The difference between XYZ and TMS tiles and how to convert between them

xyz_vs_tms.md

The difference between XYZ and TMS tiles and how to convert between them

Lots of tile-based maps use either the XYZ or TMS scheme. These are the maps that have tiles ending in /0/0/0.png or something. Sometimes if it's a script, it'll look like &z=0&y=0&x=0 instead. Anyway, these are usually maps in Spherical Mercator.

Good examples are OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, MapBox, MapQuest, etc. Lots of maps.

Most of those are in XYZ. The best documentation for that is slippy map tilenames on the OSM Wiki, and Klokan's Tiles a la Google.

Some of them are in TMS instead. TMS is an OSGeo spec. Here's the wiki page on it. It's less popular and few services support the whole spec.

There are no advantages of XYZ over TMS or vice-versa for most maps*, but XYZ is more popular.

Converting

Let's get to the point. The only difference between the two is a flipped y coordinate.

In math:

y = (2^z) - y - 1

javascript

y = Math.pow(2, z) - y - 1;

php

y = pow(2, z) - y - 1;

python

y = (2 ** z) - y - 1

ruby

y = (2 ** z) - y - 1

Addendum

When I say 'no difference' or 'no advantage' I mean for most maps. If you have some weird projection, use TMS but ideally don't make a tiled map in a weird projection in the first place. If you're forced to use OSGeo standards, do that but try to find a different job.

This originally credited OGC with TMS. It was OSGeo. OGC has WMTS. Don't use that either.

@Bibi56 thanks for that, I didn't know it was well-known! I will look for a good place to document it, at least in QGIS 🙏

@fasiha I was half joking as it's more a de facto standard well... under-documented. I forgot GeoServer (where you can use still the historical vendor parameter flipY=true). Some years ago I had to extend the MapBox environment to deal with the {-y} convention. With my professional hat I found this gist in order to help a customer to use our TMS system! Kind of easy to remember trick. And when you know it, you don't remember to write it on the documentation. BTW, with my professional hat, I'll ask to enhance our documentation and possibly offer a XYZ slippy map integrating OpenStreetMap data. Our documentation had been updated after my exchange with the customer.

SQL dialect:

SELECT (1 << tiles.z) - tiles.y - 1 as y FROM tiles;

The SHL operation here is important for compatibility between different SQL dialects not just performance. Ex: a lot of versions of sqlite don't have the pow function.