COOL compiler note

COOL_compiler_note.md

Backend

IR -> IR Optimization -> Code Generation(Register allocation/Instruction selection) Assembly

Code generation

1.top-of-stack caching (1-TOSCA)
2.init garbage collector

Object layout

1.similar to C++ inheritance
2.gc in COOL runtime
3.Class Tag, Object Size, Dispatch table pointer (similar to C++ vptr), Dispatch table (similar to C++ vtable)
4.register allocation is Graph coloring
(Linear-Scan Register Allocation is another way to allocate registers)

IR

1.Three-address code (it doesn't be implemented in this course)

Runtime

1.it contains a concurrent garbage collector
2.the management of application memory
3.how the program accesses variables, mechanisms for passing parameters between procedures
4.interfacing with the operating system
5.The compiler makes assumptions depending on the specific runtime system to generate correct code.

GC (cgen.cc)

gc is also part of the program

Questions

1.gc in runtime
2.how gc works
3.stack-based virtual machine -> register-based virtual machine (?
4.code generation
4-1. stack based machine
4-2. register based machine
-> register allocation and assignment
-> instruction selection/instruction scheduling
5. how to verify and test compiler?

How to generate an exception ??
How to implement a customized exception ??
How to print a message of exception ??

basic signal handler to simulate uncaught exception handler in mips

#include<stdio.h>
#include<signal.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>


void sig_handler(int signum){

  //Return type of the handler function should be void
  printf("\nsignnum %d", signum);
  //printf("\nInside handler function\n");
  printf("\nUncaught Exception of Class ");
  printf("\nthrown. COOL program aborted.\n");
  //abort();
  //exit(0);
  exit(1);
}
void sig_handler2(int signum){
  //raise(SIGQUIT);
  //raise(SIGSEGV);
  //raise(SIGILL);
  raise(SIGSYS);
}

int main(){
  //signal(SIGINT,sig_handler); // Register signal handler
  //signal(SIGINT,SIG_IGN); // Register signal handler for ignoring the signal
  signal(SIGINT, sig_handler2);
  //signal(SIGQUIT, sig_handler);

  signal(SIGFPE, sig_handler);
  signal(SIGILL, sig_handler);
  signal(SIGSEGV, sig_handler);
  signal(SIGBUS, sig_handler);
  signal(SIGABRT, sig_handler);
  signal(SIGSYS, sig_handler);

  for(int i=1;;i++){    //Infinite loop
    printf("%d : Inside main function\n",i);
    
    // int i, j;
    // for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) 
    // {
    //     // Call signal handler for SIGFPE
    //     j = i / 0;
    // }
    sleep(1);  // Delay for 1 second
  }
  return 0;
}

Ref:
How to use signal handlers in C language?
24.2.1 Program Error Signals
How to set up a callback function when an Exception occurs?
Writing your own startup code for Cortex-M
arm64 vector table

as main.s -o main.o
ld main.o -o main -lc

as -g // add debug symbol for gdb

as hello_world.s -o hello_world.o
as trap_handler_aarch64.s -o trap_handler_aarch64.o
ld hello_world.o trap_handler_aarch64.o -o hello_world -lc
setarch `uname -m` -R ./hello_world // temporarily disable ASLR for a particular program

// ASLR = address space layout randomization 

---

(gdb) x/8xw $sp // examine sp, from sp to show next 8 words in hex format
(gdb) x $sp // examine $sp => 0xfffffffffab8: 0x00000004 , address is 0xfffffffffab8 and value is 0x00000004
(gdb) x $sp+4 // examine $sp+4 => 0xfffffffffabc: 0x004003a8 , address is 0xfffffffffabc and value is 0x004003a8
(gdb) set *((int*)$sp)=0x4 // save value0x4 at address of sp
(gdb) p *((int*)($sp)) // get value in decimal format at address of sp
(gdb) p/x *((int*)($sp+4)) // get value in hex format at address of sp+4
(gdb) watch *(address) // watch this address
(gdb) info address [yout_symbol] // check yout_symbol from address
(gdb) info symbol [your_addr] // check your_address from symbol

// decimal format: 10進位格式
// hex format: 16進位格式
NOTE:
ldr w9, [x9, #12] // ok
ldr w9, [w9, #12] // error

str w9, [x9, #12] // ok
str w9, [w9, #12] // error

ldr x2, =stdin // ok
ldr w2, =stdin // error, relocate problem

blr x12 // ok
blr w12 // error

adr x12 label // ok
adr w12 label // error

---

gdb in assembly

Show current assembly instruction in GDB
How to break on assembly instruction at a given address in gdb?
Jumping to the next "instruction" using gdb
Step out of current function with GDB
How do I jump to a breakpoint within GDB?
GDB: Change string in memory on stack
Can I have gdb break on read/write from an address? [duplicate]

step vs next
(程式碼專用)step (會進入子函數)
(程式碼專用)next (不會進入子函數)
(指令專用) stepi/si
(指令專用) nexti/ni

---

Ref : Porting to 64-bit ARM by Chris Shore, ARM

---

watch *0x413ffc == 0x33280041 // x7
because when calling "bl puts", value of "0x1" (stdout), which means $x1 was overwritten...

---

No segmentation fault if program running under gdb

Linux下關閉ALSR(地址空間隨機化)的方法

setarch `uname -m` -R ./yourProgram

---

gdb input file

(gdb) show debug-file-directory
The directory where separate debug symbols are searched for is "/usr/lib/debug".
(gdb) set debug-file-directory // set /home/ubuntu as debug directory
(gdb) r < g1.graph // input /home/ubuntu/g1.graph to graph executable

0< filename // Reads stdin from filename.
< filename // Reads stdin from filename.
1> filename // Writes stdout to filename.
> filename // Writes stdout to filename.
2> filename // Writes stderr to filename.
2>&1 // Writes stderr to the same place as stdout.
>& file //Writes both stdout and stderr to filename.
>> filename // Appends stdout to filename.
>>& filename // Appends both stdout and stderr to filename.

(gdb) x &stdin
0x4149b8 <stdin@@GLIBC_2.17>: 0xf7fc6898
(gdb) x 0xf7fc6898
0xf7fc6898: Cannot access memory at address 0xf7fc6898

// =stdin
x2, 403938 <_NoGC_Collect_ok+0x98>
ldr w2, 4038e8 <_NoGC_Collect_ok+0x48>

(gdb) x $x2
0xfffff7fc6898 <_IO_2_1_stdin_>: 0xfbad2088
(gdb) x &stdin
0x4111b0 <stdin@@GLIBC_2.17>: 0xf7fc6898
_IO_2_1_stdin_

Temp sol:
ldr x2, =0xfffff7fc6898 // stdin 0xfffff7fc6898 <IO_2_1_stdin>: 0xfbad2088
ldr x2, =0xfffff7fc7548 // stdout 0xfffff7fc7548 <IO_2_1_stdout>: 0xfbad2084

ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ readelf -r graph

Relocation section '.rela.dyn' at offset 0x3b0 contains 1 entry:
  Offset          Info           Type           Sym. Value    Sym. Name + Addend
0000004149b8  000a00000400 R_AARCH64_COPY    00000000004149b8 stdin@GLIBC_2.17 + 0

Relocation section '.rela.plt' at offset 0x3c8 contains 9 entries:
  Offset          Info           Type           Sym. Value    Sym. Name + Addend
000000414000  000100000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 strlen@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414008  000200000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 exit@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414010  000300000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 raise@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414018  000400000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 sbrk@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414020  000500000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 memset@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414028  000600000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 sscanf@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414030  000700000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 puts@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414038  000800000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 printf@GLIBC_2.17 + 0
000000414040  000900000402 R_AARCH64_JUMP_SL 0000000000000000 fgets@GLIBC_2.17 + 0

Using the Stack in AArch32 and AArch64
AArch64, sp must be 16-byte aligned whenever it is used to access memory.

// Broken AArch64 implementation of `push {x1}; push {x0};`.
 str   x1, [sp, #-8]!  // This works, but leaves `sp` with 8-byte alignment ...
 str   x0, [sp, #-8]!  // ... so the second `str` will fail.

// AArch64 implementation of `push {x0, x1}`.
 stp   x0, x1, [sp, #-16]!

---

assembly difference between .s and .S
source

.S (capital S) stands for assembly code that must still pass through a pre-processor. That means it can have #include and #define among other macros. It can also be seeing as extension .sx

.s (lower s) is pure assembly code that can be compiled into an object.

shell script

10.1. Manipulating Strings: Substring Removal
How do I parse command line arguments in Bash?

known issues

1. How to work under ASLR ? (fPIC?)
2. stdin/stdout is hardcoded. (Type: R_AARCH64_COPY)
3. fflush(stdin) before fgets (problem)
4. Under GC mode, Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. _GenGC_MajorC_stackloop () at trap_handler_aarch64.s

(gdb)x/xg is equivalent to x/2xw (g: 8-byte, w: 4-byte)

0xfffffffffad0: 0x0040128c
(gdb) x/4xw 0xfffffad0