This is a tutorial from 2016, originally for installing debian jessie, it may work for newer versions of debian, but I haven't check it (however, it should mostly work because not that much changed since then). You may want to change every occurrence of buster to a name of a new version of debian.
Make work directory:
mkdir work
cd work
Go here and download latest. Now you can install it with dpkg:
dpkg -i debootstrap_X.X.X_all.deb
or copy files (of course you will need root privileges):
ar -x debootstrap_X.X.X_all.deb
cd /
zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdaX
mount /dev/sdaX /mnt
Usage: debootstrap --arch ARCH RELEASE DIR MIRROR
debootstrap --arch amd64 buster /mnt https://deb.debian.org/debian/
mount -t proc /proc /mnt/proc/
mount -t sysfs /sys /mnt/sys/
mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev/
chroot /mnt /bin/bash
editor /etc/fstab
Paste something like that
# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults 1 1
Instead of device you can use UUID (which you can obtain via command blkid) for example:
# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
UUID=6a60524d-061d-454a-bfd1-38989910eccd / ext4 defaults 1 1
editor /etc/apt/sources.list
Example list:
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free
It is a shame that security.debian.org cannot be used with https...
apt-get update
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
apt-get install locales
dpkg-reconfigure locales
To configure networking, edit /etc/network/interfaces, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hostname and /etc/hosts.
editor /etc/network/interfaces
Here are some simple examples from /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples:
######################################################################
# /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8)
# See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are
# available.
######################################################################
# We always want the loopback interface.
#
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# To use dhcp:
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet dhcp
# An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet static
# address 192.168.0.42
# network 192.168.0.0
# netmask 255.255.255.0
# broadcast 192.168.0.255
# gateway 192.168.0.1
Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in /etc/resolv.conf:
editor /etc/resolv.conf
A simple example /etc/resolv.conf:
search hqdom.local
nameserver 10.1.1.36
nameserver 192.168.9.100
Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters):
echo DebianHostName > /etc/hostname
And a basic /etc/hosts with IPv6 support:
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 DebianHostName
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of driver modules in the /etc/modules file into the desired order. Then during boot, each card will be associated with the interface name (eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect.
If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with:
apt-cache search linux-image
Then install the kernel package of your choice using its package name.
apt-get install linux-image-arch-etc
apt-get install grub2
apt-get install firmware-linux firmware-linux-free firmware-linux-nonfree
tasksel install standard
passwd
Optionally you can clean apt downloaded archives:
apt-get clean
Now exit the chroot environment simply by typing:
exit
And then:
umount /mnt/proc
umount /mnt/sys
umount /mnt/dev
apt-get install grub2
grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sda
And finally:
umount /mnt