This is a writeup about how to install Ubuntu 16.04.1 Xenial Xerus for the 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 (armhf) architecture on a Qemu VM via Ubuntu netboot.
The setup will create a Ubuntu VM with LPAE extensions (generic-lpae) enabled. However, this writeup should also work for non-LPAE (generic) kernels.
The performance of the resulting VM is quite good, and it allows VMs with >1G ram (compared to 256M on versatilepb and 1G on versatile-a9/versatile-a15). It also supports virtio disks whereas versatile-a9/versatile-a15 only support SD cards via the -sd argument.
The netboot files are available on the official Ubuntu mirror. The following commands will download the kernel (vmlinuz) and initrd (initrd.gz) in a new directory called netboot:
mkdir netboot
cd netboot
wget -r -nH -nd -np -R "index.html*" --quiet http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/dists/xenial/main/installer-armhf/current/images/generic-lpae/netboot/The following command creates a image file that will be used as a disk for the Ubuntu system:
qemu-img create -f qcow2 ubuntu.img 16GInstalling Ubuntu via netboot requires an Internet connection. Therefore the Ubuntu VM requires a network intefaces that can use the Internet connection of the host system. The host systems needs to create a tuntap device for the VM and a bridge that will connect the tuntap interface with the Internet-facing interface. The bridge is called br0 and the tuntap device for the Ubuntu VM will be tap0.
sudo ip tuntap add dev tap0 mode tap
sudo ip link set up dev tap0
sudo ip link set tap0 master br0Creating a bridge and adding the Internet-facing interface (e.g. eth0):
sudo ip link add br0 type bridge
sudo ip link set eth0 master br0Allow IP packet forwarding:
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1Start a DHCP server in the bridge so that the Ubuntu VM receives an IP address:
echo "subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.100;
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option domain-name-servers 208.67.222.222, 208.67.220.220;
}" > qemu-dhcpd.conf
sudo dhcpd -cf qemu-dhcpd.conf br0Set router IP on bridge interface:
ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev br0
ip link set up dev br0From the netboot directory (containing the netboot files vmlinuz and initrd.gz), run the following command:
qemu-system-arm \
-kernel vmlinuz \
-initrd initrd.gz \
-append "root=/dev/ram" \
-no-reboot \
-nographic \
-m 1024 \
-M virt \
-serial stdio \
-net nic \
-net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no \
-hda ubuntu.imgThe kernel should now boot into the Ubuntu installer within the terminal window where the command has been executed.
After the installation process has been finished, extract the kernel and initrd files from the new installed Ubuntu system. Mount the Ubuntu image:
qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw ubuntu.img ubuntu-raw.img
sudo losetup /dev/loop0 ubuntu-raw.img
OFFSET=$(($(sudo fdisk -l /dev/loop0 |grep /dev/loop0p1 |awk '{print $3}')*512))
sudo mount -o loop,offset=$OFFSET /dev/loop0 /mntCreate a new directory boot for the new kernel and initrd files and copy them into it:
mkdir boot
cp /mnt/initrd.img-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae
cp /mnt/vmlinuz-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae bootCleanup:
sudo umount /mnt
sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0
rm ubuntu-raw.imgTODO: Add working solution that does not require to convert the image file.
The Ubuntu VM directory should now have the following structure:
├── boot
│ ├── initrd.img-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae
│ └── vmlinuz-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae
├── netboot
│ ├── initrd.gz
│ └── vmlinuz
└── ubuntu.imgStart Qemu:
qemu-system-arm \
-kernel boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae \
-initrd boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae \
-append "root=/dev/vda2 rootfstype=ext4" \
-no-reboot \
-nographic \
-m 1024 \
-M virt \
-serial stdio \
-monitor telnet:127.0.0.1:9000,server,nowait \
-net nic \
-net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no \
-drive file=ubuntu.img,if=virtioThe following script can be used for starting the VM:
#!/bin/sh
NET_IF=tap0
BRIDGE=br0
if ! grep --quiet $NET_IF /proc/net/dev;then
echo "Creating ${NET_IF} device"
sudo ip tuntap add dev $NET_IF mode tap
sudo ip l s up dev $NET_IF
fi
if grep --quiet $BRIDGE /proc/net/dev;then
sudo ip l s $NET_IF master $BRIDGE
else
echo "${BRIDGE} does not exist!"
exit
fi
qemu-system-arm \
-kernel boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae \
-initrd boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-38-generic-lpae \
-append "root=/dev/vda2 rootfstype=ext4" \
-no-reboot \
-nographic \
-m 1024 \
-M virt \
-serial stdio \
-monitor telnet:127.0.0.1:9000,server,nowait \
-net nic \
-net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no \
-drive file=ubuntu.img,if=virtio
About how to avoiding converting the image, I suggest 2 solutions:
Use raw image
Just create raw image instead of qcow2 image using command:
And then you can continue using without any problem
If you get any warning messages about using raw image:
qemu-system-armcommand, you can replace the-hda ubuntu.imgpart with-drive format=raw,file=ubuntu,img,index=0.qemu-system-armcommand, you can replace withformat=raw,file=ubuntu.img,if=virtioin-driveoptionNote: To avoid using offset when the raw image has multiple partitions, you can reload the
loopmodule:After finishing copying the kernel and initrd file, you can un-mount and detach the image file
Mount
qcow2image usingqemu-nbdAdd
nbdmodule, and then mount usingqemu-nbdAfter finishing copying the kernel and initrd file, you can un-mount and detach the image file