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t-mat/minimal_vst2x_host.cpp

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WIN32 : Minimal VST 2.x host in C++11.
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minimal_vst2x_host.cpp
// Win32 : Minimal VST 2.x Synth host in C++11.
//
// This is a simplified version of the following project by hotwatermorning :
// A sample VST Host Application for C++ Advent Calendar 2013 5th day.
// https://github.com/hotwatermorning/VstHostDemo
//
// Usage :
// 1. Compile & Run this program.
// 2. Select your VST Synth DLL.
// 3. Press QWERTY, ZXCV, etc.
// 4. Press Ctrl-C to exit.
//
// See also :
// Steinberg Media Technologies - The Yvan Grabit Developer Resource
// http://ygrabit.steinberg.de/~ygrabit/public_html/index.html
//
// MrsWatson - a command-line audio plugin host.
// https://github.com/teragonaudio/MrsWatson
//
// Notes :
// "vst2.x/aeffectx.h" is part of VST3 SDK. You can download VST3 SDK from
// Steinberg SDK Download Portal : http://www.steinberg.net/nc/en/company/developers/sdk_download_portal.html
#define UNICODE
#include <windows.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <mmdeviceapi.h>
#include <audioclient.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
#include <functional>
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
#include "VST3 SDK/pluginterfaces/vst2.x/aeffectx.h"
#pragma warning(pop)
#define ASSERT_THROW(c,e) if(!(c)) { throw std::runtime_error(e); }
#define CLOSE_HANDLE(x) if((x)) { CloseHandle(x); x = nullptr; }
#define RELEASE(x) if((x)) { (x)->Release(); x = nullptr; }
struct ComInit {
ComInit() { CoInitializeEx(nullptr, COINIT_MULTITHREADED); }
~ComInit() { CoUninitialize(); }
};
class VstPlugin {
public:
VstPlugin(const wchar_t* vstModulePath, HWND hWndParent) {
init(vstModulePath, hWndParent);
}
~VstPlugin() {
cleanup();
}
size_t getSamplePos() const { return samplePos; }
size_t getSampleRate() const { return 44100; }
size_t getBlockSize() const { return 1024; }
size_t getChannelCount() const { return 2; }
static const char* getVendorString() { return "TEST_VENDOR"; }
static const char* getProductString() { return "TEST_PRODUCT"; }
static int getVendorVersion() { return 1; }
static const char** getCapabilities() {
static const char* hostCapabilities[] = {
"sendVstEvents",
"sendVstMidiEvents",
"sizeWindow",
"startStopProcess",
"sendVstMidiEventFlagIsRealtime",
nullptr
};
return hostCapabilities;
}
bool getFlags(int32_t m) const { return (aEffect->flags & m) == m; }
bool flagsHasEditor() const { return getFlags(effFlagsHasEditor); }
bool flagsIsSynth() const { return getFlags(effFlagsIsSynth); }
intptr_t dispatcher(int32_t opcode, int32_t index = 0, intptr_t value = 0, void *ptr = nullptr, float opt = 0.0f) const {
return aEffect->dispatcher(aEffect, opcode, index, value, ptr, opt);
}
void resizeEditor(const RECT& clientRc) const {
if(editorHwnd) {
auto rc = clientRc;
const auto style = GetWindowLongPtr(editorHwnd, GWL_STYLE);
const auto exStyle = GetWindowLongPtr(editorHwnd, GWL_EXSTYLE);
const BOOL fMenu = GetMenu(editorHwnd) != nullptr;
AdjustWindowRectEx(&rc, style, fMenu, exStyle);
MoveWindow(editorHwnd, 0, 0, rc.right-rc.left, rc.bottom-rc.top, TRUE);
}
}
void sendMidiNote(int midiChannel, int noteNumber, bool onOff, int velocity) {
VstMidiEvent e {};
e.type = kVstMidiType;
e.byteSize = sizeof(e);
e.flags = kVstMidiEventIsRealtime;
e.midiData[0] = static_cast<char>(midiChannel + (onOff ? 0x90 : 0x80));
e.midiData[1] = static_cast<char>(noteNumber);
e.midiData[2] = static_cast<char>(velocity);
if(auto l = vstMidi.lock()) {
vstMidi.events.push_back(e);
}
}
// This function is called from refillCallback() which is running in audio thread.
void processEvents() {
vstMidiEvents.clear();
if(auto l = vstMidi.lock()) {
std::swap(vstMidiEvents, vstMidi.events);
}
if(! vstMidiEvents.empty()) {
const auto n = vstMidiEvents.size();
const auto bytes = sizeof(VstEvents) + sizeof(VstEvent*) * n;
vstEventBuffer.resize(bytes);
auto* ve = reinterpret_cast<VstEvents*>(vstEventBuffer.data());
ve->numEvents = n;
ve->reserved = 0;
for(size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
ve->events[i] = reinterpret_cast<VstEvent*>(&vstMidiEvents[i]);
}
dispatcher(effProcessEvents, 0, 0, ve);
}
}
// This function is called from refillCallback() which is running in audio thread.
float** processAudio(size_t frameCount, size_t& outputFrameCount) {
frameCount = std::min<size_t>(frameCount, outputBuffer.size() / getChannelCount());
aEffect->processReplacing(aEffect, inputBufferHeads.data(), outputBufferHeads.data(), frameCount);
samplePos += frameCount;
outputFrameCount = frameCount;
return outputBufferHeads.data();
}
private:
bool init(const wchar_t* vstModulePath, HWND hWndParent) {
{
wchar_t buf[MAX_PATH+1] {};
wchar_t* namePtr = nullptr;
const auto r = GetFullPathName(vstModulePath, _countof(buf), buf, &namePtr);
if(r && namePtr) {
*namePtr = 0;
char mbBuf[_countof(buf) * 4] {};
if(auto s = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_OEMCP, 0, buf, -1, mbBuf, sizeof(mbBuf), 0, 0)) {
directoryMultiByte = mbBuf;
}
}
}
hModule = LoadLibrary(vstModulePath);
ASSERT_THROW(hModule, "Can't open VST DLL");
typedef AEffect* (VstEntryProc)(audioMasterCallback);
auto* vstEntryProc = reinterpret_cast<VstEntryProc*>(GetProcAddress(hModule, "VSTPluginMain"));
if(!vstEntryProc) {
vstEntryProc = reinterpret_cast<VstEntryProc*>(GetProcAddress(hModule, "main"));
}
ASSERT_THROW(vstEntryProc, "VST's entry point not found");
aEffect = vstEntryProc(hostCallback_static);
ASSERT_THROW(aEffect && aEffect->magic == kEffectMagic, "Not a VST plugin");
ASSERT_THROW(flagsIsSynth(), "Not a VST Synth");
aEffect->user = this;
inputBuffer.resize(aEffect->numInputs * getBlockSize());
for(int i = 0; i < aEffect->numInputs; ++i) {
inputBufferHeads.push_back(&inputBuffer[i * getBlockSize()]);
}
outputBuffer.resize(aEffect->numOutputs * getBlockSize());
for(int i = 0; i < aEffect->numOutputs; ++i) {
outputBufferHeads.push_back(&outputBuffer[i * getBlockSize()]);
}
dispatcher(effOpen);
dispatcher(effSetSampleRate, 0, 0, 0, static_cast<float>(getSampleRate()));
dispatcher(effSetBlockSize, 0, getBlockSize());
dispatcher(effSetProcessPrecision, 0, kVstProcessPrecision32);
dispatcher(effMainsChanged, 0, 1);
dispatcher(effStartProcess);
if(hWndParent && flagsHasEditor()) {
WNDCLASSEX wcex { sizeof(wcex) };
wcex.lpfnWndProc = DefWindowProc;
wcex.hInstance = GetModuleHandle(0);
wcex.lpszClassName = L"Minimal VST host - Guest VST Window Frame";
RegisterClassEx(&wcex);
const auto style = WS_CAPTION | WS_THICKFRAME | WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW;
editorHwnd = CreateWindow(
wcex.lpszClassName, vstModulePath, style
, 0, 0, 0, 0, hWndParent, 0, 0, 0
);
dispatcher(effEditOpen, 0, 0, editorHwnd);
RECT rc {};
ERect* erc = nullptr;
dispatcher(effEditGetRect, 0, 0, &erc);
rc.left = erc->left;
rc.top = erc->top;
rc.right = erc->right;
rc.bottom = erc->bottom;
resizeEditor(rc);
ShowWindow(editorHwnd, SW_SHOW);
}
return true;
}
void cleanup() {
if(editorHwnd) {
dispatcher(effEditClose);
editorHwnd = nullptr;
}
dispatcher(effStopProcess);
dispatcher(effMainsChanged, 0, 0);
dispatcher(effClose);
if(hModule) {
FreeLibrary(hModule);
hModule = nullptr;
}
}
static VstIntPtr hostCallback_static(
AEffect* effect, VstInt32 opcode, VstInt32 index, VstIntPtr value, void *ptr, float opt
) {
if(effect && effect->user) {
auto* that = static_cast<VstPlugin*>(effect->user);
return that->hostCallback(opcode, index, value, ptr, opt);
}
switch(opcode) {
case audioMasterVersion: return kVstVersion;
default: return 0;
}
}
VstIntPtr hostCallback(VstInt32 opcode, VstInt32 index, VstIntPtr value, void* ptr, float) {
switch(opcode) {
default: break;
case audioMasterVersion: return kVstVersion;
case audioMasterCurrentId: return aEffect->uniqueID;
case audioMasterGetSampleRate: return getSampleRate();
case audioMasterGetBlockSize: return getBlockSize();
case audioMasterGetCurrentProcessLevel: return kVstProcessLevelUnknown;
case audioMasterGetAutomationState: return kVstAutomationOff;
case audioMasterGetLanguage: return kVstLangEnglish;
case audioMasterGetVendorVersion: return getVendorVersion();
case audioMasterGetVendorString:
strcpy_s(static_cast<char*>(ptr), kVstMaxVendorStrLen, getVendorString());
return 1;
case audioMasterGetProductString:
strcpy_s(static_cast<char*>(ptr), kVstMaxProductStrLen, getProductString());
return 1;
case audioMasterGetTime:
timeinfo.flags = 0;
timeinfo.samplePos = getSamplePos();
timeinfo.sampleRate = getSampleRate();
return reinterpret_cast<VstIntPtr>(&timeinfo);
case audioMasterGetDirectory:
return reinterpret_cast<VstIntPtr>(directoryMultiByte.c_str());
case audioMasterIdle:
if(editorHwnd) {
dispatcher(effEditIdle);
}
break;
case audioMasterSizeWindow:
if(editorHwnd) {
RECT rc {};
GetWindowRect(editorHwnd, &rc);
rc.right = rc.left + static_cast<int>(index);
rc.bottom = rc.top + static_cast<int>(value);
resizeEditor(rc);
}
break;
case audioMasterCanDo:
for(const char** pp = getCapabilities(); *pp; ++pp) {
if(strcmp(*pp, static_cast<const char*>(ptr)) == 0) {
return 1;
}
}
return 0;
}
return 0;
}
protected:
HWND editorHwnd { nullptr };
HMODULE hModule { nullptr };
AEffect* aEffect { nullptr };
std::atomic<size_t> samplePos { 0 };
VstTimeInfo timeinfo {};
std::string directoryMultiByte {};
std::vector<float> outputBuffer;
std::vector<float*> outputBufferHeads;
std::vector<float> inputBuffer;
std::vector<float*> inputBufferHeads;
std::vector<VstMidiEvent> vstMidiEvents;
std::vector<char> vstEventBuffer;
struct {
std::vector<VstMidiEvent> events;
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock() const {
return std::unique_lock<std::mutex>(mutex);
}
private:
std::mutex mutable mutex;
} vstMidi;
};
struct Wasapi {
using RefillFunc = std::function<bool(float*, uint32_t, const WAVEFORMATEX*)>;
Wasapi(RefillFunc refillFunc, int hnsBufferDuration = 30 * 10000) {
HRESULT hr = S_OK;
hClose = CreateEventEx(0, 0, 0, EVENT_MODIFY_STATE | SYNCHRONIZE);
hRefillEvent = CreateEventEx(0, 0, 0, EVENT_MODIFY_STATE | SYNCHRONIZE);
this->refillFunc = refillFunc;
hr = CoCreateInstance(__uuidof(MMDeviceEnumerator), 0, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, IID_PPV_ARGS(&mmDeviceEnumerator));
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "CoCreateInstance(MMDeviceEnumerator) failed");
hr = mmDeviceEnumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(eRender, eMultimedia, &mmDevice);
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "mmDeviceEnumerator->GetDefaultAudioEndpoint() failed");
hr = mmDevice->Activate(__uuidof(IAudioClient), CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, 0, reinterpret_cast<void**>(&audioClient));
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "mmDevice->Activate() failed");
audioClient->GetMixFormat(&mixFormat);
hr = audioClient->Initialize(
AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED
, AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK | AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_NOPERSIST
, hnsBufferDuration
, 0
, mixFormat
, nullptr
);
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "audioClient->Initialize() failed");
hr = audioClient->GetService(__uuidof(IAudioRenderClient), reinterpret_cast<void**>(&audioRenderClient));
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "audioClient->GetService(IAudioRenderClient) failed");
hr = audioClient->GetBufferSize(&bufferFrameCount);
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "audioClient->GetBufferSize() failed");
hr = audioClient->SetEventHandle(hRefillEvent);
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "audioClient->SetEventHandle() failed");
BYTE* data = nullptr;
hr = audioRenderClient->GetBuffer(bufferFrameCount, &data);
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "audioRenderClient->GetBuffer() failed");
hr = audioRenderClient->ReleaseBuffer(bufferFrameCount, AUDCLNT_BUFFERFLAGS_SILENT);
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "audioRenderClient->ReleaseBuffer() failed");
unsigned threadId = 0;
hThread = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(_beginthreadex(0, 0, threadFunc_static, reinterpret_cast<void*>(this), 0, &threadId));
hr = audioClient->Start();
ASSERT_THROW(SUCCEEDED(hr), "audioClient->Start() failed");
}
~Wasapi() {
if(hClose) {
SetEvent(hClose);
if(hThread) {
WaitForSingleObject(hThread, INFINITE);
}
}
CLOSE_HANDLE(hThread);
CLOSE_HANDLE(hClose);
CLOSE_HANDLE(hRefillEvent);
if(mixFormat) {
CoTaskMemFree(mixFormat);
mixFormat = nullptr;
}
RELEASE(audioRenderClient);
RELEASE(audioClient);
RELEASE(mmDevice);
RELEASE(mmDeviceEnumerator);
}
private:
static unsigned __stdcall threadFunc_static(void* arg) {
return reinterpret_cast<Wasapi*>(arg)->threadFunc();
}
unsigned threadFunc() {
ComInit comInit {};
const HANDLE events[2] = { hClose, hRefillEvent };
for(bool run = true; run; ) {
const auto r = WaitForMultipleObjects(_countof(events), events, FALSE, INFINITE);
if(WAIT_OBJECT_0 == r) { // hClose
run = false;
} else if(WAIT_OBJECT_0+1 == r) { // hRefillEvent
UINT32 c = 0;
audioClient->GetCurrentPadding(&c);
const auto a = bufferFrameCount - c;
float* data = nullptr;
audioRenderClient->GetBuffer(a, reinterpret_cast<BYTE**>(&data));
const auto r = refillFunc(data, a, mixFormat);
audioRenderClient->ReleaseBuffer(a, r ? 0 : AUDCLNT_BUFFERFLAGS_SILENT);
}
}
return 0;
}
HANDLE hThread { nullptr };
IMMDeviceEnumerator* mmDeviceEnumerator { nullptr };
IMMDevice* mmDevice { nullptr };
IAudioClient* audioClient { nullptr };
IAudioRenderClient* audioRenderClient { nullptr };
WAVEFORMATEX* mixFormat { nullptr };
HANDLE hRefillEvent { nullptr };
HANDLE hClose { nullptr };
UINT32 bufferFrameCount { 0 };
RefillFunc refillFunc {};
};
// This function is called from Wasapi::threadFunc() which is running in audio thread.
bool refillCallback(VstPlugin& vstPlugin, float* const data, uint32_t availableFrameCount, const WAVEFORMATEX* const mixFormat) {
vstPlugin.processEvents();
const auto nDstChannels = mixFormat->nChannels;
const auto nSrcChannels = vstPlugin.getChannelCount();
const auto vstSamplesPerBlock = vstPlugin.getBlockSize();
int ofs = 0;
while(availableFrameCount > 0) {
size_t outputFrameCount = 0;
float** vstOutput = vstPlugin.processAudio(availableFrameCount, outputFrameCount);
// VST vstOutput[][] format :
// vstOutput[a][b]
// channel = a % vstPlugin.getChannelCount()
// frame = b + floor(a/2) * vstPlugin.getBlockSize()
// wasapi data[] format :
// data[x]
// channel = x % mixFormat->nChannels
// frame = floor(x / mixFormat->nChannels);
const auto nFrame = outputFrameCount;
for(size_t iFrame = 0; iFrame < nFrame; ++iFrame) {
for(size_t iChannel = 0; iChannel < nDstChannels; ++iChannel) {
const int sChannel = iChannel % nSrcChannels;
const int vstOutputPage = (iFrame / vstSamplesPerBlock) * sChannel + sChannel;
const int vstOutputIndex = (iFrame % vstSamplesPerBlock);
const int wasapiWriteIndex = iFrame * nDstChannels + iChannel;
*(data + ofs + wasapiWriteIndex) = vstOutput[vstOutputPage][vstOutputIndex];
}
}
availableFrameCount -= nFrame;
ofs += nFrame * nDstChannels;
}
return true;
}
void mainLoop(const std::wstring& dllFilename) {
VstPlugin vstPlugin { dllFilename.c_str(), GetConsoleWindow() };
Wasapi wasapi { [&vstPlugin](float* const data, uint32_t availableFrameCount, const WAVEFORMATEX* const mixFormat) {
return refillCallback(vstPlugin, data, availableFrameCount, mixFormat);
}};
struct Key {
Key(int midiNote) : midiNote { midiNote } {}
int midiNote {};
bool status { false };
};
std::map<int, Key> keyMap {
{'2', {61}}, {'3', {63}}, {'5', {66}}, {'6', {68}}, {'7', {70}},
{'Q', {60}}, {'W', {62}}, {'E', {64}}, {'R', {65}}, {'T', {67}}, {'Y', {69}}, {'U', {71}}, {'I', {72}},
{'S', {49}}, {'D', {51}}, {'G', {54}}, {'H', {56}}, {'J', {58}},
{'Z', {48}}, {'X', {50}}, {'C', {52}}, {'V', {53}}, {'B', {55}}, {'N', {57}}, {'M', {59}}, {VK_OEM_COMMA, {60}},
};
for(bool run = true; run; WaitMessage()) {
MSG msg {};
while(BOOL b = PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
if(b == -1) {
run = false;
break;
}
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
for(auto& e : keyMap) {
auto& key = e.second;
const auto on = (GetKeyState(e.first) & 0x8000) != 0;
if(key.status != on) {
key.status = on;
vstPlugin.sendMidiNote(0, key.midiNote, on, 100);
}
}
}
}
int main() {
ComInit comInit {};
const auto dllFilename = []() -> std::wstring {
wchar_t fn[MAX_PATH+1] {};
OPENFILENAME ofn { sizeof(ofn) };
ofn.lpstrFilter = L"VSTi DLL(*.dll)\0*.dll\0All Files(*.*)\0*.*\0\0";
ofn.lpstrFile = fn;
ofn.nMaxFile = _countof(fn);
ofn.lpstrTitle = L"Select VST DLL";
ofn.Flags = OFN_FILEMUSTEXIST | OFN_ENABLESIZING;
GetOpenFileName(&ofn);
return fn;
} ();
try {
mainLoop(dllFilename);
} catch(std::exception &e) {
std::cout << "Exception : " << e.what() << std::endl;
}
}
@foufikand
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foufikand commented Nov 9, 2018 •
edited
Loading

Thank you for this project, can i have your contacts to ask some questions about WASAPI please!

@rubenmedrano
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Hello

I can't compile it, it brings me an error:

minimal_vst2x_host.cpp|380|error: invalid user-defined conversion from 'const Wasapi::Wasapi(Wasapi::RefillFunc, int)::<lambda(void*)>' to 'unsigned int (__attribute__((stdcall)) *)(void*)' [-fpermissive]|

Any solution?

@t-mat
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Author

t-mat commented Mar 12, 2021

Hi, thanks for the report.

I suppose you're using g++ (mingw).
If so, I've updated this gist to fix the issue. Now you can compile this code with clang++ or g++.

$ g++ minimal_vst2x_host.cpp -lcomdlg32 -lole32

$ clang++ minimal_vst2x_host.cpp -lcomdlg32 -lole32

I think stateless lambda to __stdcall conversion is a part of the C++ standard. And actually, if compile target is 64-bit Windows, both clang++ and g++ can compile this code without error. Of course it won't load any 32-bit VST2 instruments though.
Interestingly, when compile target is 32-bit Windows (-m32), both of clang++ and g++ say there's no conversion from stateless lambda to __stdcall as you've reported.

Since I don't want to know compiler's feeling, I just avoid to use stateless lambda. So, rewrinting the stateless lamda as a static function is the solution for this issue.

@rubenmedrano
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Thanks for your quick reply T-Mat,

I've tried it and it works. You are right, I use codeblocks with g++(mingw).

I just had to go to:

Project -> Build options -> Linker settings ->...and browse for the file libcomdlg32.a to add it.

And it works! Thank you very much!

BTW: Woul it be complicated to modify for using it with VST plugins? (not just VSTi)

@t-mat
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t-mat commented Mar 13, 2021

Basically, it won't need much effort. You should implement the following functionalities:

  • (A) MIDI event routing, if you want to use MIDI event generators such as arpeggiator.
    • In VstPlugin::processEvents(), send event to other VstPlugin. You can use VstPlugin::sendMidiNote() to send the MIDI note event.
  • (B) Audio signal routing, if you want to use effectors such as reverb.
    • In VstPlugin::processAudio(), send audio to other VstPlugin. You need to implement an analogue of sendMidiNote() for audio. The new method writes audio to inputBuffer. Note that processAudio() already sends inputBuffer to VST. But it's always filled with 0 so far.

To keep the code simple, I highly recommend to think about and implement serial and fixed (not flexible) network. For example,

MIDI:
Input (Keyboard) --(sendMidiNote())--> Arpeggiator --(A)--> VSTi

Audio:
VSTi --(B)--> Reverb --(refillCallback())--> Output (WASAPI)

If your network is serial, refillCallback() just needs to know the last VST plugin which process the audio.

@rubenmedrano
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I will keep your recommendations in mind.
I am just beginning to try to host VST plugins in my audio C++ program (I use portaudio and ASIO drivers)...
Thanks T-Mat, you are very helpful!

@Israel-7
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Very nice VST host!
I'm trying to implement this in my C++ program, but I can't open two or more VSTs at the same time. The for loop with "PeekMessage" is necessary for the plugin window to work, so I only get one at a time.
Any solution?

@t-mat
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t-mat commented Feb 18, 2023 •
edited
Loading

@Israel-7, since I don't know anything about your program, I recommend you to play with this code before (re-) implement your own.

I can say that this example is able to extend to support multiple VSTs with the following modification:

/**/ indicates modified or added line.

(1) main() : Add second VST

int main() {
    ComInit comInit {};

/**/const auto dllFilename0 = []() -> std::wstring {
        wchar_t fn[MAX_PATH+1] {};
        OPENFILENAME ofn { sizeof(ofn) };
        ofn.lpstrFilter = L"VSTi DLL(*.dll)\0*.dll\0All Files(*.*)\0*.*\0\0";
        ofn.lpstrFile   = fn;
        ofn.nMaxFile    = _countof(fn);
        ofn.lpstrTitle  = L"Select VST DLL (#0)";
        ofn.Flags       = OFN_FILEMUSTEXIST | OFN_ENABLESIZING;
        GetOpenFileName(&ofn);
        return fn;
    } ();

/**/const auto dllFilename1 = []() -> std::wstring {
/**/    wchar_t fn[MAX_PATH+1] {};
/**/    OPENFILENAME ofn { sizeof(ofn) };
/**/    ofn.lpstrFilter = L"VSTi DLL(*.dll)\0*.dll\0All Files(*.*)\0*.*\0\0";
/**/    ofn.lpstrFile   = fn;
/**/    ofn.nMaxFile    = _countof(fn);
/**/    ofn.lpstrTitle  = L"Select VST DLL (#1)";
/**/    ofn.Flags       = OFN_FILEMUSTEXIST | OFN_ENABLESIZING;
/**/    GetOpenFileName(&ofn);
/**/    return fn;
/**/} ();

    try {
/**/    mainLoop(dllFilename0, dllFilename1);
    } catch(std::exception &e) {
        std::cout << "Exception : " << e.what() << std::endl;
    }
}

(2) mainLoop() : Add second VST

/**/
void mainLoop(const std::wstring& dllFilename0, const std::wstring& dllFilename1) {
/**/ VstPlugin vstPlugin0 { dllFilename0.c_str(), GetConsoleWindow() };
/**/ VstPlugin vstPlugin1 { dllFilename1.c_str(), GetConsoleWindow() };
/**/ Wasapi wasapi { [&vstPlugin0, &vstPlugin1](float* const data, uint32_t availableFrameCount, const WAVEFORMATEX* const mixFormat) {
/**/     refillCallback(vstPlugin1, data, availableFrameCount, mixFormat, false);
/**/     return refillCallback(vstPlugin0, data, availableFrameCount, mixFormat, true);
     }};

    ...

    for(bool run = true; run; WaitMessage()) {
        MSG msg {};
        ...

        for(auto& e : keyMap) {
            auto& key = e.second;
            const auto on = (GetKeyState(e.first) & 0x8000) != 0;
            if(key.status != on) {
                key.status = on;
/**/            vstPlugin0.sendMidiNote(0, key.midiNote, on, 100);
/**/            vstPlugin1.sendMidiNote(0, key.midiNote, on, 100);
            }
        }
    }
}

(3) refillCallback() : Add additive mode

/**/
bool refillCallback(VstPlugin& vstPlugin, float* const data, uint32_t availableFrameCount, const WAVEFORMATEX* const mixFormat, bool additive) {
    ...
    while(availableFrameCount > 0) {
        ...
        for(size_t iFrame = 0; iFrame < nFrame; ++iFrame) {
            ...
            for(size_t iChannel = 0; iChannel < nDstChannels; ++iChannel) {
               ...
/**/            if(additive) {
/**/                *(data + ofs + wasapiWriteIndex) += vstOutput[vstOutputPage][vstOutputIndex];
/**/            } else {
/**/                *(data + ofs + wasapiWriteIndex) = vstOutput[vstOutputPage][vstOutputIndex];
/**/            }
               ...
            }
        }
        ...
    }
    ...
}

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