
"year" : "1964",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Distributed Networks",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Distributed_Networks",
"description" : "In 1964 in Santa Monica, California, Paul Baran of RAND published \"On Distributed Communications Networks,\" outlining the operation of packet-switching networks capable of surviving node outages, in particular those caused by a nuclear first strike. He later helped to set up ARPANET."
},
{
"description" : "On April 7, 1964, IBM announced a line of six computers that combined scientific and business systems, creating the first civilian line of computers enabled to use programs on larger models. The IBM 360 line – with some model alterations - provided the anchor of the IBM line into the 1990s.",
"link" : "/STARS%3AIBM_System/360",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1964",
"image" : "",
"title" : "STARS:IBM System/360"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1964",
"title" : "Invert Emulsions‎",
"image" : "",
"description" : "Invert emulsions for drilling operations introduced",
"link" : "/Invert_Emulsions%E2%80%8E",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"link" : "/High-energy_Lithium_Batteries",
"description" : "High-energy lithium batteries using reactive metals in polar (hydrophilic) aprotic (no O-H or N-H bonds) solvents are developed. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), 1964",
"image" : "",
"title" : "High-energy Lithium Batteries",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1964"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Thermoplastics (e.g., shoe soles) are produced by block polymerization of styrene and anionic polyisoprene polymerization in a block sequence. (Shell Chemical), 1964 ",
"link" : "/Thermoplastics",
"year" : "1964",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Thermoplastics"
},
{
"description" : "First portable patient dialysis machine is developed. The Milton Roy Model A was designed to perform nocturnal home hemodialysis. (Univ. of Washington), 1964 ",
"link" : "/Portable_Patient_Dialysis_Machine",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1964",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Portable Patient Dialysis Machine",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Deepwater_Coring%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Deepwater coring begins from research vessel Glomar Challenger",
"year" : "1965",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Deepwater Coring‎",
"image" : ""
},
{
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "On 14 May 1965, David Kuhl and Roy Edwards produced what was possibly the first CT (computer tomography) scan of a patient ever made. The CT scanner that they built used a computer to analyze x-ray images, taken from many different directions, in order to map objects blocking the x-rays.",
"link" : "/Kuhl_%26_Edwards_Produce_CT_Scan",
"day" : "14",
"year" : "1965",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Kuhl & Edwards Produce CT Scan"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "The idea of using fibers for telecommunications was first considered by K.C. Kao and G.A. Hockham in England in 1966. Corning developed the first optical fiber capable of transmitting over substantial distances in 1970 and offered a commercial product in 1976.",
"link" : "/Fiber_Optics",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Fiber Optics",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1966"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Thermal Decay Time Tool‎",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1966",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Thermal_Decay_Time_Tool%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Thermal-decay-time tool developed for through-tubing production logging (Schlumberger)"
},
{
"title" : "Fried Bacon Analog",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1966",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Fried bacon analog is produced from spun soy protein fiber. This meat flavoring was originally developed as a car fabric (Henry Ford was a soybean-use pioneer, and developed many industrial uses for the crop). Similar spun soy fiber products would be developed for ground beef, as well as beef and poultry chunks. (Procter & Gamble), 1966 ",
"link" : "/Fried_Bacon_Analog"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Oil_Sands_Production%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Commercial production begins from Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada (Sun)",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1967",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Oil Sands Production‎"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Subsea Completion‎",
"year" : "1967",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Subsea_Completion%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Diverless subsea completion (Brown Oil Tools)"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Prudhoe_Bay%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Prudhoe Bay field discovered in Alaska (Arco)",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1968",
"title" : "Prudhoe Bay‎",
"image" : ""
},
{
"title" : "ASME-Landmark:Apollo Space Suit",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1968",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "The Model A7L suit protected astronauts from the harsh conditions of space, while providing good mobility and the flexibility to walk the lunar surface and handle cameras and other equipment",
"link" : "/ASME-Landmark%3AApollo_Space_Suit",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "5",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "CMOS",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1968",
"day" : "15",
"description" : "At a meeting in October 1968, the Westinghouse Molecular Electronics division announced a new type of field-effect transistor, the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor). Its much lower power usage made portable devices more viable and allowed for efficient battery-powered memory storage. ",
"link" : "/CMOS",
"month" : "10",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"description" : "In January 1969, ARPA awarded a contract to Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) to design and construct a communications network based on Lawrence Roberts' idea of a cooperative network of time-shared computers. By the end of 1969, an experimental ARPANET was operational between four university nodes. ",
"link" : "/ARPANET",
"title" : "ARPANET",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1969",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1969",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Ekofisk‎",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Oil discovered at Ekofisk in Norwegian North Sea (Phillips)",
"link" : "/Ekofisk%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Hollow-fiber reverse-osmosis membranes are used to treat brackish water, providing greater capacities than similarly sized spiral-wound membranes. (E. I. DuPont), 1969 ",
"link" : "/Hollow-fiber_Reverse-osmosis_Membranes",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1969",
"title" : "Hollow-fiber Reverse-osmosis Membranes",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/Meat_Flavored_Protein",
"description" : "Large-scale ham-, beef-, and chicken- flavored protein enters food market, e.g., Beeflike (beef), Prosage (sausage), Stripples (bacon), White Chik (chicken), and other products. (Worthington Foods), 1969 ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"title" : "Meat Flavored Protein",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1969",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"link" : "/O-ring_Sealed_Journal_Bearing_Drill%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "O-ring sealed journal bearing drill bit introduced (Hughes Tool)",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1969",
"image" : "",
"title" : "O-ring Sealed Journal Bearing Drill‎"
},
{
"title" : "Seiko Markets Quartz Watch",
"image" : "",
"day" : "25",
"year" : "1969",
"link" : "/Seiko_Markets_Quartz_Watch",
"description" : "The Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ, the first commercial quartz wristwatch, was introduced in Tokyo on December 25, 1969. Accurate to within five seconds per month, its crucial elements included a quartz crystal oscillator, a hybrid integrated circuit, and a miniature stepping motor to turn the hands.",
"month" : "12",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "Deepwater Mining‎",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1970",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "Deep ocean mining begins",
"link" : "/Deepwater_Mining%E2%80%8E",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4"
},
{
"title" : "Energy Efficient Syn­thetic Motor Oil",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1970",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/Energy_Efficient_Syn%C2%ADthetic_Motor_Oil",
"description" : "BF3-catalyzed 1-decene polymerization leads to energy efficient syn­thetic motor oil (Mobil1— first introduced in 1974; improved polymer added in 2000). (Mobil Oil), 1970 ",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1"
},
{
"day" : "29",
"year" : "1970",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Charge-Coupled Device",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "On 29 January 1970, Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, of Bell Labs, submitted a paper on their invention of the charge-coupled device to the ''Bell System Technical Journal''. Originating in a picture-phone project, it has found many uses, especially in electronic image sensors and cameras.",
"link" : "/Charge-Coupled_Device"
},
{
"link" : "/Deepwater_Re-entry%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "First deepwater re-entry performed (Glomar Challenger).",
"month" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"title" : "Deepwater Re-entry‎",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1970",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Seismic Technology‎",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1970",
"month" : "9",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"description" : "Bright-spot seismic technology used by Shell and Mobil to evaluate tracts offered at Gulf Of Mexico lease sale.",
"link" : "/Seismic_Technology%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"year" : "1971",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Logging System‎",
"image" : "",
"description" : "First logging system combining gamma ray spontaneous potential, induction spherically focused resistivity, sonic and caliper logs (Schlumberger, 1971).",
"link" : "/Logging_System%E2%80%8E",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"title" : "Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Drill Bit‎",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1972",
"day" : "1",
"description" : "Polycrystalline diamond compact drill bit introduced (Christensen)",
"link" : "/Polycrystalline_Diamond_Compact_Drill_Bit%E2%80%8E",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "On 23 July 1972, at Vandenberg Air Force Base, the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (LANDSAT-1) was launched. It provided a platform for amassing data on Earth's physical resources and conditions on a planetary scale.",
"link" : "/NASA_Launches_LANDSAT-1",
"day" : "23",
"year" : "1972",
"image" : "",
"title" : "NASA Launches LANDSAT-1"
},
{
"title" : "Mud-pulse Telemetry‎",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1972",
"month" : "7",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Mud-pulse_Telemetry%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Mud-pulse telemetry introduced, enabling accurate determination of bit location while drilling (Teleco)"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Handheld Wireless Telephone",
"year" : "1973",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"link" : "/Handheld_Wireless_Telephone",
"description" : "On 3 April 1973, Motorola vice president Martin Cooper displayed the DynaTac, a 28-ounce portable telephone, on the streets of New York City. He predicted that wireless phones “could be reduced\" to \"fit in a breast pocket.\" The initial model, the $3995 DynaTac 8000X, weighed nearly two pounds."
},
{
"description" : "Automotive catalytic converter is developed to clean up automobile exhaust emissions. Sulfur, a catalyst poison, must first be removed from the gasoline. (Engelhard; General Motors), 1973 ",
"link" : "/Automotive_Catalytic_Converters",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "Automotive Catalytic Converters",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1973",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"year" : "1973",
"day" : "22",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Ethernet",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Ethernet",
"description" : "On 22 May 1973 Robert Metcalfe, working at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center, presented for the first time a schematic of the Ethernet, a term that he coined. The first date the system actually functioned was 11 November 1973. "
},
{
"title" : "Ship-shape Production‎",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1974",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "First ship-shape production vessel installed at Ardjuna field Indonesia (Arco).",
"link" : "/Ship-shape_Production%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"link" : "/UK_North_Sea%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "First oil produced in UK North Sea at Argyll field, employing first floating production unit (Hamilton Brothers).",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"title" : "UK North Sea‎",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1975"
},
{
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Soda bottles are produced from biaxially oriented terephthalate (polyethylene terephthalate; PET); a major success for the carbonated beverage industry due to PET’s toughness, clarity and ability to be oriented. (E. I. DuPont), 1975 ",
"link" : "/Soda_Bottles",
"year" : "1975",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Soda Bottles",
"image" : ""
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/VHS_Standard",
"description" : "On 9 September 1976, Victor Company of Japan released a VHS-format home video tape recorder (VTR), the HR-3300. Weighing 30 pounds, it was smaller and lighter than other equivalent VTRs. The basic design, with subsequent improvement, gained wide customer acceptance and became the world standard.",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1976",
"image" : "",
"title" : "VHS Standard"
},
{
"year" : "1976",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Bay of Campeche‎",
"image" : "",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Bay_of_Campeche%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Oil discovered in Mexico's bay of Campeche (Pemex)"
},
{
"title" : "Floating Production Storage",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1977",
"description" : "First floating production storage and offloading system installed at Castellon field, Spain (Shell).",
"link" : "/Floating_Production_Storage",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Fluid-bed Catalytic Process",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1977",
"description" : "Fluid-bed catalytic process is commercialized to produce polyethylene copolymerized with three to six carbon alpha olefins (propylene, n-butane, etc.). This development allowed precise control of polymer properties (UNIPOL trademark). (Union Carbide), 1977 ",
"link" : "/Fluid-bed_Catalytic_Process",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"link" : "/Sunscreens",
"description" : "Sunscreens containing compounds (such as oxybenzone) that absorb ultraviolet and/or reflect light (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide) are invented. (U.S. Patent 4,129,645), 1977 ",
"title" : "Sunscreens",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1977"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "In Haifa, Israel, Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv developed a highly flexible algorithm that compressed data with no data loss. First published in the ''IEEE Transactions on Information Theory'' in May 1977 and improved in 1978, it enabled efficient data transmission via the internet.",
"link" : "/Lempel-Ziv_Compression_Algorithm",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1977",
"title" : "Lempel-Ziv Compression Algorithm",
"image" : ""
},
{
"link" : "/1000-ft_Pipelay_Barges%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "First pipelay barges with 1,000-ft capability (Viking Piper and ETPM 1601).",
"month" : "4",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"image" : "",
"title" : "1000-ft Pipelay Barges‎",
"year" : "1977",
"day" : "1"
},
{
"month" : "9",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"description" : "The Trans-Alaska oil pipeline is completed.",
"link" : "/Trans_Alaska_Oil_Pipeline%E2%80%8E",
"title" : "Trans Alaska Oil Pipeline‎",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1977"
},
{
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "Cognac platform set in more than 1,000 ft of water in US GOM (Shell).",
"link" : "/Cognac_Platform%E2%80%8E",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1978",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Cognac Platform‎"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1978",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Unleaded Premium Gasoline",
"description" : "First unleaded premium gasoline is introduced. Gasoline would later be reformulated with less benzene and more oxygenated compounds, 1978",
"link" : "/Unleaded_Premium_Gasoline",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"link" : "/Measurement-While-Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Measurement-While-Drilling technology introduced (Teleco)",
"month" : "7",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"title" : "Measurement-While-Drilling‎",
"image" : "",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1978"
},
{
"year" : "1980",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Electrical Submersible Pump‎",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "First variable-speed electrical submersible pump (Hughes-Centrilift)",
"link" : "/Electrical_Submersible_Pump%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"description" : "The IBM Personal Computer (PC) 5150 was presented to the news media in New York City on 12 August 1981. Competing with the Apple II, IBM used its well-known brand name to capture much of the new PC market. For software, IBM hired the Microsoft Corporation to design the MS-DOS operating system.",
"link" : "/The_First_PCs",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"title" : "The First PCs",
"image" : "",
"day" : "12",
"year" : "1981"
},
{
"description" : "First commercially viable offshore horizontal well drilled at Rospe Mare in the Adriatic Sea, Italy (Elf Aquitaine)",
"link" : "/Horizontal_Drilling_Offshore%E2%80%8E",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1982",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Horizontal Drilling Offshore‎"
},
{
"year" : "1982",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Reaction Injection Molding",
"image" : "",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Reaction_Injection_Molding",
"description" : "Structural composites (e.g., 1984 Corvette bumper) are manufactured using reaction injection molding, the rapid mixing/reaction of isocyanates and polyols. (NSF; Bayer; Dow; Texaco), 1982 "
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Pressure_Swing_Adsorption",
"description" : "Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is used to produce enriched oxygen in portable generators that allow patients to receive medical oxygen without sacrificing their mobility. The process was first used in air drying during the 1960s. (Esso Research and Engineering Co.), 1982 ",
"year" : "1982",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Pressure Swing Adsorption",
"image" : ""
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1982",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Tubing-conveyed Perforation‎",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "4",
"link" : "/Tubing-conveyed_Perforation%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "First tubing-conveyed perforating run (Atlas Wireline Services)"
},
{
"year" : "1982",
"day" : "1",
"image" : "",
"title" : "3D Seismic Processing‎",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "8",
"link" : "/3D_Seismic_Processing%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "3D seismic processing begins (Veritas)"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"description" : "First guyed tower installed, significantly reducing the construction cost of platforms for use in water depths approaching 2,000 feet, compared with conventional fixed platforms (Exxon)",
"link" : "/Guyed_Tower%E2%80%8E",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1983",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Guyed Tower‎"
},
{
"link" : "/Polybenzimidazole_Fibers",
"description" : "Polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibers are introduced as a substitute for asbestos, exposure to which can lead to lung cancer. (Celanese), 1983 ",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"year" : "1983",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Polybenzimidazole Fibers",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Hindered Amines",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1983",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Highly efficient selective removal of hydrogen sulfide and other acid gases is achieved using hindered amines (FLEXSORB SE). (Exxon Research and Engineering Co.), 1983 ",
"link" : "/Hindered_Amines"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1983",
"title" : "Logging While Drilling‎",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/Logging_While_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "First quantitative Logging While Drilling resistivity sensor (Halliburton)",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "5"
},
{
"link" : "/Subsalt_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Subsalt drilling begins on Ship Shoal Block 366 in US Gulf of Mexico (Placid)",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "10",
"year" : "1983",
"day" : "1",
"title" : "Subsalt Drilling‎",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Steerable Drilling‎",
"year" : "1984",
"day" : "1",
"link" : "/Steerable_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "Steerable drilling system introduced (Norton Christensen)",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1984",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Non-toxic Oil-based Plant and Insect Spray",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "1",
"link" : "/Non-toxic_Oil-based_Plant_and_Insect_Spray",
"description" : "First non-toxic oil-based plant and insect spray is developed, initially for apple and pear tree pests (ORCHEX 796). (ExxonMobil), 1984 "
},
{
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1984",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Tension-Leg Platform‎",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"month" : "7",
"description" : "Industry's first tension-leg platform (TLP) begins operation at Hutton field in UK (Conoco)",
"link" : "/Tension-Leg_Platform%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"title" : "Conversion of Natural Gas to Methanol",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1985",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "First commercial plant built to convert natural gas to methanol and then to a premium unleaded gasoline. (Mobil Oil), 1985 ",
"link" : "/Conversion_of_Natural_Gas_to_Methanol"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Dissolvable Plastic Wafers",
"year" : "1985",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"description" : "Dime-sized dissolvable plastic wafers that release chemotherapy drugs to sites of excised brain tumors are developed, 1985",
"link" : "/Dissolvable_Plastic_Wafers"
},
{
"description" : "Derrick barge lift capacity reaches 13,200 tons (McDermott)",
"link" : "/Lift_Capacity_Record%E2%80%8E",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"month" : "1",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1986",
"image" : "",
"title" : "Lift Capacity Record‎"
},
{
"year" : "1986",
"day" : "15",
"title" : "Computer Virus Infects PCs",
"image" : "",
"link" : "/Computer_Virus_Infects_PCs",
"description" : "Brain-A, which may have been the first computer virus, was first detected in January 1986 to have infected PCs via a floppy disk. It was developed in Lahore, Pakistan.",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "1"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Gulf of Mexico Exploratory Tract‎",
"year" : "1988",
"day" : "1",
"month" : "1",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "4",
"description" : "Gulf of Mexico exploratory tract leased in almost 11,000 ft of water (Kerr-McGee)",
"link" : "/Gulf_of_Mexico_Exploratory_Tract%E2%80%8E"
},
{
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"month" : "12",
"link" : "/Transatlantic_Optical_Cable",
"description" : "On 14 December 1988, TAT-8, the first transatlantic optical fiber cable system was completed across the Atlantic. It was capable of handling 40,000 telephone calls simultaneously. ",
"day" : "14",
"year" : "1988",
"title" : "Transatlantic Optical Cable",
"image" : ""
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Deep Drilling‎",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1989",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "4",
"major" : "0",
"link" : "/Deep_Drilling%E2%80%8E",
"description" : "On the Kola peninsula, Soviet drillers reach a depth of 40,230  feet, still the deepest hole ever drilled, and the deepest artificial point on Earth"
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "Slow-release Fertilizer for Bio-remediation",
"day" : "1",
"year" : "1989",
"link" : "/Slow-release_Fertilizer_for_Bio-remediation",
"description" : "Slow-release fertilizer for bio-remediation of oil-contaminated land and shores is developed. (Exxon Research and Engineering Co.), 1989 ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "1",
"major" : "0"
},
{
"title" : "CERN Creates World Wide Web",
"image" : "",
"year" : "1990",
"day" : "15",
"month" : "12",
"major" : "0",
"priority" : "3",
"link" : "/CERN_Creates_World_Wide_Web",
"description" : "In December 1990, the first version of the World Wide Web software, created by Tim Berners-Lee and others, began operating within CERN in Geneva, Switzerland."
},
{
"image" : "",
"title" : "HTTP",
"day" : "15",
"year" : "1992",
"link" : "/HTTP",
"description" : "In July 1992, a new Internet protocol, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), was introduced to improved the efficiency of document retrieval. ",
"month" : "1",
"priority" : "3",
"major" : "0"
}
]
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