MCP23008 I2C / SPI LCD BACKPACK LIBRARY FOR SPARK COREhttp://www.adafruit.com/products/292

sparkMCP23008LCD.cpp

//-----------------------------------------------//
// I2C / SPI LCD BACKPACK LIBRARY FOR SPARK CORE //
//===============================================//
// Copy this into a new application at:          //
// https://www.spark.io/build and go nuts!       //
// !! Pinouts on line 427 below !!               //
//-----------------------------------------------//
// Technobly / BDub - Jan 16th 2014              //
//===============================================//

// http://www.adafruit.com/products/292
// https://github.com/adafruit/LiquidCrystal

/* ===================== Adafruit_MCP23008.h ========================= */

#define _BV(bit) (1 << (bit)) // used in LiquidCrystal.cpp

/*************************************************** 
  This is a library for the MCP23008 i2c port expander

  These displays use I2C to communicate, 2 pins are required to  
  interface
  Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code, 
  please support Adafruit and open-source hardware by purchasing 
  products from Adafruit!

  Written by Limor Fried/Ladyada for Adafruit Industries.  
  BSD license, all text above must be included in any redistribution
 ****************************************************/

// Don't forget the Wire library
class Adafruit_MCP23008 {
public:
  void begin(uint8_t addr);
  void begin(void);

  void pinModeMCP(uint8_t p, uint8_t d);
  void digitalWrite(uint8_t p, uint8_t d);
  void pullUp(uint8_t p, uint8_t d);
  uint8_t digitalRead(uint8_t p);
  uint8_t readGPIO(void);
  void writeGPIO(uint8_t);

 private:
  uint8_t i2caddr;
  uint8_t read8(uint8_t addr);
  void write8(uint8_t addr, uint8_t data);
};

// Default address is 0x20 - 0x27
#define MCP23008_ADDRESS 0x20

// registers
#define MCP23008_IODIR 0x00
#define MCP23008_IPOL 0x01
#define MCP23008_GPINTEN 0x02
#define MCP23008_DEFVAL 0x03
#define MCP23008_INTCON 0x04
#define MCP23008_IOCON 0x05
#define MCP23008_GPPU 0x06
#define MCP23008_INTF 0x07
#define MCP23008_INTCAP 0x08
#define MCP23008_GPIO 0x09
#define MCP23008_OLAT 0x0A

/* ===================== Adafruit_MCP23008.cpp ========================= */

/*************************************************** 
  This is a library for the MCP23008 i2c port expander

  These displays use I2C to communicate, 2 pins are required to  
  interface
  Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code, 
  please support Adafruit and open-source hardware by purchasing 
  products from Adafruit!

  Written by Limor Fried/Ladyada for Adafruit Industries.  
  BSD license, all text above must be included in any redistribution
 ****************************************************/

void Adafruit_MCP23008::begin(uint8_t addr) {
  if (addr > 7) {
    addr = 7;
  }
  //i2caddr = addr;
  i2caddr = addr << 1; // Temporary while Spark Core is being fixed

  Wire.begin();

  // set defaults!
  Wire.beginTransmission(MCP23008_ADDRESS | i2caddr);
  Wire.write((byte)MCP23008_IODIR);
  Wire.write((byte)0xFF);  // all inputs
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);
  Wire.write((byte)0x00);	
  Wire.endTransmission();

}

void Adafruit_MCP23008::begin(void) {
  begin(0);
}

void Adafruit_MCP23008::pinModeMCP(uint8_t p, uint8_t d) {
  uint8_t iodir;
  

  // only 8 bits!
  if (p > 7)
    return;
  
  iodir = read8(MCP23008_IODIR);

  // set the pin and direction
  if (d == INPUT) {
    iodir |= 1 << p; 
  } else {
    iodir &= ~(1 << p);
  }

  // write the new IODIR
  write8(MCP23008_IODIR, iodir);
}

uint8_t Adafruit_MCP23008::readGPIO(void) {
  // read the current GPIO input 
  return read8(MCP23008_GPIO);
}

void Adafruit_MCP23008::writeGPIO(uint8_t gpio) {
  write8(MCP23008_GPIO, gpio);
}


void Adafruit_MCP23008::digitalWrite(uint8_t p, uint8_t d) {
  uint8_t gpio;
  
  // only 8 bits!
  if (p > 7)
    return;

  // read the current GPIO output latches
  gpio = readGPIO();

  // set the pin and direction
  if (d == HIGH) {
    gpio |= 1 << p; 
  } else {
    gpio &= ~(1 << p);
  }

  // write the new GPIO
  writeGPIO(gpio);
}

void Adafruit_MCP23008::pullUp(uint8_t p, uint8_t d) {
  uint8_t gppu;
  
  // only 8 bits!
  if (p > 7)
    return;

  gppu = read8(MCP23008_GPPU);
  // set the pin and direction
  if (d == HIGH) {
    gppu |= 1 << p; 
  } else {
    gppu &= ~(1 << p);
  }
  // write the new GPIO
  write8(MCP23008_GPPU, gppu);
}

uint8_t Adafruit_MCP23008::digitalRead(uint8_t p) {
  // only 8 bits!
  if (p > 7)
    return 0;

  // read the current GPIO
  return (readGPIO() >> p) & 0x1;
}

uint8_t Adafruit_MCP23008::read8(uint8_t addr) {
  Wire.beginTransmission(MCP23008_ADDRESS | i2caddr);
  Wire.write((byte)addr);	
  Wire.endTransmission();
  Wire.requestFrom(MCP23008_ADDRESS | i2caddr, 1);
  return Wire.read();
}


void Adafruit_MCP23008::write8(uint8_t addr, uint8_t data) {
  Wire.beginTransmission(MCP23008_ADDRESS | i2caddr);
  Wire.write((byte)addr);
  Wire.write((byte)data);
  Wire.endTransmission();
}

/* ===================== LiquidCrystal.h ========================= */

//#include "Print.h"

// commands
#define LCD_CLEARDISPLAY 0x01
#define LCD_RETURNHOME 0x02
#define LCD_ENTRYMODESET 0x04
#define LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL 0x08
#define LCD_CURSORSHIFT 0x10
#define LCD_FUNCTIONSET 0x20
#define LCD_SETCGRAMADDR 0x40
#define LCD_SETDDRAMADDR 0x80

// flags for display entry mode
#define LCD_ENTRYRIGHT 0x00
#define LCD_ENTRYLEFT 0x02
#define LCD_ENTRYSHIFTINCREMENT 0x01
#define LCD_ENTRYSHIFTDECREMENT 0x00

// flags for display on/off control
#define LCD_DISPLAYON 0x04
#define LCD_DISPLAYOFF 0x00
#define LCD_CURSORON 0x02
#define LCD_CURSOROFF 0x00
#define LCD_BLINKON 0x01
#define LCD_BLINKOFF 0x00

// flags for display/cursor shift
#define LCD_DISPLAYMOVE 0x08
#define LCD_CURSORMOVE 0x00
#define LCD_MOVERIGHT 0x04
#define LCD_MOVELEFT 0x00

// flags for function set
#define LCD_8BITMODE 0x10
#define LCD_4BITMODE 0x00
#define LCD_2LINE 0x08
#define LCD_1LINE 0x00
#define LCD_5x10DOTS 0x04
#define LCD_5x8DOTS 0x00

class LiquidCrystal : public Print {
public:
  LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs, uint8_t enable,
		uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3,
		uint8_t d4, uint8_t d5, uint8_t d6, uint8_t d7);
  LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs, uint8_t rw, uint8_t enable,
		uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3,
		uint8_t d4, uint8_t d5, uint8_t d6, uint8_t d7);
  LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs, uint8_t rw, uint8_t enable,
		uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3);
  LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs, uint8_t enable,
		uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3);

  LiquidCrystal(uint8_t i2cAddr);
  LiquidCrystal(uint8_t data, uint8_t clock, uint8_t latch);

  void init(uint8_t fourbitmode, uint8_t rs, uint8_t rw, uint8_t enable,
	    uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3,
	    uint8_t d4, uint8_t d5, uint8_t d6, uint8_t d7);
    
  void begin(uint8_t cols, uint8_t rows, uint8_t charsize = LCD_5x8DOTS);

  void clear();
  void home();

  void noDisplay();
  void display();
  void noBlink();
  void blink();
  void noCursor();
  void cursor();
  void scrollDisplayLeft();
  void scrollDisplayRight();
  void leftToRight();
  void rightToLeft();
  void autoscroll();
  void noAutoscroll();
  
  // only if using backpack
  void setBacklight(uint8_t status); 

  void createChar(uint8_t, uint8_t[]);
  void setCursor(uint8_t, uint8_t); 
  virtual size_t write(uint8_t);
  void command(uint8_t);
private:
  void send(uint8_t, uint8_t);
  void write4bits(uint8_t);
  void write8bits(uint8_t);
  void pulseEnable();
  void _digitalWrite(uint8_t, uint8_t);
  void _pinModeMCP(uint8_t, uint8_t);

  uint8_t _rs_pin; // LOW: command.  HIGH: character.
  uint8_t _rw_pin; // LOW: write to LCD.  HIGH: read from LCD.
  uint8_t _enable_pin; // activated by a HIGH pulse.
  uint8_t _data_pins[8];

  uint8_t _displayfunction;
  uint8_t _displaycontrol;
  uint8_t _displaymode;

  uint8_t _initialized;

  uint8_t _numlines,_currline;

  uint8_t _SPIclock, _SPIdata, _SPIlatch;
  uint8_t _SPIbuff;

  uint8_t _i2cAddr;
  Adafruit_MCP23008 _i2c;
};

/* ===================== LiquidCrystal.cpp ========================= */

// When the display powers up, it is configured as follows:
//
// 1. Display clear
// 2. Function set: 
//    DL = 1; 8-bit interface data 
//    N = 0; 1-line display 
//    F = 0; 5x8 dot character font 
// 3. Display on/off control: 
//    D = 0; Display off 
//    C = 0; Cursor off 
//    B = 0; Blinking off 
// 4. Entry mode set: 
//    I/D = 1; Increment by 1 
//    S = 0; No shift 
//
// Note, however, that resetting the Arduino doesn't reset the LCD, so we
// can't assume that its in that state when a sketch starts (and the
// LiquidCrystal constructor is called).

LiquidCrystal::LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs, uint8_t rw, uint8_t enable,
			     uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3,
			     uint8_t d4, uint8_t d5, uint8_t d6, uint8_t d7)
{
  init(0, rs, rw, enable, d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7);
}

LiquidCrystal::LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs, uint8_t enable,
			     uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3,
			     uint8_t d4, uint8_t d5, uint8_t d6, uint8_t d7)
{
  init(0, rs, 255, enable, d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7);
}

LiquidCrystal::LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs, uint8_t rw, uint8_t enable,
			     uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3)
{
  init(1, rs, rw, enable, d0, d1, d2, d3, 0, 0, 0, 0);
}

LiquidCrystal::LiquidCrystal(uint8_t rs,  uint8_t enable,
			     uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3)
{
  init(1, rs, 255, enable, d0, d1, d2, d3, 0, 0, 0, 0);
}

LiquidCrystal::LiquidCrystal(uint8_t i2caddr) {
  _i2cAddr = i2caddr;

  _displayfunction = LCD_4BITMODE | LCD_1LINE | LCD_5x8DOTS;
  
  // the I/O expander pinout
  _rs_pin = 1;
  _rw_pin = 255;
  _enable_pin = 2;
  _data_pins[0] = 3;  // really d4
  _data_pins[1] = 4;  // really d5
  _data_pins[2] = 5;  // really d6
  _data_pins[3] = 6;  // really d7
  
  // we can't begin() yet :(
}


LiquidCrystal::LiquidCrystal(uint8_t data, uint8_t clock, uint8_t latch ) {
  _i2cAddr = 255;

  _displayfunction = LCD_4BITMODE | LCD_1LINE | LCD_5x8DOTS;
  
  // the SPI expander pinout
  _rs_pin = 1;
  _rw_pin = 255;
  _enable_pin = 2;
  _data_pins[0] = 6;  // really d4
  _data_pins[1] = 5;  // really d5
  _data_pins[2] = 4;  // really d6
  _data_pins[3] = 3;  // really d7
  
  _SPIdata = data;
  _SPIclock = clock;
  _SPIlatch = latch;

  pinMode(_SPIdata, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_SPIclock, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(_SPIlatch, OUTPUT);
  _SPIbuff = 0;

  // we can't begin() yet :(
  begin(16,1);
}


void LiquidCrystal::init(uint8_t fourbitmode, uint8_t rs, uint8_t rw, uint8_t enable,
			 uint8_t d0, uint8_t d1, uint8_t d2, uint8_t d3,
			 uint8_t d4, uint8_t d5, uint8_t d6, uint8_t d7)
{
  _rs_pin = rs;
  _rw_pin = rw;
  _enable_pin = enable;
  
  _data_pins[0] = d0;
  _data_pins[1] = d1;
  _data_pins[2] = d2;
  _data_pins[3] = d3; 
  _data_pins[4] = d4;
  _data_pins[5] = d5;
  _data_pins[6] = d6;
  _data_pins[7] = d7; 

  _i2cAddr = 255;
  _SPIclock = _SPIdata = _SPIlatch = 255;

  pinMode(_rs_pin, OUTPUT);
  // we can save 1 pin by not using RW. Indicate by passing 255 instead of pin#
  if (_rw_pin != 255) { 
    pinMode(_rw_pin, OUTPUT);
  }
  pinMode(_enable_pin, OUTPUT);
  
  if (fourbitmode)
    _displayfunction = LCD_4BITMODE | LCD_1LINE | LCD_5x8DOTS;
  else 
    _displayfunction = LCD_8BITMODE | LCD_1LINE | LCD_5x8DOTS;
  
  begin(16, 1);  
}

void LiquidCrystal::begin(uint8_t cols, uint8_t lines, uint8_t dotsize) {
  // check if i2c
  if (_i2cAddr != 255) {
    _i2c.begin(_i2cAddr);

    _i2c.pinModeMCP(7, OUTPUT); // backlight
    _i2c.digitalWrite(7, HIGH); // backlight

    for (uint8_t i=0; i<4; i++)
      _pinModeMCP(_data_pins[i], OUTPUT);

    _i2c.pinModeMCP(_rs_pin, OUTPUT);
    _i2c.pinModeMCP(_enable_pin, OUTPUT);
  } else if (_SPIclock != 255) {
    _SPIbuff = 0x80; // backlight
  }



  if (lines > 1) {
    _displayfunction |= LCD_2LINE;
  }
  _numlines = lines;
  _currline = 0;

  // for some 1 line displays you can select a 10 pixel high font
  if ((dotsize != 0) && (lines == 1)) {
    _displayfunction |= LCD_5x10DOTS;
  }

  // SEE PAGE 45/46 FOR INITIALIZATION SPECIFICATION!
  // according to datasheet, we need at least 40ms after power rises above 2.7V
  // before sending commands. Arduino can turn on way befer 4.5V so we'll wait 50
  delayMicroseconds(50000); 
  // Now we pull both RS and R/W low to begin commands
  _digitalWrite(_rs_pin, LOW);
  _digitalWrite(_enable_pin, LOW);
  if (_rw_pin != 255) { 
    _digitalWrite(_rw_pin, LOW);
  }
  
  //put the LCD into 4 bit or 8 bit mode
  if (! (_displayfunction & LCD_8BITMODE)) {
    // this is according to the hitachi HD44780 datasheet
    // figure 24, pg 46

    // we start in 8bit mode, try to set 4 bit mode
    write4bits(0x03);
    delayMicroseconds(4500); // wait min 4.1ms

    // second try
    write4bits(0x03);
    delayMicroseconds(4500); // wait min 4.1ms
    
    // third go!
    write4bits(0x03); 
    delayMicroseconds(150);

    // finally, set to 8-bit interface
    write4bits(0x02); 
  } else {
    // this is according to the hitachi HD44780 datasheet
    // page 45 figure 23

    // Send function set command sequence
    command(LCD_FUNCTIONSET | _displayfunction);
    delayMicroseconds(4500);  // wait more than 4.1ms

    // second try
    command(LCD_FUNCTIONSET | _displayfunction);
    delayMicroseconds(150);

    // third go
    command(LCD_FUNCTIONSET | _displayfunction);
  }

  // finally, set # lines, font size, etc.
  command(LCD_FUNCTIONSET | _displayfunction);  

  // turn the display on with no cursor or blinking default
  _displaycontrol = LCD_DISPLAYON | LCD_CURSOROFF | LCD_BLINKOFF;  
  display();

  // clear it off
  clear();

  // Initialize to default text direction (for romance languages)
  _displaymode = LCD_ENTRYLEFT | LCD_ENTRYSHIFTDECREMENT;
  // set the entry mode
  command(LCD_ENTRYMODESET | _displaymode);

}

/********** high level commands, for the user! */
void LiquidCrystal::clear()
{
  command(LCD_CLEARDISPLAY);  // clear display, set cursor position to zero
  delayMicroseconds(2000);  // this command takes a long time!
}

void LiquidCrystal::home()
{
  command(LCD_RETURNHOME);  // set cursor position to zero
  delayMicroseconds(2000);  // this command takes a long time!
}

void LiquidCrystal::setCursor(uint8_t col, uint8_t row)
{
  int row_offsets[] = { 0x00, 0x40, 0x14, 0x54 };
  if ( row > _numlines ) {
    row = _numlines-1;    // we count rows starting w/0
  }
  
  command(LCD_SETDDRAMADDR | (col + row_offsets[row]));
}

// Turn the display on/off (quickly)
void LiquidCrystal::noDisplay() {
  _displaycontrol &= ~LCD_DISPLAYON;
  command(LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL | _displaycontrol);
}
void LiquidCrystal::display() {
  _displaycontrol |= LCD_DISPLAYON;
  command(LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL | _displaycontrol);
}

// Turns the underline cursor on/off
void LiquidCrystal::noCursor() {
  _displaycontrol &= ~LCD_CURSORON;
  command(LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL | _displaycontrol);
}
void LiquidCrystal::cursor() {
  _displaycontrol |= LCD_CURSORON;
  command(LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL | _displaycontrol);
}

// Turn on and off the blinking cursor
void LiquidCrystal::noBlink() {
  _displaycontrol &= ~LCD_BLINKON;
  command(LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL | _displaycontrol);
}
void LiquidCrystal::blink() {
  _displaycontrol |= LCD_BLINKON;
  command(LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL | _displaycontrol);
}

// These commands scroll the display without changing the RAM
void LiquidCrystal::scrollDisplayLeft(void) {
  command(LCD_CURSORSHIFT | LCD_DISPLAYMOVE | LCD_MOVELEFT);
}
void LiquidCrystal::scrollDisplayRight(void) {
  command(LCD_CURSORSHIFT | LCD_DISPLAYMOVE | LCD_MOVERIGHT);
}

// This is for text that flows Left to Right
void LiquidCrystal::leftToRight(void) {
  _displaymode |= LCD_ENTRYLEFT;
  command(LCD_ENTRYMODESET | _displaymode);
}

// This is for text that flows Right to Left
void LiquidCrystal::rightToLeft(void) {
  _displaymode &= ~LCD_ENTRYLEFT;
  command(LCD_ENTRYMODESET | _displaymode);
}

// This will 'right justify' text from the cursor
void LiquidCrystal::autoscroll(void) {
  _displaymode |= LCD_ENTRYSHIFTINCREMENT;
  command(LCD_ENTRYMODESET | _displaymode);
}

// This will 'left justify' text from the cursor
void LiquidCrystal::noAutoscroll(void) {
  _displaymode &= ~LCD_ENTRYSHIFTINCREMENT;
  command(LCD_ENTRYMODESET | _displaymode);
}

// Allows us to fill the first 8 CGRAM locations
// with custom characters
void LiquidCrystal::createChar(uint8_t location, uint8_t charmap[]) {
  location &= 0x7; // we only have 8 locations 0-7
  command(LCD_SETCGRAMADDR | (location << 3));
  for (int i=0; i<8; i++) {
    write(charmap[i]);
  }
}

/*********** mid level commands, for sending data/cmds */

inline void LiquidCrystal::command(uint8_t value) {
  send(value, LOW);
}

inline size_t LiquidCrystal::write(uint8_t value) {
  send(value, HIGH);
  return 1;
}

/************ low level data pushing commands **********/

// little wrapper for i/o writes
void  LiquidCrystal::_digitalWrite(uint8_t p, uint8_t d) {
  if (_i2cAddr != 255) {
    // an i2c command
    _i2c.digitalWrite(p, d);
  } else if (_SPIclock != 255) {
    if (d == HIGH)
      _SPIbuff |= (1 << p);
    else 
      _SPIbuff &= ~(1 << p);

    digitalWrite(_SPIlatch, LOW);
    shiftOut(_SPIdata, _SPIclock, MSBFIRST,_SPIbuff);
    digitalWrite(_SPIlatch, HIGH);
  } else {
    // straightup IO
    digitalWrite(p, d);
  }
}

// Allows to set the backlight, if the LCD backpack is used
void LiquidCrystal::setBacklight(uint8_t status) {
  // check if i2c or SPI
  if ((_i2cAddr != 255) || (_SPIclock != 255)) {
    _digitalWrite(7, status); // backlight is on pin 7
  }
}

// little wrapper for i/o directions
void  LiquidCrystal::_pinModeMCP(uint8_t p, uint8_t d) {
  if (_i2cAddr != 255) {
    // an i2c command
    _i2c.pinModeMCP(p, d);
  } else if (_SPIclock != 255) {
    // nothing!
  } else {
    // straightup IO
    //pinMode(p, d);
  }
}

// write either command or data, with automatic 4/8-bit selection
void LiquidCrystal::send(uint8_t value, uint8_t mode) {
  _digitalWrite(_rs_pin, mode);

  // if there is a RW pin indicated, set it low to Write
  if (_rw_pin != 255) { 
    _digitalWrite(_rw_pin, LOW);
  }
  
  if (_displayfunction & LCD_8BITMODE) {
    write8bits(value); 
  } else {
    write4bits(value>>4);
    write4bits(value);
  }
}

void LiquidCrystal::pulseEnable(void) {
  _digitalWrite(_enable_pin, LOW);
  delayMicroseconds(1);    
  _digitalWrite(_enable_pin, HIGH);
  delayMicroseconds(1);    // enable pulse must be >450ns
  _digitalWrite(_enable_pin, LOW);
  delayMicroseconds(100);   // commands need > 37us to settle
}

void LiquidCrystal::write4bits(uint8_t value) {
  if (_i2cAddr != 255) {
    uint8_t out = 0;

    out = _i2c.readGPIO();


    // speed up for i2c since its sluggish
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
      out &= ~_BV(_data_pins[i]);
      out |= ((value >> i) & 0x1) << _data_pins[i];
    }

    // make sure enable is low
    out &= ~ _BV(_enable_pin);

    _i2c.writeGPIO(out);

    // pulse enable
    delayMicroseconds(1);
    out |= _BV(_enable_pin);
    _i2c.writeGPIO(out);
    delayMicroseconds(1);
    out &= ~_BV(_enable_pin);
    _i2c.writeGPIO(out);   
    delayMicroseconds(100);
  } else {
    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
      _pinModeMCP(_data_pins[i], OUTPUT);
      _digitalWrite(_data_pins[i], (value >> i) & 0x01);
    }
    pulseEnable();
  }
}

void LiquidCrystal::write8bits(uint8_t value) {
  for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
    _pinModeMCP(_data_pins[i], OUTPUT);
    _digitalWrite(_data_pins[i], (value >> i) & 0x01);
  }
  
  pulseEnable();
}
 
/* ==================== APPLICATION.CPP ===================== */

// Adafruit's I2C / SPI LCD Backpack
// http://www.adafruit.com/products/292
//
// WIRE IT UP FOR I2C MODE
//
// I2C BACKPACK         SPARK CORE
//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// 5V                 - Vin (5V only, does not work on 3.3)
// GND                - GND
// Serial Clock (SCL) - D1 (Includes 4.7k pull up resistor to 5V already)
// Serial Data  (SDA) - D0 (Includes 4.7k pull up resistor to 5V already)
//--------------------------------------------------------------------

// Connect via i2c, default address #0 (A0-A2 on PCB pads not solder-bridged)
LiquidCrystal lcd(0);

void setup() {
  // set up the LCD's number of rows and columns: 
  lcd.begin(16, 2);
  // Print a message to the LCD.
  lcd.print("Hello, Sparky!");
}

void loop() {
  // set the cursor to column 0, line 1
  // (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
  lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
  // print the number of seconds since reset:
  lcd.print(millis()/1000);

  lcd.setBacklight(HIGH);
  delay(500);
  lcd.setBacklight(LOW);
  delay(500);
}